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LIBRARY OF HEBREW BIBLE/
OLD TESTAMENT STUDIES
560
Formerly Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series
Editors
Claudia V. Camp, Texas Christian University
Andrew Mein, Westcott House, Cambridge
Founding Editors
David J. A. Clines, Philip R. Davies and David M. Gunn
Editorial Board
Alan Cooper, John Goldingay, Robert P. Gordon,
Norman K. Gottwald, James Harding, John Jarick, Carol Meyers
Patrick D. Miller, Francesca Stavrakopoulou,
Daniel L. Smith-Christopher
ii
URBAN IMAGINATION
IN BIBLICAL PROPHECY
Mary E. Mills
Published by T & T Clark International
A Continuum imprint
80 Maiden Lane, New York, NY 10038
The Tower Building, 11 York Road, London SE1 7NX
www.continuumbooks.com
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher, T & T Clark
International.
eISBN: 978-0-567-59214-9
Acknowledgments vii
Introduction ix
Part 1
DEFINING URBAN PSYCHO-GEOGRAPHY
Chapter 1
URBAN PSYCHO-GEOGRAPHIES 3
Chapter 2
THE PROPHET AS FLANEUR 23
Part 2
SPACE AND PLACE IN PROPHETIC URBAN IMAGINATION
Chapter 3
TEMPLE-SPACE AND URBAN IMAGINARY IN BIBLICAL PROPHECY 49
Chapter 4
A POETICS OF SACRED SPACE IN THE TEMPLE JOURNEYS
OF EZEKIEL 72
Chapter 5
NARRATIVE SPACE AND RITUAL SPACE IN THE BOOK OF JOEL 95
Part 3
THREE URBAN IMAGINARIES
Chapter 6
THE GREAT CITY IN THE BOOK OF JONAH 121
Chapter 7
THE VISIONARY SPACE OF THE SIM-CITY IN ZECHARIAH 1–8 144
vi Contents
Chapter 8
DEATHSCAPES AND THE CITY IN THE MINOR PROPHETS 167
Part 4
ANALYZING URBAN PROPHETIC IMAGINATION
Chapter 9
GEOGRAPHY AND VISION 193
Chapter 10
PROPHETIC CITIES 216
Bibliography 240
Index of References 247
Index of Authors 251
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Much of the material for this book has been worked out via a series of
papers given at SBL meetings both in the US and in Europe so I am very
grateful for the opportunities offered me by Unit Chairs to rene my
ideas through peer response. I am especially grateful to the Editors of the
LHBOTS series for the support I have received from them for the
completion of the project.
I also wish to record my gratitude to Ursula Leahy whose assistance
with proof reading my initial draft has proved invaluable.
viii
INTRODUCTION
The task of this book is to examine the spatial aesthetics of written works
of biblical prophecy; within this framework the particular aim is to
explore and comment on the embedded urban setting of written prophetic
books of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. This enterprise requires the
reader to approach biblical material from the angle of literary studies,
examining the poetics of prophetic literature. It is the symbolic city of
the textual world which is the focus of attention.
In pursuit of this aim I will examine aspects of prophetic literature
from the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament in order to identify urban refer-
ences within this material and will then read and interpret the selected
passages via the lens of modern cultural geography. The use of cultural
geography as a theoretical resource for biblical study draws upon the
commonality of spatial investigations within material sites and within
literary and artistic worlds. The explorations made by social geographers
into the ways in which human beings construct urban discourses provide
a valid access point into spatial disciplines for the textual scholar.
My intention is not to produce a systematic account of the construc-
tion and everyday life of ancient cities but rather to examine the ways in
which prophetic literature works with symbolic city-scapes, using these
as the medium for delivering a social/religious message. I focus on inves-
tigating the literary aesthetics by which ancient texts provide the reader
with imagined urban scenes. Hence the key concept for this book is that
of the “urban imaginary.” This is a term used by the social geographer
Steve Pile, who aligns it with the eld of psycho-geography. Psycho-
geography deals with the construction of the city within the collective
consciousness of its population. Viewed from this angle the city becomes
an embodied subject and develops an emotional layer in which hope and
fear have a major role. An urban imaginary provides an access point into
the world of urban dreams and highlights the varieties of city life which
are constructed by an imaginative response to an urban environment. At
the same time, psycho-geography draws on the gure of the individual
observer of urban affairs who is part of city activity while also standing
somewhat apart—the urban aneur.
x Introduction
1
Part 1
URBAN PSYCHO-GEOGRAPHIES
1. Doreen Massey, “Cities in the World,” in City Worlds (ed. Doreen Massey,
John Allen and Steve Pile; New York: Routledge, 1999). Massey (117) notes how
religious centres such as Jerusalem have been a focus for powerful geographies.
2. Robert Park, “The City: Suggestions for Investigation of Human Behaviour
in the Urban Environment,” in The City: Suggestions for Investigation of Human
Behaviour in the Urban Environment (ed. Robert Park, Ernest Burgess and Roderick
McKenzie; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 4. Park argues that the city
plan establishes the bounds and xed character of a city foundation and imposes an
orderly arrangement within the city area.
4 Urban Imagination in Biblical Prophecy
3. Steve Pile, Real Cities, Modernity, Space and the Phantasmagorias of City
Life (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2005). In this work Pile develops his earlier approaches
of applying language regarding the human body and psyche to city life, stressing the
role of imagination in constructing and interpreting urban affairs.
4. Gordon Childe, “The Urban Revolution,” in The City Reader (ed. Richard
Gates and Frederick Stout; New York: Routledge), 24. Both Childe and Edward
Soja, Postmetropolis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions (Oxford: Blackwell,
2000), note that urbanization has been a continuous form of human habitation from
the times of the ancient Near East. See, for instance, Soja, Postmetropolis, 27–29,
for a review of ancient Jericho.
1
5. Ibid., 27.
1. Urban Psycho-geographies 5
As Burton Pike notes, the visible city lives its life, thus producing
subconscious currents in the minds of the city’s living inhabitants, from
the combination of past and present urban dwelling.6 The meeting of
secular and religious perspectives drawn from past and present life leads
to competing evaluations of city life—the myth of the city as corruption
and the myth of the city as perfection.7 In prophetic texts the twofold
view of the city as corrupt and as perfect can be clearly seen in Ezekiel’s
critique of Jerusalem, with its corruption leading to its destruction in chs.
8–11, and its purication by divine re, an event which allows for a new
city life which is cleansed of corruption to emerge in chs. 40–48.
6. Burton Pike, “The City as Image,” in Gates and Stout, eds., City Reader, 243.
The production of subconscious currents comes from the link with the city’s dead,
through religious rituals.
7. Ibid., 244.
8. Park, “The City,” 1.
9. Ibid., 129.
10. Cf. James Donald, Imagining the Modern City (London: Athlone, 1999),
18–19, where Donald notes the importance of the Imaginary, stating that this is not
delusion nor idiosyncratic imaging but reects a social imagination which creates
from everyday life the symbolic reality of the group, in language.
1
11. Park, “The City,” 35.
6 Urban Imagination in Biblical Prophecy
For Soja the metaphorical nature of urbanism and the role of the city
as symbol constantly function to expand the horizons of what a city may
be and can become. This approach is rooted in exploring the social func-
tion of language. Soja argues that “all language is a set of symbols whose
use among its speakers assumes a shared past”; this is the foundation for
focusing on the symbolic nature of language. In this context he moves
from everyday speech to the language of vision, which he stresses as
highly symbolic. “Mystics fall back on symbols… Ezekiel on the god-
head…the four-faced angel who at one and the same time moves east/
west and north/south.”17 Reading the book of Ezekiel from Soja’s view-
point allows the reader to emphasize the symbolic and imaginary work of
prophetic text and hence to examine how prophetic language functions
to expand the urban symbolism of the city of Jerusalem, rst in the direc-
tion of an unimagined catastrophe via the space of temple and city
streets, then moving into the unexplored territory of the renewal and
rebuilding of both city and community in a new era.
The concept of urban renewal and a new life for the house of Israel is
mooted in Ezek 36, where v. 24 contains the promise that the deity will
gather the scattered people from their exile and bring them back to their
own land. Verse 27 conrms this in the language of covenant: “You will
be my people and I will be your God.” Verse 33 promises as part of this
renewal of alliance between God and people that towns will be repopu-
lated and ruins will be rebuilt. Verse 38 turns this into an image of
supreme reconstruction of the urban community. The people will ll the
cities with ocks of people. So far all this is a future on the lips of the
deity without any sign to show that it will in fact happen. How are we the
readers to put our trust in the promise at a time of desolation and social
fragmentation?
Chapter 37 responds to that need for a sign by exploring symbolically
the resurrection of the people from their graves.18 At the start of the
sequence the bones are not only scattered but are very dry, the epitome of
sterility.19 To change this situation requires the prophet to mediate the in-
breathing of life to the members of a community which is culturally and
politically dead. As a result of this activity the dead return to life, clothed
in esh, breathing life. The dramatizing of the return from death to life is
the mode of symbolic transference of hope for the future into the dead
community. Finally, in vv. 15–28, the bodies of individual citizens are
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