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Seneca the Elder

JANET FAIRWEATHER

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge
London New York New Rochelle
Melbourne Sydney
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521231015
© Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge 1981

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 1981

This digitally printed version 2007

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-521-23101-5 hardback

ISBN 978-0-521-04435-6 paperback
To my mother
CONTENTS

Preface page ix
Abbreviations xi

PART I. THE PLACE OF SENECA THE ELDER IN LITERARY HISTORY

1. Seneca the Elder: a man of his time 1
2. The declamatory anthology 27
3. The criticism 50

PART II. SENECA THE ELDER ON THE HISTORY OF ELOQUENCE

1. Oratory and rhetorical theory up to his own time 77
2. The history of declamation 104
3. The decline of rhetoric in the early Empire 132

PART III. FIVE ASPECTS OF DECLAMATION: THE ELDER SENECA'S EVIDENCE

1. Inventio 151
Divisio 152
Colores 166
2. Dispositio 179
3. Elocutio 190
Phrasis electa 190
Genus dicendi ardens et concitatum 200
Vitiosa: some general terms denoting bad taste 214
4. Memoria 228
5. Actio 235

PART IV. THE PLACE OF EARLY IMPERIAL DECLAMATION IN LITERARY

HISTORY: THE ELDER SENECA'S EVIDENCE
1. Asianism, Atticism, and the styles of the declaimers 243
2. Declamation and literary modernism in the early Empire 304

Appendix: Clausula usage of Seneca, Latro and Fuscus 326

Contents viii

Notes 328

Bibliography 377

Indexes
1. General index 385
2. Index of passages cited 409
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PREFACE

The English-speaking world was without a monograph on Seneca the

Elder until the end of 1978. Now it has two, but I trust that no
reader will consider this, the second to appear, wholly super-
fluous. Certainly the recently published book by Professor L.A.
Sussman, The elder Seneca (Leiden, 1978), is in no way dependent
on any work of mine. For my part, I have for a considerable time
had access to Sussman's doctoral dissertation of 1969, but it only
became available to me three years after I had begun my Senecan
researches, by which time I had passed the stage when it might
have had a formative effect on my views. Certain points of organ-
ization in Section III of this book were suggested to me by
Sussman1s dissertation, but I am not otherwise substantially in-
debted to it. As a consequence of the publication of Sussman's
new book I have added many references to it in footnotes, but have
made only three minor alterations to my main text. Inevitably our
fields of investigation overlap, but we have to a surprising extent
chosen to concentrate our attention on different aspects of the
elder Seneca. Unlike Sussman, I have not attempted to say much
about the Senecan historical fragments of the Nachleben of the
declamatory anthology, but I have ranged over a number of areas
outside the scope of his book. Some, it may fairly be alleged, are
rather remote from the person of Seneca the Elder. Students of
classical Greek and Hellenistic education may, I hope, find some-
thing of interest in these pages, as may those interested in the
rhetoric of Cicero's day, in the Greco-Roman biographical tradi-
tion, or in Roman elegy. Thanks to the generosity of the editors
of this series I have been allowed to include in my book complex
discussion of some highly technical matters. Consequently I am
able to present an analysis of the processes involved in the
composing and declamation of controversiae and suasoriae much more
detailed than any available till now, to demonstrate how far
Preface

research into the authenticity and style of the declamatory frag-

ments may be carried without the aid of systematic lexicography,
and to give serious consideration to the ways in which the elder
Seneca as a literary critic differed from Cicero and Quintilian in
aims and presuppositions.
This book is a revised version of a Ph.D. dissertation sub-
mitted to the University of London in 1977. To Dr J.B. Hall, my
former supervisor, I owe a particular debt of gratitude for his
seemingly inexhaustible good cheer, his detailed and patient
criticism of my work, and for various helpful suggestions for the
restoration of the elder Seneca's text. The authorship of these
conjectures is duly acknowledged wherever they are considered, as
is my indebtedness to Dr Miriam Griffin and Dr M. Winterbottom for
discussion of various points of interpretation. I am grateful to
Dr Winterbottom and Professors E.J. Kenney and C O . Brink for
reading and commenting on my work and for recommending its accept-
ance by the editors of Cambridge Classical Studies. I must also
express gratitude to the Department of Education and Science for
the award of a Major State Studentship (1967-70) and to the
Mistress and Fellows of Girton College, Cambridge who, by electing
me to the Jex-Blake Research Fellowship for 1973-6, enabled me,
after a period spent chiefly in Canada engaged in Greek studies,
to resume work on a project which could hardly otherwise have been
completed. Finally, the kindness and generosity shown to me in
the darker days of my career by my mother, to whom this book is
dedicated, should not go without recognition.
Cambridge J.A.F.
June 1979

Postscript.
I wish to thank Mrs Janet Chapman and the officers of the Cambridge
University Press for their part in the production of this book and
also Dr Marie Lovatt and Dr J.C. McKeown for their assistance with
proof-reading.
ABBREVIATIONS

Brugnoli Suetonius, De grammaticis et rhetoribus,

ed. G. Brugnoli (Leipzig, 1963)
Diels/Kranz, Vorsokr. Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, ed. H.
Diels, W. Kranz, 3 vols. (Berlin-Grunewald,
1951-2)
FGrHist Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker,
ed. F. Jaco.by (Berlin/Leiden, 1923-58)
GL Grammatici Latini, ed. H. Keil, 8 vols.
(Leipzig, 1855-80)
GRF Grammaticae Romanae Fragmenta, ed. H.
Funaoli (Leipzig 1907)
HRR Historicorum Romanorum Reliquiae, ed. H.
Peter (Leipzig, 1870-1906; vol.1 ed.2
1914-16)
9
LSJ A Greek-English Lexicon, ed. H.G. Liddell,
R. Scott, H.S. Jones, with supplement
(Oxford, 1968)
OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford, 1968 - )
ORF Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta liberae rei
publicae, ed.3 H. Malcovati (Turin, 1967)
PIR2 Prosopographia Imperii Romani saec.I, II,
III, ed.2 E. Groag, A. Stein (Berlin/
Leipzig, 1933)
RE Paulys Real-Encylop'ddie der classischen
Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart, 1894 - )
RLM Rhetores Latini Minores, ed. K. Halm
(Leipzig, 1863)
Rh.Gr. Rabe Hermogenis Opera (Rhetores Graeci VI), ed.
H. Rabe (Leipzig, 1913, repr. Stuttgart,
1969)
Rh.Gr. Spengel Rhetores Graeci, ed. L. Spengel, 3 vols.
(Leipzig, 1853-6, repr. Frankfurt, 1966)
Rh.Gr. Spengel-Hammer Rhetores Graeci ex recognitione Leonardi
Spengel (Leipzig, 1894)
Rh.Gr. Walz Rhetores Graeci, ed. C. Walz, 9 vols.
(London and elsewhere, 1832-6, repr.
Osnabriick, 1968)
ThLL Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (Leipzig, 1900 - )
Abbreviations xii

Note: For an explanation of symbols used in references to the text

of Seneca the Elder and other ancient authors see p.377.
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THE PLACE OF SENECA THE ELDER IN LITERARY HISTORY
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