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MXene Membranes for Separations
MXene Membranes for Separations

Haihui Wang
Yanying Wei
Li Ding
Prof. Haihui Wang All books published by WILEY-VCH are carefully
South China University of Technology produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and
School of Chemistry & Chemical publisher do not warrant the information
Engineering contained in these books, including this book,
Building 16, South China UniTech to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep
No. 381, Wushan Road in mind that statements, data, illustrations,
Tianhe District procedural details or other items may
510640 Guangzhou inadvertently be inaccurate.
China
Library of Congress Card No.: applied for
Prof. Yanying Wei
South China University of Technology British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering A catalogue record for this book is available
No. 381, Wu Shan Road from the British Library.
Tianhe District
510640 Guangzhou Bibliographic information published by
China the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists
Dr. Li Ding this publication in the Deutsche
South China University of Technology Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering data are available on the Internet at
No.381, Wushan Road, Bldg. 16 <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.
Tianhe District
510640 Guangzhou © 2022 WILEY-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12,
China 69469 Weinheim, Germany

Cover: shutterstock.com All rights reserved (including those of

translation into other languages). No part of
this book may be reproduced in any form – by
photoprinting, microfilm, or any other
means – nor transmitted or translated into a
machine language without written permission
from the publishers. Registered names,
trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when
not specifically marked as such, are not to be
considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-34794-0

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-82883-8
ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-82885-2
oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-82884-5

Cover Design ADAM DESIGN, Weinheim,

Germany
Typesetting Straive, Chennai, India
Printing and Binding

Printed on acid-free paper

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 v

Contents

Preface ix
About the Authors xi
Acknowledgment xiii
Abbreviations and Symbols xv

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Membrane Development at a Glance 1
1.2 Two-Dimensional Membranes 1
1.3 Separation Mechanisms of 2D Membranes 2
1.4 Fabrication Methods for 2D Membranes 4
1.5 Applications of 2D Membranes 6
References 6

2 Types of 2D Material-Based Membranes 9

2.1 Porous Two-Dimensional Nanosheet-Based Membranes 9
2.1.1 Zeolite 2D Membranes 9
2.1.2 Metal–Organic Framework 2D Membranes 10
2.1.3 Covalent Organic Framework (COF) 2D Membranes 11
2.1.4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3 N4 ) Membranes 12
2.2 Nonporous 2D Nanosheet-Based Membranes 13
2.2.1 Graphene-Based Membranes 13
2.2.2 Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Membranes 15
2.2.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD) Membranes 15
2.2.4 MXene Membranes (Typically Ti3 C2 Tx ) 16
References 18

3 MXene Nanosheets and Membranes 25

3.1 Preparation and Characterization of MXene Nanosheets 25
3.1.1 Top-down Synthesis 25
3.1.2 Bottom-up Synthesis 31
3.2 Preparation and Characterization of MXene Membranes 34
References 40
vi Contents

4 MXene Membranes for Nanofiltration 43

4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 Separation Performance of MXene-Based Nanofiltration Membranes 44
4.3 Summary 57
References 57

5 MXene Membranes for the Isolation of Antibiotics 61

5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 Physical Adsorption 62
5.3 Advanced Oxidation 68
5.4 Membrane Separation 72
5.5 Summary 84
References 84

6 MXene-Based Membranes for Gas Separation 89

6.1 Introduction 89
6.2 Gas Separation Performance of MXene-Based Membranes 90
6.3 Summary 101
References 102

7 MXene Membranes for Ion Separation 105

7.1 Introduction 105
7.2 Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes for Monovalent Metal Ion
Sieving 106
7.2.1 Preparation of Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes 106
7.2.2 Monovalent Metal Ion-sieving Performance of Self-cross-linked MXene
Membranes 107
7.2.3 Characterization of Self-cross-linked MXene Membranes 109
7.3 Thermally Cross-Linked MXene Membranes for Heavy Metal Ion
Separation by a Voltage-supported Process 112
7.3.1 Mixed-ion Sieving and Exclusion of the Heavy Metal Ion Pb2+ 113
7.3.2 Characterization of Thermally Cross-Linked MXene Membranes 115
7.4 Ultrathin MXene-Derived Membranes by Sinter-cross-linking with
Tunable Interlayer Spacing 117
7.4.1 Properties and Ion-rejection Performance of Sinter-cross-linked MXene
Membranes 117
7.4.2 Characterization of Sinter-cross-linked MXene Membranes and MXene
Nanosheets at Different Sintering Temperatures 120
7.5 Al3+ -cross-linked MXene Membranes 121
7.5.1 Preparation and Characterization of Al3+ -cross-linked MXene
Membranes 122
7.5.2 Ion-sieving Performance of Al3+ -cross-linked MXene Membranes 123
7.6 Summary 126
References 126
 Contents vii

8 MXene Membrane for Oil/Water Emulsion Separation 129

8.1 Introduction 129
8.2 Functional Polymer Layer on Support 130
8.3 Low-Dimensional Materials 134
8.4 Summary 151
References 151

9 MXene Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy

Conversion 157
9.1 Introduction 157
9.2 Performance of MXene Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy
Conversion 158
9.3 Summary 169
References 170

10 Scale-Up of MXene Membranes 175

10.1 Introduction 175
10.2 Scale-Up of 2D Membranes 176
10.2.1 Spin Coating 177
10.2.2 Spray Coating 177
10.2.3 Drop Coating and Dip Coating 179
10.2.4 Doctor Blade Method 179
10.2.5 Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) 181
10.3 Summary 191
References 192

11 Perspectives 197
11.1 Further Applications of MXene Nanosheets 197
11.2 Challenges and Outlook for MXene Membranes 198
11.2.1 Stability of MXene Nanosheets Must Be Improved 198
11.2.2 Scalable Fabrication of MXene Membranes with Suitable Interlayer
Channels Is Required 198
11.2.3 Operating Time of MXene Membranes under Realistic Operation
Conditions Must Be Extended 199
11.2.4 Fundamentals of Mass Transport Mechanisms in Confined
Nanochannels/Sub-nanochannels Within MXene Membranes Has to Be
Studied 199
References 200

Index 203
 ix

Preface

Membrane-based separation technologies have received increasing attention

attributing to lots of advantages such as low energy consumption, easy opera-
tion, and environmental friendliness. In recent years, the emergence of novel
two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, provides a new opportunity for
membrane development. Emerging MXene-based membranes play significant roles
in the competitive membrane-separation field. The development of these MXene
membranes is of both scientific and technological interest.
The author has been devoted to the development of inorganic membrane design
and novel membrane materials since 1998 when he was a PhD candidate in
Prof. Weishen Yang’s group in the Chinese Academy of Sciences. From 2006 to
2020, he worked in South China University of Technology and built up the group of
“Membrane Science and Energy Materials” (http://www.scut.hhwang.ycym.com/
scut). The main research field of this group concerns the fundamental research
on inorganic membranes for clean energy and environment. They have carried
out many meaningful research works such as inorganic membrane separation,
membrane catalysis reactors, and new energy materials. The main research ori-
entations in the group include inorganic membrane and membrane process, new
energy materials, and energy devices. The features and vision of such research
group are focusing on the fundamental research, aiming at the scientific frontier
and orienting significant demand from society, to obtain innovational achievement,
and devote ourselves to take up the challenges with human being’s development,
energy, and environmental issues. He is currently a professor at Tsinghua University
(http://www.chemeng.tsinghua.edu.cn/info/1165/2592.htm).
This book is the first one that comprehensively and systematically introduces
MXene membranes with various applications for separation. The contents range
from the MXene membranes for gas separation, ion rejection, nanofiltration for
dyes and antibiotics, etc., as well as the scale-up prospects of 2D MXene mem-
branes. Each chapter is independent, in which the design concept, fabrication
strategy and methods, separation performance of MXene membranes with different
structures, and conclusions are clearly described. Lively schematic illustrations
and pictures throughout the text help make the theory and technologies more
accessible to readers. The author sincerely hopes that this book will be a valuable
x Preface

reference work for designing and preparing MXene-based membranes for various
separation purposes.
The book is composed of 11 chapters. In Chapter 1, a brief introduction of 2D
membranes as emerging novel membranes are outlined, including the separation
mechanism, preparation methods, and separation applications. In Chapter 2, two
types of 2D materials-based membranes are introduced, including the porous and
nonporous 2D nanosheet-composed membranes. In Chapter 3, the preparation and
characterization of the MXene nanosheets and MXene membranes are described
in detail. In Chapters 4–8, different MXene membranes with structures designed
in particular applied for nanofiltration, isolation of antibiotics, gas separation, ion
separation, and oil/water emulsion separation are introduced, especially. And in
Chapter 7, two types of MXene membranes for ion separation are introduced, such
as self-cross-linked MXene membranes and Al3+ cross-linked MXene membranes.
In Chapter 9, the MXene membranes used for salinity gradient energy conversion
are described. In Chapter 10, the promising scale-up fabrication technologies of
MXene membranes are present, including spin coating, spray coating, drop coating,
dip coating, doctor blade method, and electrophoretic deposition, etc. Finally,
perspectives on the development of MXene nanosheets and MXene membranes are
given in Chapter 11.
Most of the contents in this book are the fresh achievements of the author’s
group on MXene membranes in recent years; of course, many other related
works are also discussed. The author gratefully acknowledges the financial
support for the continuous study of MXene membranes from the Natu-
ral Science Foundation of China (22022805, 21861132013, 22078107, and
22008077), Guangdong Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar
(2017A030306002), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation
(2019A1515110958), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019TQ0101 and
2019M662920).
The author is very grateful to Prof. Caro Juergen at Leibniz University of
Hannover, Germany and Prof. Yury Gogotsi at the Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Drexel University, USA. The author would like to thank all his
former and current students who contributed to the study on MXene membranes,
especially Dr. Zhongkun Li, Master Zong Lu, Junjie Deng, Wei Wang, and Chunjie
Chen, for their hard work and creative research on developing MXene membranes
with various structures.
Finally, the author is deeply indebted to his family members, especially his wife,
Fan Zhang and his son, Sunuo Wang, for their love, encouragement, and support.

Guangzhou, China Haihui Wang

April 2021
 xi

About the Authors

Prof. Haihui Wang received his PhD degree from

the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003. After a
one-and-a-half-year stay as an Alexander von Humboldt
Research Fellow in the Institute of Physical Chemistry
and Electrochemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover,
Germany, he continued his research there as a postdoctoral
fellow from 2005. From 2007 to 2020, he worked at the South
China University of Technology. From November 2020, he is
a full professor at Tsinghua University, China. His interests
focus on inorganic membranes, membrane reactors, and
energy materials. He has published over 240 peer-reviewed journal papers at Nat.
Energy, Nat. Sustain., Sci. Adv., etc., with citation of more than 16 000, and held 28
authorized patents.

Prof. Yanying Wei received her PhD degree under the

supervision of Prof. Haihui Wang at the South China
University of Technology in 2013. During 2013–2015, she
worked as a Humboldt research fellow in Prof. Juergen
Caro’s group at Leibniz University of Hannover. She is cur-
rently a professor in the School of Chemistry & Chemical
Engineering at the South China University of Technology.
Her research focuses on novel 2D nanosheet mem-
branes, MOF membranes for various separations, and
catalytic membrane reactors. She has published over 70
peer-reviewed journal papers at Nat. Sustain., Nat. Commun., Sci. Adv., JACS,
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., etc., 2 co-authored monographs and held 39 patents.
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xii About the Authors

Dr. Li Ding is a postdoctoral research fellow in the School

of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at the South China
University of Technology, working with Prof. Haihui Wang.
He received his PhD degree in chemical engineering at
the South China University of Technology in 2019, under
the supervision of Prof. Haihui Wang. His current research
focuses on MXene-based membranes for efficient separa-
tion applications and mass transport in nanochannels. He
has published over 13 peer-reviewed journal papers at Nat.
Sustain., Nat. Commun., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., etc., with
citation more than 1200.
 xiii

Acknowledgment

We gratefully acknowledge the fundings from the Natural Science Foundation of

China (22022805, 21861132013, and 22078107), and Guangdong Natural Science
Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar (2017A030306002).
 xv

Abbreviations and Symbols

Abbreviations
2D Two-Dimensional
AAO Anodic Aluminum Oxide
AC Activated Carbon
AEPPS N-Aminoethyl Piperazine Propane Sulfonate
AFM Atomic Force Microscopy
AgNPs Silver Nanoparticles
AH Azithromycin
ANF Kevlar Nanofiber
APTES Aminopropyltriethoxysilane
BB Brilliant Blue
BCN Carbon BN
BE Binding Energy
BET Brunauer, Emett, Teller
BN Boron Nitride
BNNS BN Nano Sheets
BPA Bisphenol A
BSA Bovine Serum Albumin
CA Calcium Alginate, and Cephalexin
CAP Chloramphenicol
CFX Ciprofloxacin
CMP Carbamazepine
CM Co3 O4 /MXene Composite
C3 N4 Carbon Nitride
CNC Cellulose Nanocrystal
CNFs Cellulose Nanofibers
CNT Carbon Nanotube
CNTC g-C3 N4 /Ti3 C2
COF Covalent Organic Framework
COFs Covalent Organic Frameworks
CP Clindamycin Phosphate
xvi Abbreviations and Symbols

C-PVDF Commercial Polyvinylidene Fluoride

CTX Cefotaxime
Cyt.c Cytochrome c
D Diffusion Coefficient
DC Doxycycline
DCF Diclofenac
DFT Density Functional Theory
DI Deionized Water
DLS Dynamic Light Scattering
DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
EB Evans Blue
EDL Electrical Double Layer
EDS/EDX/EDX Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
EE2 17-α-Ethynylestradiol
EPD Electrophoretic Deposition
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FO Forward Osmosis
FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
FTO Fluorinated Tin Oxide
GA Gallic Acid
g-C3 N4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride
GM Graphene Oxide/MXene Composite
g-MoS2 Graphene-like Layered Molybdenum Disulfide
GO Graphene Oxide
GPU Gas Permeation Unit
HAADF High-Angle Annular Dark-Field
HRTEM High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope
HT Hydrotalcite
IC Ion Chromatography
ICP-OES Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy
IEP Isoelectric Point
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
IPA Isopropanol
ITO Indium Tin Oxide
LB Langmuir–Blodgett
LbL Layer-by-Layer
LDH Layered Double Hydroxide
LS Langmuir–Schäfer
MAX Ti3 AlC2
MAX Mn+1 AXn
MB Methyl Blue
MBCN Mesoporous Boron Nitride-Carbon
MCE Mixed Cellulose Ester
MD Molecular Dynamics and Membrane Distillation
 Abbreviations and Symbols xvii

MFI Mobile Five Ring

MG Methyl Green
MMMs Mixed Matrix Membranes
MnB Methylene Blue
MOFs Metal–Organic Frameworks
MPC-co-AEMA Poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl-phosphorylcholine-co-2-
aminoethyl-methacrylate hydrochloride)
MR Methyl Red
MWCO Molecular Weight Cutoff
MXM Al3+ -intercalated MXene Membrane
MXM-RED MXene Membranes-Based Reverse Electrodialysis
NF Nanofiltration
NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
N-MXM Negatively Charged MXene Membrane
NOR Norfloxacin
NPG Nanoporous Graphene
OFL Ofloxacin
OTC Oxytetracycline
P Permeability
PAA Polyacrylic Acid
PAA-g-PVDE Poly(acrylic acid)-grafted PVDF
PAM Polyacrylamide
PAN-H Polyacrylonitrile-Hydrolysis
p-BN Porous Hexagonal Boron Nitride
PC Propylene Carbonate and Proanthocyanidins
PDA Polydopamine
PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane
PEG Polyethylene Glycol
PEI Polyetherimide
PEI Polyethyleneimine
PES Polyethersulfone
PFTS Perfluorode-cyltriethoxysilane
PGP Polymer@GO@polyacrylonitrile
PI Polyimide
PIMs Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity
PK Polyketone
PM2.5 Particulate Matter, particles that have diameter less than
2.5 μm
PMF Potential of Mean Force
PMM Pristine MXene Membrane
PMS Peroxymonosulfate
P-MXM Positively Charged MXene Membrane
PNP Poisson and Nernst–Planck
PRO Pressure-Retarded Osmosis
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
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Second 2024 - Laboratory

Prepared by: Professor Garcia

Date: August 12, 2025

Module 1: Current trends and future directions

Learning Objective 1: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Theoretical framework and methodology
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 7: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Introduction 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Example 10: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 12: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
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Example 13: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 16: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 17: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 19: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Summary 3: Experimental procedures and results
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 21: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 24: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 26: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 4: Study tips and learning strategies
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 32: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 35: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 37: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 39: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 5: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 43: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 44: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Quiz 6: Best practices and recommendations
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 53: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 55: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 7: Learning outcomes and objectives
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 8: Key terms and definitions
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 76: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 77: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 79: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Summary 9: Experimental procedures and results
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 87: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 88: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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