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 Are We Thinking Straight The Politics of Straightness in a
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in Sociology Studies in Social Social Changes and Social
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 New Approaches in Sociology
Studies in Social Inequality, Social
Change, and Social Justice

Edited by
Nancy A. Naples
University of Connecticut

A Routledge Series

94229-Cortese 1 9.indd 1 1/9/2006 3:29:16 PM

 New Approaches in Sociology
Studies in Social Inequality, Social Change, and Social Justice
Nancy A. Naples, General Editor
The Social Organization of Policy Domestic Democracy
An Institutional Ethnography of At Home in South Africa
UN Forest Deliberations Jennifer Natalie Fish
Lauren E. Eastwood
Praxis and Politics
The Struggle over Gay, Lesbian, Knowledge Production in
and Bisexual Rights Social Movements
Facing Off in Cincinnati Janet M. Conway
Kimberly B. Dugan
The Suppression of Dissent
Parenting for the State How the State and Mass Media Squelch
An Ethnographic Analysis of USAmerican Social Movements
Non-Profit Foster Care Jules Boykoff
Teresa Toguchi Swartz
Are We Thinking Straight?
Talking Back to Psychiatry The Politics of Straightness in a Lesbian
The Psychiatric Consumer/Survivor/ and Gay Social Movement Organization
Ex-Patient Movement Daniel K. Cortese
Linda J. Morrison

Contextualizing Homelessness
Critical Theory, Homelessness, and
Federal Policy Addressing the Homeless
Ken Kyle

Linking Activism
Ecology, Social Justice, and Education
for Social Change
Morgan Gardner

The Everyday Lives of Sex Workers

in the Netherlands
Katherine Gregory

Striving and Surviving

A Daily Life Analysis of Honduran
Transnational Families
Leah Schmalzbauer

Unequal Partnerships
Beyond the Rhetoric of
Philanthropic Collaboration
Ira Silver

94229-Cortese 1 9.indd 2 1/9/2006 3:29:16 PM

 Are We Thinking Straight?
The Politics of Straightness in a Lesbian and
Gay Social Movement Organization

Daniel K. Cortese

Routledge
New York & London

94229-Cortese 1 9.indd 3 1/9/2006 3:29:16 PM

RT7010X_Discl.fm Page 1 Friday, January 6, 2006 2:44 PM

Published in 2006 by Published in Great Britain by

Routledge Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group Taylor & Francis Group
270 Madison Avenue 2 Park Square
New York, NY 10016 Milton Park, Abingdon
Oxon OX14 4RN

© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-415-97701-0 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-415-97701-2 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2005029589
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only
for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Cortese, Daniel K.
Are we thinking straight? : the politics of straightness in a lesbian and gay social movement
organization / Daniel K. Cortese.
p. cm. -- (New approaches in sociology)
ISBN 0-415-97701-0
1. Straight and Gay Alliance. 2. Homosexuality--United States--Societies, etc. 3. Gay-straight
alliances in schools--United States. 4. Social action--United States. 5. Gays--United States--Identity.
6. Gay rights--United States. 7. Organizational sociology. I. Title. II. Series.

HQ75.12.C67 2006
306.76’60973--dc22 2005029589

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

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 This book is dedicated to those who selflessly commit their lives to
serve others, particularly the SAGA activists who shared with me
their time and their knowledge.

And to Judith Cortese, who waited twenty-nine years to say

four little words:
“My son, the Doctor!”
I did it, ma!

94229-Cortese 1 9.indd 5 1/9/2006 3:29:16 PM

94229-Cortese 1 9.indd 6 1/9/2006 3:29:16 PM
 Contents

List of Figures ix

List of Tables xi

Acknowledgments xiii

Chapter One
Introduction 1

Chapter Two
Theory and Research Methods 15

Chapter Three
Organizational Diversity in SAGA 57

Chapter Four
God Is on Our Side: The Mission of SAGA 87

Chapter Five
No Joking About the “S” in SAGA: “Straight” Strategy 115

Chapter Six
Political Environments Shape Identity Deployment 141

Chapter Seven
Straight Ahead and Moving Forward 173

Appendix A 183

vii

94229-Cortese 1 9.indd 7 1/9/2006 3:29:16 PM

 viii Contents

Appendix B 187

Appendix C 189

Appendix D 191

Notes 193

References 195

Index 203

94229-Cortese 1 9.indd 8 1/9/2006 3:29:16 PM

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 List of Figures

Figure 1: Location of SAGA in Social Movement Industries 31

Figure 2: SAGA-Based Sociopolitical Regions of the United States 37
Figure 3: Breakdown of Sexual Identity of Research Participants 47
Figure 4: SAGA National Board of Directors; By Race, Gender,
and Sexuality 59
Figure 5: SAGA National Staff Members; By Race, Gender,
and Sexuality 59

ix

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94229-Cortese 1 9.indd 10 1/9/2006 3:29:17 PM
 List of Tables

Table 1: Interview Sample Demographics 44

Table 2: Participant Demographics by Years a SAGA Board Member 46
Table 3: Participant Demographics by Age 46
Table 4: Participant Demographics by Gender 46
Table 5: Participant Demographics by Sexuality 46
Table 6: Participant Demographics by Race 47
Table 7: Participant Demographics by Income Level 48
Table 8: Participant Demographics by Political Party Affiliation 48
Table 9: Participant Demographics by Political Ideology 49
Table 10: Organizational Diversity of SAGA National 58

xi

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94229-Cortese 1 9.indd 12 1/9/2006 3:29:17 PM
 Acknowledgments

There are so many people who helped make this book possible by helping
me see my lifelong goal through to the end. I wish I could thank them all by
name, but it is impossible to list them all in this limited space. To those who
I am unable to individually thank in these pages, including those who are
with us only in spirit, know that you are dear to my heart!
I first thank la mia famiglia for their love, support, and most of all,
patience through this arduous journey. I adoringly thank my life-partner
Abelardo González for his unwavering love and support throughout the
entire research and writing process. He saw me through the project from
start to finish, and lovingly nurtured me throughout the laughter and the
tears. I thank him for helping care for my twenty-year-old cat Lemon as
I traveled extensively for this research, which allowed her to be with us
against all the odds. I also wish to thank my mother Judy who continues to
give me the strength and love to see my goals through. I love and appreciate
my godmother Barbara Colao for opening up her home during my research
process and excitedly joining me in Austin for my graduation. I also extend
love to my sister Kerryann Billman, her husband Jeffrey, my nephew and
godson Stephen Caputo, my nephew Justin, and my niece Crystal for their
blessings. I hope this book is a testament to my family that through the love
of God shining through la nostra famiglia, and a lot of dedicated work, all
things are possible and all dreams are attainable.
I thank my dissertation co-chairs Anne Kane and Michael Young who
guided me from the project’s inception to its completion, as well as thank
my committee members Christopher Ellison, Sharmila Rudrappa, Yolanda
Padilla, and Gloria González-López for their helpful feedback. Included in
my gratitude is this series editor Nancy Naples who, along with my col-
leagues outside of the University of Texas such as Joshua Gamson, Julie
Dowling, Mary Bernstein, Arlene Stein, and Jodi O’Brien helped me shape

xiii

94229-Cortese 1 9.indd 13 1/9/2006 3:29:17 PM

 xiv Acknowledgments

my thoughts into cogent arguments and provided valuable feedback in the

revision process.
I am also indebted to the entire Parma family who are my “extended”
Texas-sized family. Throughout my graduate training, Bob and Sue Parma
welcomed me into their home with so much love, especially when I was
alone and unable to visit my mom and sister in New York during the holi-
days. I also thank Pam Parma and her husband Jeff Kelly who invited me
into their home during my dissertation revision process and lovingly made
sure that I was well taken care of during my stay. And, who can forget my
dearest friend Christine Parma who met me fresh out of high school and
grew with me throughout my college career? Christine always knew the
right ways to break me away from Austin and my work. Christine, I love
you so much!
I thank Fr. Rick Wilkinson and Sr. Ann Francis Monedero for being
my spiritual mentors through the final stages of research and writing. As
tremendous allies, they helped Abelardo and I develop a closer relationship
with God as both a couple and individuals. Their prayers helped us both
garner the spiritual strength to finish this project with grace and love.
And, most of all, I thank the Holy Trinity (God, Jesus Christ, and the
Holy Spirit) for blessing me with many gifts and talents, and for sending
down angels to surround me with love. I pray that my sacrifices and hard
work here on Earth pleases You in Heaven.

94229-Cortese 1 9.indd 14 1/9/2006 3:29:17 PM

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