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Vantage Theory
 Vantage Theory:
A View on Language, Cognition
and Categorization

Edited by

$GDP*áD] Marnie L. Moist

and Elena Tribushinina
 Vantage Theory: A View on Language, Cognition and Categorization
(GLWHGE\$GDP*áD]0DUQLH/0RLVW and Elena Tribushinina

This book first published 2013

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Copyright © 2013 E\$GDP*áD]0DUQLH/0RLVW(OHQD7ULEXVKLQLQDDQGFRQWULEXWRUV

All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN (10): 1-4438-4961-8, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4961-6

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Illustrations ................................................................................... vii

List of Tables ............................................................................................ xii

Acknowledgments ................................................................................... xiii

Foreword ................................................................................................. xiv

Keith Allan

Introduction ................................................................................................ 1
The Whats and the Whys
$GDP*áD]0DUQLH/0RLVWDQG(OHQD7ULEXVKLQLQD

Chapter One ................................................................................................ 9

9DQWDJH7KHRU\WKH1DWXUH-1XUWXUH'HEDWH
and the Four-GLPHQVLRQDO0HQWDO)OH[LYHUVH
0DUQLH/0RLVWDQG$GDP*áD]

Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 66

Vantage Theory in Outline
5REHUW(0DF/DXU\

Chapter Three ......................................................................................... 137

&DWHJRUL]DWLRQDV6SDFH-time Analogy
5REHUW(0DF/DXU\

Chapter Four ........................................................................................... 182

Four Case Studies in Vantage Theory Application
5REHUW(0DF/DXU\
(Case Study 3: 5REHUW(0DF/DXU\ and 0DUtD,0DF/DXU\)

Chapter Five ........................................................................................... 227

&DWHJRU\,QYDVLRQ9DQWDJH7KHRU\DQGWKH6HPDQWLF'HILQLWLRQRI6XEMHFW
Jinseung Eu
vi Table of Contents

Chapter Six ............................................................................................. 249

9DQWDJH7KHRU\DVD0RGHORI&DWHJRUL]DWLRQ
$GDP*áD]

Chapter Seven......................................................................................... 293

Vantage Theory and Linguistics:
$Q$VVHVVPHQWRI)UDPHZRUNDQG0HWKRGRORJ\
Elena Tribushinina

Chapter Eight .......................................................................................... 339

Zooming from Human Evolution through Culture and Individual
Differences Using the Vantage Theory-based Four-dimensional
0HQWDO)OH[LYHUVH
0DUQLH/0RLVW

Appendix ................................................................................................ 387

Vantage Theory Bibliography
CRPSLOHGE\$GDP*áD]

Contributors ............................................................................................ 409

Author Index........................................................................................... 412

Thematic Index ....................................................................................... 420

 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1-:DUPFRORUFDWHJRU\QDPHGZLWKWZRWHUPVGRPLQDQWred vs.

recessive yellow .................................................................................. 25
Figure 1-'RPLQDQWDQGUHFHVVLYHYDQWDJHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQ:0LQYROYLQJ
SHUFHLYHG HYHQW FKXQNV LQWHUDFWLQJ ZLWK /70 UHWULHYDO PRWLYDWLRQ
emotionDQGPRWRUDQWLFLSDWLRQDFWLvity ............................................ 31
Figure 1- :0 GRPLQDQW DQG UHFessive vantage construction for com-
PRQDOLW\ DQG GLIIHUHQFH PDSSLQJ WR VXSSRUW DWWHQWLRQDO ZHLJKWLQJ
dimensional GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQDQGUXOHFUHDWLRQ..................................... 36
Figure 1-4. Four-dimensional mental flexiverse illustrated at the intraper-
sonal level ........................................................................................... 55
Figure 2-0RGHORIWKH³UHG´FDWHJRU\DFFRUGLQJWR9DQWDJH7KHRU\ .... 69
Figure 2-2. Values of category membership in relation to fixed and mobile
FRRUGLQDWHV OHYHOV RI FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQG HQWDLOPHQWV RI IRFXV UDQJH
EUHDGWKRIUDQJHDQGPDUJLQ .............................................................. 71
Figure 2-3. (a) SpeFLILFDWLRQV RI 0XQVHOO FRORU FKLSV FRQVWLWXWLQJ WKH
HWKQRJUDSKLFDUUD\ E )RFL 1  RIFRORUWHUPVFROOHFWHGE\
the WCS from 107 minor and tribal languages. (c) Frequency
GLVWULEXWLRQRI:&6FRORU-term foci across the hue columns of
the etKQRJUDSKLF0XQVHOODUUD\........................................................... 73
Figure 2-1DPLQJDQGIRFLRIFRORUWHUPVLQ D (QJOLVK E +LJK*HU-
PDQDQG F +XQJDULDQ....................................................................... 75
Figure 2-5. Piros and vörös as names of dominant and recessive vantages
RI³UHG´ ............................................................................................... 77
Figure 2-6. Dominant piros and recessive vörös with coordinates and
OHYHOV VKRZQ LQ UHODWLRQ WR HQWDLOPHQWV LQFOXGLQJ HQWDLOHG YDOXHV RI
category membership expressed as curves .......................................... 77
Figure 2-7. Hungarian piros and vörös PHDVXUHGZLWK0XQVHOOFRORUFKLSV;
IHPDOHDJH%XGDSHVW FROOHFWHGE\=ROWiQ.|YHFVHV ........ 78
Figure 2-8. Vantages versus VHPDQWLFUDQJHVFRQWUDFWHG ODUJHSURWUDFWHG
= small ................................................................................................ 81
Figure 2-9. Reciprocal degrees of simultaneous attention to similarity and
difference ............................................................................................ 82
Figure 2-10. Hungarian piros and German rot, WZR FDWHJRULHV RI ³UHG´
with ranges of nDPLQJWKDWGLIIHULQVL]H ............................................. 82
viii List of Illustrations

Figure 2-11. Kyaq and q’an as names of dominant and recessive vantages
RQWKHFDWHJRU\RIZDUPFRORUVLQ0DP0D\DQRI7DFDQi FROOHFWed by
Tom Godfrey) ..................................................................................... 86
Figure 2-&RH[WHQVLYHZDUPUDQJHVLQ D 0DP0D\DQDQG E %XJOHUH
XQFODVVLILHG  D 7DFDQi6DQ0DUFRV*XDWHPDODI E 5LR
/XLV9HUDJXDV3DQDPDI .................................................... 89
Figure 2-13. Different balances of strength between attention to similarity
and difference ..................................................................................... 90
Figure 2-14. Levels of concentration entailing values of membership from
dominant and recessive vantages on the warm category..................... 91
Figure 2-15. The relation between disWDQFH RI YLHZSRLQW IURP SXUYLHZ
VWDELOLW\ RI SXUYLHZ DQG VL]H RI UDQJH ZKLFK PRGHOV DEXQGDQW
concentrated naming of the dominant vantage versus VSDUVHGLVSHUVHG
naming of the recessive vantage ......................................................... 92
Figure 2-16. Types of relation between vantages ..................................... 96
Figure 2-1HDUV\QRQ\P\-LFDTXH0RQWDxDGHOD)ORU+RQGXUDVI
+RNDQ  D  QDPLQJ DQG IRFL  :&6  E-F  PDSSLQJV 
0&6  FROOHFWHGE\5RQDQG/\QQ'HQQLV ....................................... 98
Figure 2- &RH[WHQVLRQ LQ DQ HDUO\ SKDVH 7]HOWDO 7HQHMDSD &KLDSDV
0H[LFR P   0D\DQ 7]HOWDODQ  D  QDPLQJ DQG IRFL E-c)
mappings ............................................................................................. 99
Figure 2-&RH[WHQVLRQ7]HOWDO7HQHMDSDP D QDPLQJ and
IRFL E-F PDSSLQJV G TXDOLILHUV ................................................... 100
Figure 2-&RH[WHQVLRQLQDODWHSKDVH7]HOWDO7HQHMDSDI D 
QDPLQJDQGIRFL E-c) mappings ...................................................... 101
Figure 2- ,QFOXVLRQ LQ D ODWH SKDVH 7]HOWDO 7HQHMDSD I   D 
QDPLQJDQGIRFL E-c) mappings ...................................................... 102
Figure 2-&RH[WHQVLRQLQDODWHSKDVH7]HOWDO7HQHMDSDI D 
QDPLQJDQGIRFL E-c) mappings ...................................................... 103
Figure 2-23. Foci of warm categories composed by (a) coextension and (b)
inclusion ............................................................................................ 105
Figure 2-24. Hlaza and kosazana as names of dominant and recessive van-
WDJHVRQWKHFDWHJRU\RIFRROFRORUVLQ=XOXDVQDPHGDQGPDSSHGLQ
Figure 2-25........................................................................................ 107
Figure 2-25 a-c. &RH[WHQVLRQ =XOX (VFRUW 5HSXEOLF RI 6RXWK$IULFD P
  1LJHU-.RUGRIDQLDQ %DQWX 1JXQL  D-c) naming and (b-c)
foci of the cool category ................................................................... 108
Figure 2-25 d-g. Zulu coextension (continued): (d-H PDSSLQJ I-g) qual-
ifiers .................................................................................................. 109
Figure 2-26. Abstract bow curves of category membership ....................111
Figure 2-27. Abstract bell curves of category membership .................... 112
 9DQWDJH7KHRU\$9LHZRQ/DQJXDJH&RJQLWLRQDQG&DWHJRUL]DWLRQ ix

Figure 2-28. Abstract curves of membership values in recessive vantages

shaped by (a) multiplicative versus (b) additive strength of coordinate
D ....................................................................................................... 113
Figure 2-29. Vantage Theory applied to describing and explaining curves
of categorical membership values suggested by data from six speakers
RI0HVRDPHULFDQODQJXDJHV .............................................................. 114
Figure 2- 1DKXDWO 6DQWD %XHQDYHQWXUD 3XHEOD 0H[LFR P  
D  QDPLQJ DQG IRFL E  PDSSLQJ DQG IRFXV RI WKH FRRO FDWHJRU\ F 
TXDOLILHUGLVWULEXWLRQVDQG G SURMHFWHGFurve of membership values in
the cool category (collected by Tim Knab) ....................................... 116
Figure 2- &DNFKLTXHO 3DQDMDEDO 7HFSDQ *XDWHPDOD P   D 
QDPLQJ D-b) foFL E PDSSLQJDQG F LQIHUUHGFXUYHRIPHPEHUVKLS
in the cool category ........................................................................... 117
Figure 2- &DNFKLTXHO 3DQDMDEDO 7HFSDQ *XDWHPDOD P   D 
QDPLQJ D-b IRFL E PDSSLQJDQG F LQIHUUHGFXUYHRIPHPEHUVKLS
in the cool category ........................................................................... 118
Figure 2- 1RUWKHUQ 7HSHKXiQ %DERULJDPL &KLKXDKXD 0H[LFR I 
1981: (a) QDPLQJ D-E  IRFL E  PDSSLQJ DQG F  LQIHUUHG FXUYH RI
membership in the cool category (collected by Burt Bascom) ......... 118
Figure 2-4XLFKp6DQWD0DUtD&KLTXLPXOD7RWRQLFDSDQ*XDWHPDODP
 D QDPLQJ D-E IRFL E PDSSLQJDQG F LQIHUUHGFXUYHRI
membership in the cool category ...................................................... 119
Figure 2-35. ChLQDQWHF 7HSHWRWXWOD 2D[DFD 0H[LFR P   D 
QDPLQJ D-E IRFL E PDSSLQJDQG F LQIHUUHGFXUYHRIPHPEHUVKLS
in the cool category (collected by David Westley) ............................ 120
Figure 2- 7KUHH YDQWDJHV D  E  DQG F  OLQNHG E\ UHODWLRQV ZLWKLQ
two frames ........................................................................................ 122
Figure 2- 8VSDQWHF 0D\D /DV 3DFD\DV 8VSDQWiQ *XDWHPDOD I 
 D QDPLQJ D-G IRFLDQG E-d) mappings ............................. 123
Figure 2- D  /DFDQGyQ 1DMi 6HOYD /DFDQGyQ &KLDSDV 0H[LFR P
“  FROOHFWHG E\ 5REHUW ' %UXFH  E  &DNFKLTXHO 7HFSDQ
3DQDMDEDO *XDWHPDOD P   F  1DKXDWO 6DQ 3HGUR
7RQDQW]LQWOD6DQ$QGUpV&KROXOD3XHEOD0H[LFR FROOHFWHGE\
Tim Knab) ......................................................................................... 125
Figure 2-39. Stress in the cool category (a) on fixed coordinates and (b) on
mobile coordinates ............................................................................ 128
Figure 2-.¶HNFKt 0D\DQ &REiQ$OWDYHUDS]*XDWHPDOD D I
 E   P  F   I  E DQG F FROOHFWHG E\ 6WHSKHQ 2
Stewart) ............................................................................................. 129
x List of Illustrations

Figure 2- 0D]DWHF &KLTXLKXLWOiQ 2D[DFD 0H[LFR  QDPLQJ

UDQJHVDQGIRFL D P E P F I G I 2WRPDQJXHDQ
collected by Carole Jamieson) .......................................................... 130
Figure 2-0D]DWHF&KLTXLKXLWOiQ D I E P ............... 131
Figure 2-43. Two sets of frames suggested by (a) Figure 2-41b and (b) Fig-
ure 2-41c ........................................................................................... 132
Figure 2-44. Dominant-recessive relations suggested by Figure 2-42 a-b
.......................................................................................................... 132
Figure 2-)RFLRIWKHFRROFDWHJRU\IURPVSHDNHUVRI D &KLTXLKXLWOiQ
0D]DWHF su4sæ4) and (b) Seri (kóil  'HVHPERTXH 6RQRUD 0H[LFR
 +RNDQFROOHFWHGE\%0RVHU ............................................... 133
Figure 3-1. Vantage model of the green category. Formula: G SS D. Key:
G–elemental green; S–attention to similarity; D–attention to difference
.......................................................................................................... 140
Figure 3-2. Vantage model of the green-focused cool category. Formula: G
SS B D. Key: G–elemental green; B–elemental blue; S–attention to
similarity; D–attention to difference ................................................. 141
Figure 3- (QJOLVK FRORU WHUPV HOLFLWHG ZLWK 0XQVHOO FKLSV I  1HZ
<RUN&LW\ D QDPLQJDQGIRFL E PDSSLQJ .......................... 143
Figure 3- D  6SHFLILFDWLRQ RI 0XQVHOO FRORU FKLSV WKDW FRQVWLWXWH WKH
HWKQRJUDSKLF DUUD\ E  6LQJOH IRFL 1    RI FRORU WHUPV
FROOHFWHG E\ WKH :&6 IURP  ODQJXDJHV  LQGLYLGXDOV F 
Frequency distribution of foci across hue columns ........................... 145
Figure 3-5. Examples of B&K’s Stages II-,9 D (MDJKDP Niger-Congo 
.HPERQJ &DPHURRQ I   :&6  E  :DUDR LVRODWH  6DQ
)UDQFLVFRGH*XDLD$QWRQLR'tD]7RPDTXDUR9HQH]XHODP
E\ *OHQQ : *HHOKRHG F  +XDVWHF 0D\DQ  +XHKXHWOiQ +XH 6DQ
LutV3RWRVt0H[LFRP0&6 ......................................... 148
Figure 3-7]HOWDO 0D\DQ 3DUDMH1DELO7HQHMDSD&KLDSDV0H[LFRP
 D QDPLQJ D-F IRFL E-c) mapping ................................ 156
Figure 3-9DQWDJHVRQWKHZDUPFDWHJRU\RIHOGHU7]HOWDO.H\HOHPHQ-
tal Y yellow and R red; attention to S similarity and D difference ... 156
Figure 3-7]HOWDO3DUDMH1DELO7HQHMDSD&KLDSDV0H[LFRI
D QDPLQJ D-F IRFL E-c) mapping ................................................ 159
Figure 3-9. Vantages on the warm category cum red category of younger
7]HOWDO.H\3–pink-purple .............................................................. 160
Figure 3-10. Foci of warm categories composed by (a) coextension and (b)
inclusion ............................................................................................ 162
Figure 3-11. Levels of concentration entailing values of membership from
(a) dominant and (b) recessive vantages on the warm category........ 163
 9DQWDJH7KHRU\$9LHZRQ/DQJXDJH&RJQLWLRQDQG&DWHJRUL]DWLRQ xi

Figure 3-0DP 0D\DQ 7DFDQi6DQ0DUFRV*XDWHPDODQDPLQJDQG

IRFLIE\7RP*RGIUH\....................................................... 166
Figure 3-13. Zulu (Niger-.RUGRIDQLDQ %DQWX 1JXQL  (VFRUW 6RXWK
$IULFDP D-c) naming and foci of the cool category ....... 167
Figure 3-13 (continued): (d-H PDSSLQJ I-g) qualifiers ........................ 168
Figure 3-14. Vantages and their cognitive proportionality versus ranges
and their difference on a grid. Key: N–QXPEHU RI PHPEHUV 3–
psychological distance; †–IRFXV VL]LQJ LFRQLFDOO\ UHSUHVHQWV YDOXHV
.......................................................................................................... 173
Figure 4-1. Vantage model of Bororo men’s identity with araras .......... 184
Figure 4-2. An array of elements extracted from the vantage model of Fig-
ure 4-1 ............................................................................................... 185
Figure 4-9DQWDJHPRGHORIWKH$]WHFSHUVRQFDWHJRU\Florentine Codex
XII ..................................................................................................... 196
Figure 4-4. Dominant and recessive coordinate pairs with their inherently
mobile environments......................................................................... 197
Figure 4-2XWOLQHRIFRJQLWLRQVDQGV\PEROVLQ5LFDUGR$UMRQD¶VElla y
El ....................................................................................................... 211
Figure 4-6. Behavioral entailments in the song ...................................... 212
Figure 4-7. Vantage model of plain speech and masu forms in Japanese 219
Figure 6-$V\PPHWULFDOMXGJPHQWVLQWKH%,5'FDWHJRU\ DGDSWHGIURP
0DF/DXU\)LJ ............................................................ 260
Figure 6-2. Kuhn’s (1976) idea of similarity .......................................... 272
Figure 6-9DQWDJHOHYHOVDQGYLHZLQJWKLQNLQJPRGHV ........................ 277
Figure 8-D 7KH VWDELOL]LQJ FRQVWUDLQWV RI SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW JOREDO
FRJQLWLYHVW\OHDQGKDELWXDODFWLRQDFURVVDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VRZQOLIHWLPH
ZLWKLQ WKH EURDGHU FRQWH[W RI HQFXOWXUDWLRQ DQG VRFLDOL]DWLRQ RQ WKH
interpersonal vantage arena (IVA) .................................................... 366
Figure 8-1b. Three sample interpersonal vantage arenas (IVAs). Distance
between overlapping circles surrounding dominant vantage similarity
(S) and recessive vantage difference (D) reflects cultural-level vantage
and FoR preferences ......................................................................... 368
Figure 8-1c. Four-dimensional mental flexiverse illustrated at the intraper-
sonal level. ........................................................................................ 374
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1. Core mental flexiverse TXHVWLRQV97DQVZHUVUHOHYDQWFRQWUR-

versies and constructs ......................................................................... 14
Table 3-1XPEHURIFKLSVPDSSHGE\0D\DQVSHDNHUVRQHLWKHUVLde of
dominant and recessive foci in the warm category ........................... 165
Table 3-2. Equivalencies between space-WLPHDQGFDWHJRUL]DWLRQ .......... 170
 A&.12:/('*0(176

It is customary but certainly appropriate to say that the completion of a

given SURMHFW ZRXOG QRW KDYH EHHQ SRssible without the help and
contribution of many people. This is especially true about this book. The
SHRSOH ZH IHHO ZH PXVW WKDQN DERYH DOO DUH REYLRXVO\ WKH ODWH 5RE
0DF/DXU\ ZKRVH LQJHQLRXV LQVights and intellectual generosity inspired
XVWRSXUVXHDQLQWHUHVWLQ9DQWDJH7KHRU\DQG0DUtD,0DF/DXU\ZKR
over the course of several years has been rescuing Rob’s unpublished
work from his archives and sharing it with us.
6HFRQGO\ZHWKDQNDOORXUIULHQGVDQGFROOHDJXHVLQYROYHGLQ9DQWDJH
7KHRU\ DV UHVHDUFKHUV DXWKRUV UHYLHZHUV RU HGLWRUV ZKR KDYH EHHQ
LQFHVVDQWO\VXSSO\LQJXVZLWKPDWHULDOVLGHDVDQGREVHUYDWLRQV7KH\DUH
too numerous to mention by name so we shall refrain from doing so for
fear of inadvertently omitting someone whose name might have dropped
from memory.
+RZHYHU ZH PXVW SHUVRQDOO\ WKDQN .HLWK $OODQ for writing the
)RUHZRUG WR WKLV YROXPH DQG 0DWWKHZ - 'RQDOG of The Cavendish
/DERUDWRU\ WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &DPEULGJH *UHDW %ULWDiQ IRU KHOSLQJ XV
come to grips with aspects of the spatiotemporal analogy that VT
proposes.
1HHGOHVVWRVD\ZHDUHJUDWHIXOWRRXUIDPLOLHVDQGIULHQGVIRUVXSSRUW
DV ZHOO DV WR WKH HGLWRULDO VWDII DW &DPEULGJH 6FKRODUV 3XEOLVKLQJ IRU
KHOSLQJXVEULQJWKLVSURMHFWWRLWVSUHVHQWVKDSH

$GDP*áD]/XEOLQ3RODQG
0DUQLH/0RLVW/RUHWWR3$86$
(OHQD7ULEXVKLQLQD8WUHFKW7KH1HWKHUODQGV

July 2013
 FOREWORD

KEITH ALLAN1

, ILUVW HQFRXQWHUHG 5REHUW ( 0DF/DXU\’s Vantage Theory (hereafter

VT) at the LSA Summer Institute in Tucson during July 1989 and got to
know more of this fascinating theory from Rob himself during subsequent
PRQWKV ZKLOH ZH ZHUH ERWK DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI $UL]RQD 7KH SULQFLSDO
presentation of VT is Color and Cognition in Mesoamerica: Constructing
Categories as Vantages (0DF/DXU\ 1997 EXW0DF/DXU\ had already been
writing and publishing on VT for a decade and he continued doing so until
his death at the early age of 59 in 2004. Since then a driving force for the
FRQWLQXDWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIKLVZRUNKDVEHHQ$GDP*áD] ZKRIRU
several \HDUV KDV UHWDLQHG DQ RQOLQH VLWH IRU 97 and linguistics:
KWWSVHUZLV\XPFVOXEOLQSODGDPJOD]YWKWPO *áD] RUJDQL]HG D 7KHPH
6HVVLRQ ³([WHQVLRQV RI 9DQWDJH 7KHRU\ 3RLQWV RI 9LHZ LQ /DQJXDJH
6WUXFWXUH DQG 8VH´ DW WKH WK ICLC in Kraków (July 2007) and was
instrumental in getting papers from that session published in a special
issue of Language Sciences    ³Vantage Theory: Developments and
Extensions´   7KLV SUHVHQW YROXPH Vantage Theory: A View on
Cognition, Categorization, and Language FR-HGLWHG E\ *áD] 0Drnie L.
0RLVW and Elena Tribushinina is a further step in the development and
propagation of VT. It includes three chapters of previously unpublished
SDSHUV E\ 0DF/DXU\ ZLWK part of Chapter Four co-authored by his wife
0DUtD,0DF/DXU\. It is valuable to have these made available to students
and researchers of Vantage Theory. The remaining chapters are substantial
contributions to the history and development of VT.
The Introduction by the three editors sketches the content and purpose
RI WKLV YROXPH ZKLFK LV WR SUHVHUYH DQG VKDUH 5REHUW 0DF/DXU\’s
intellectual heritage and further to demonstrate the potential in VT to elicit
QHZ LQVLJKWV LQWR KXPDQ FRJQLWLRQ IRU OLQJXLVWV DQWKURSRORJLVWV
VRFLRORJLVWVDQGSV\FKRORJLVWV

1
0RQDVK 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 4XHHQVODQG +RPHSDJH KWWS
SURILOHVDUWVPRQDVKHGXDXNHLWK-allan
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SDUDEROLF PRELOH GLIIHUHQW Yertical spaces) because every point along a

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different concepts of the person as holding a social role (dominant
vantage) or an individual self (the less stable recessive vantage) to coexist
in a culture or an individual mind7KHUHIROORZVWKHH[TXLVLWH³9DQWDJHV
of a Song about Love´ FR-DXWKRUHG ZLWK 0DUtD 0DF/DXU\. The fixed
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comment that has no relevance to the status of the interlocutor. Writers on
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including the latter’s prototypical core. The phenomenon can occur inter-
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VT’s coextension ZKLFK LV LQWUD-categorial only. Eu seeks to show how
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