Visions Of The Emerald City: Modernity

Tradition, And The Formation Of

Visions of the Emerald City is an absorbing historical analysis of how
Porfirian Oaxaca,
Mexicans living in Oaxaca Mexico
City experienced “modernity” during the
lengthy “Order and Progress” dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz
(1876–1911). Renowned as the Emerald City

Author: Mark Overmyer-Velazquez

ISBN: 9780822387886
Category: Mexico
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File Details: 11.8 MB
Language: English
Publisher: Duke University Press Books
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.
Brigadier-General Roswell Sabine Ripley was born at Worthington,
Ohio, March 14, 1823. He was graduated at the United States
military academy, number seven in the class of 1843, of which Gen.
U. S. Grant was twenty-first. With promotion to brevet second
lieutenant, Third artillery, he served until 1846 on garrison duty, and
for a few months as assistant professor of mathematics at West
Point. In 1846, being commissioned second lieutenant, he was on
the coast survey until ordered to Mexico, where he fought at
Monterey in September. Then being promoted first lieutenant,
Second artillery, he took part in the siege of Vera Cruz, and at the
battle of Cerro Gordo won the brevet of captain. At Contreras,
Churubusco Molino del Rey, Chapultepec and the capture of the
Mexican capital he won new honors and came out of the war with
the brevet rank of major. After service as aide-de-camp to General
Pillow to July, 1848, he prepared and published a history of the war
in 1849, and subsequently was engaged in the Indian hostilities in
Florida and in garrison duty until March, 1853, when he resigned
and engaged in business at Charleston, the home of his wife. At the
organization of the South Carolina army he received the rank of
lieutenant-colonel, commanding the First artillery battalion, and at
the bombardment of Fort Sumter was highly commended by the
generals commanding for his services in charge of the batteries on
Sullivan's island. In August following he was commissioned brigadier-
general in the provisional army of the Confederate States, and was
put in command of the department of South Carolina, and when that
was merged in a larger department under Gen. R. E. Lee, he was
given charge of the Second military district of the State. Joining the
army of Northern Virginia in June, 1862, he commanded a brigade of
D. H. Hill's division, composed of Georgia and North Carolina
regiments, in the battles of Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill,
South Mountain and Sharpsburg. In the latter engagement he was
shot in the throat, but returned to the fight after his wound was
dressed. About a month later he took command of the First military
district of South Carolina, including Charleston and its defenses, and
was in immediate command during the memorable attacks of the
Federal fleets and army in 1863 and 1864. In January, 1865, he was
ordered to report to General Hood, and at the last was assigned to
command of a division of Cheatham's corps of the army in North
Carolina. Then going abroad he resided in Paris several years, and
upon his return resumed his business operations at Charleston. He
died at New York, March 26, 1887.
*****
Brigadier-General Clement Hoffman Stevens was born in Norwich,
Conn., August 14, 1821, the son of Lieut. Clement W. Stevens,
United States navy, and Sarah J. Fayssoux, daughter of Dr. Peter
Fayssoux, surgeon-general of the army in South Carolina during the
war of the revolution. Not long after his birth the father left the navy
and the family settled in Florida, but removed to Pendleton, S. C., at
the outbreak of Indian troubles in 1836. In youth he served for
several years as private secretary to his kinsmen, Commodore
William B. Shubrick and Capt. Edward Shubrick. In 1842 he
abandoned this service at sea, and became an official of the Planters
and Mechanics bank at Charleston, of which he was cashier at the
period of secession. In January, 1861, he presented to Gen. David F.
Jamison, secretary of war for the State, a design he had prepared
for an ironclad battery, and it being approved, he immediately began
the erection of an armored battery of two guns on Cummings point,
known as the Stevens' iron battery. It was built of heavy yellow pine
timber with great solidity, and the face, inclined at an angle of forty
degrees, was covered with bars of railroad iron. In this protected
battery, which was of service in the bombardment of Fort Sumter,
was the germ of the armored ship Virginia, and her class. The
floating battery designed by Lieut. J. R. Hamilton, in use at the same
time, approached still more closely the plan of the famous ironclad
of Hampton Roads. General Stevens' mechanical ingenuity was later
shown in the invention of portable ovens, by the use of which his
regiment was supplied with excellent bread. Stevens next served as
volunteer aide to his cousin, Gen. Barnard E. Bee, at the battle of
First Manassas, and was severely wounded. Returning home, as
soon as he had recovered from his wound he took charge of a militia
regiment at Charleston, but soon joined in the organization of the
Twenty-fourth regiment, of which he was elected colonel. In the
winter of 1861-62 he was for some time on duty as aide to General
Ripley. In the fight at Secessionville he commanded the Confederate
forces on the field. In December, 1862, he was assigned to
command one of the brigades to be sent under General Gist for the
support of Wilmington, and in May, 1863, he and his regiment were
ordered to Mississippi under the brigade command of Gist. With the
forces collected under Gen. J. E. Johnston he participated in the
summer campaign of that year for the relief of Vicksburg, and the
defense of Jackson against Sherman, and subsequently joined the
army at Chattanooga. At the battle of Chickamauga he was actively
engaged until two horses were killed under him and he was
wounded. Gist alluded to him as the "iron-nerved," and General
Walker reported "that the gallant Stevens, who was severely
wounded, from what I know of his capacity as an officer, from his
gallantry on the field, and from his devotion to the cause, would
grace any position that might be conferred." January 20, 1864, he
was promoted to brigadier-general, and was assigned to the
command of a Georgia brigade, formerly known as Wilson's, of
Walker's division, which he led with distinction throughout the
Atlanta campaign, until he was killed in the battle of July 20, 1864,
near the city of Atlanta.
*****
Brigadier-General James H. Trapier, a native of South Carolina, was
graduated in the United States military academy, third in the class of
1838, of which General Beauregard was second and William J.
Hardee, Edward Johnson and Carter L. Stevenson were other
famous members. As a lieutenant of engineers in the United States
service he assisted in the construction of defenses at Charleston
harbor and Fort Pulaski, and was promoted first lieutenant in 1839.
Subsequently he was constructing engineer of repairs at Forts Macon
and Caswell, and Forts Ontario, Niagara and Porter, New York;
served in the war with Mexico in 1847, and was assistant engineer
connected with the fortification of New York harbor until his
resignation in 1848. Returning to South Carolina he was engaged as
a planter at Georgetown until the organization of the Confederacy,
serving also as chief of ordnance of the State in 1851-52, and as
aide-de-camp, with the rank of colonel, on the staff of Governor
Means. With the rank of captain of engineers he rendered valuable
service in the construction of the Confederate batteries for the attack
on Fort Sumter, and was engineer-in-chief on Morris island. Soon
afterward he was promoted major of engineers, and in October was
promoted brigadier-general and assigned to command of the
department of Eastern and Middle Florida, with especial care of
Cumberland sound. Asking to be relieved in March, 1862, he was
ordered to report to General Johnston in Alabama. He commanded
the First division of General Polk's corps at Corinth and in the battle
of Farmington, May 9, 1862, and in November following was
assigned to command of the Fourth district of South Carolina, with
headquarters at Georgetown. In the spring of 1863 he was in
command on Sullivan's island during the attack by the Federal fleet,
April 7th, and not long afterward resumed his duties at Georgetown.
Surviving the war he died at Mansfield, S. C, January 2, 1866, at the
age of fifty-one years.
*****
Brigadier-General John Bordenave Villepigue was born at Camden, S.
C, July 2, 1830, of French descent. He was graduated at the United
States military academy in 1854, with a brevet lieutenancy in the
dragoons; a year later was promoted to second lieutenant, and in
1857 to first lieutenant. His military service of about seven years in
the old army was rendered in the Second dragoons, mainly on the
frontier in Kansas and Nebraska, participating in the Sioux expedition
of 1855 and the march to Fort Lookout, Dakota, in 1856. He took
part in the Utah campaign of 1857-58, and then after a period spent
at the Carlisle cavalry school, was on duty in Utah until he resigned,
March 31, 1861, to enter the service of the Southern Confederacy.
He received the commission of captain of artillery from the
government at Montgomery, and soon afterward was promoted
colonel in the provisional army, and assigned to the Thirty-sixth
Georgia regiment. In command of Georgia and Mississippi soldiers
he first attracted attention by his heroic defense of Fort McRee,
Pensacola harbor, during the bombardment of November 22, 1861.
General Bragg reported at that time that for the number and caliber
of guns brought into action it would rank with the heaviest
bombardment of the world. The buildings of the fort were several
times on fire, and Villepigue was seriously wounded, but his coolness
inspired his volunteers to fight with the tenacity of veterans. Said
Bragg: "An educated soldier, possessing in an eminent degree the
love and confidence of his officers and men, he had been specially
selected for this important and perilous post. The result fully
vindicates the fortunate choice, and presents for our admiration,
blended in perfect harmony, the modest but heroic soldier with the
humble but confiding Christian." Villepigue was appointed chief of
engineers and artillery on the staff of General Bragg, was for a time
in command at Pensacola, then was at Mobile, and joining Bragg
was promoted brigadier-general early in 1862. He was assigned to
command at Fort Pillow on the Mississippi, General Beauregard
sending him there as "the most energetic young officer" at his
command. Week after week he held the open batteries, and kept
back the enemy's superior land and naval forces until ordered to
retire, when he blew up his fortifications and brought off his
command in safety, June 4th. He was given command of a brigade
of the army in Mississippi, under General Van Dorn, and at the battle
of Corinth in October was distinguished both in the attack and in the
protection of the rear during the retreat. Soon after this arduous and
dispiriting campaign the young soldier was prostrated by a severe
illness, which resulted in his death at Port Hudson, November 9,
1862.
*****
Brigadier-General William Henry Wallace was born in Laurens county,
March 24, 1827, son of Daniel Wallace, for several terms a member
of the legislature, a major-general of militia, and from 1849 to 1853
representative in Congress. His grandfather was Jonathan Wallace, a
native of Virginia who removed to South Carolina before the war of
the revolution, in which he was a patriot soldier. General Wallace
was graduated at the South Carolina college in December, 1849, and
in the following spring was married to Sarah, daughter of Robert
Dunlap, of Newberry. She was the niece of James Dunlap, appointed
governor of Florida by Andrew Jackson, and granddaughter of
William Dunlap, a revolutionary soldier who was the grandson of
John Hunter, a native of Ireland who was United States senator from
South Carolina in 1801. General Wallace was occupied as planter in
Union county until 1857, when he became the proprietor of the
Union Times newspaper, and in 1859 began the practice of law at
Union. In 1860 as a member of the legislature he supported the call
for a convention, and at the expiration of his term he enlisted as a
private in Company A, Eighteenth South Carolina volunteers. A few
days later he was appointed adjutant of the regiment by Col. James
M. Gadberry, who was killed at Second Manassas. Before going into
the field the regiment was reorganized, and Wallace was elected
lieutenant-colonel in May, 1861. The regiment was ordered into
Virginia in time to engage the enemy near Malvern Hill in August,
after which it fought at the battle of Second Manassas, losing about
half its number in battle, including the gallant Colonel Gadberry.
Wallace was at once promoted colonel, and he led his regiment, in
the brigade of Gen. N. G. Evans, through the battles of South
Mountain and Sharpsburg with the army of Northern Virginia.
Subsequently he was on duty in defense of Charleston. In the spring
of 1864 the brigade under Gen. Stephen Elliott was ordered to
Petersburg, where Colonel Wallace participated in the defense of the
lines and all the operations of Bushrod Johnson's division. His
brigade suffered most heavily at the battle of the Crater, four
companies of his regiment being blown up or destroyed by falling
earth at the explosion of the mine, July 30, 1864. In September he
was promoted brigadier-general, and up to the eve of the surrender
he commanded the brigade, fighting gallantly at Gravelly run and
Namozine church on the retreat. At Appomattox Court House, on the
night of April 8th, he was assigned by General Gordon to the
command of Johnson's division, in which capacity he reported to
Gen. Clement A. Evans and participated in the last action of the
army on the morning of April 9th. After his parole he devoted
himself to the practice of the law, the care of his plantation and the
restoration of good government in the State. He was one of the few
Democrats elected to the legislature in 1872, and was re-elected in
1874 and 1876. In 1877 he was chosen judge of the Seventh circuit,
a position in which he continued to serve with honor and ability until
1893, when he retired from public life.
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