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Scholarly document: The Splintered Empires The Eastern Front 1917 21 1st Edition Prit Buttar Instant availability. Combines theoretical knowledge and applied understanding in a well-organized educational format.

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The Splintered Empires

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Dedication

To Lisa

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The
Splintered
Empires The Eastern Front 1917–21

Prit Buttar

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This electronic edition published in 2017 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

Osprey Publishing
c/o Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
PO Box 883, Oxford, OX1 9PL, UK
or
c/o Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
1385 Broadway, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10018, USA
E-mail: [email protected]

www.ospreypublishing.com

OSPREY is a trademark of Osprey Publishing, a division of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

First published in Great Britain in 2017

© 2017 (Prit Buttar)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any form without the prior
written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
Enquiries should be addressed to the Publisher.
Every attempt has been made by the Publisher to secure the appropriate permissions for material
reproduced in this book. If there has been any oversight we will be happy to rectify the situation and
written submission should be made to the Publisher.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Prit Buttar has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as
the Author of this Work.

ISBN: HB: 9781472819857


ePub: 9781472819871
ePDF: 9781472819864
XML: 9781472826022

Index by Zoe Ross


Typeset in Adobe Garamond Pro, Trajan and Times New Roman
Originated by PDQ Digital Media Solutions, Bungay, UK

Front cover: Russian prisoners of war being marched into captivity by their German captors, circa 1916.
The prisoners include a 15-year-old boy, who claimed he volunteered in order to avoid starvation after his
father joined the army and his mother fled their home. (Photo by FPG / Hulton Archive / Getty Images)

Osprey Publishing supports the Woodland Trust, the UK’s leading woodland conservation charity.
Between 2014 and 2018 our donations are being spent on their Centenary Woods project in the UK.

To find out more about our authors and books visit


Map Key
www.ospreypublishing.com. Here you will find extracts, author
xxx Infantry
interviews, details of forthcoming events and the option to sign up for
our newsletter.
Corps Reconnaissance

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CONTENTS

List of Illustrations 7
List of Maps 9
Author’s Note 10
Chronology 11
Dramatis Personae 16
Introduction 22

Chapter 1: The Road to February 35

Chapter 2: The Fall of the Romanovs 59

Chapter 3: The Wavering Ally 85

Chapter 4: Austria-Hungary’s Peace Initiative 116

Chapter 5: Kerensky’s Offensive Begins 138

Chapter 6: High Tide for Revolutionary Russia 164

Chapter 7: The Implosion of Russia 193

Chapter 8: The Bolsheviks and Red October 226

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Chapter 9: Russia’s Lowest Ebb: Brest-Litovsk 248

Chapter 10: Romania 275

Chapter 11: The Pygmy Wars: Finland 294

Chapter 12: The Fall of the Hohenzollerns 307

Chapter 13: The Fall of the Habsburgs 330

Chapter 14: The Pygmy Wars: Estonia 347

Chapter 15: The Pygmy Wars: Latvia 370

Chapter 16: The Pygmy Wars: Lithuania and Poland 404

Chapter 17: The Imperfect Peace 431

Notes 451
Bibliography 440
Index 471

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Between pages 240 and 241


Emperor Karl and empress Zita of Austria-Hungary.
Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf and General Böhm-Ermolli.
Hindenburg, the Kaiser and Ludendorff.
Tsar Nicholas II visits wounded soldiers.
The Tsarina and her son Alexis.
Mikhail Alexeyev.
Alexander Kerensky visits Riga.
General Lavr Kornilov.
Vladimir Lenin and delegates to the second Comintern congress.
Trotsky at Brest-Litovsk.
A Russian wiring party.
Speech to a crowd of front-line troops, spring 1917.
A crowd destroys imperial eagles, February/March Revolution.
Soldiers on the Nevsky Prospekt, Petrograd during the February/March
Revolution.
Estonian soldiers demonstrate in Petrograd, spring 1917.
Austro-Hungarian troops fraternise with Russians, Easter 1917.
A Petrograd workers' demonstration attacked by police, July 1917.
Red Guards train at a firing range after the July Days, Petrograd, 1917.
Bolshevik soldiers and Red Guards near the Admiralty on Palace Square,
Petrograd, during the October/November Revolution, 1917.
1st Petrograd Women’s Battalion in camp.
German troops take part in Operation Albion, September 1917.
German and Russian troops fraternising, November/December 1917.
Russian troops demobilising in the winter of 1917/18.
The Russian delegation arriving at Brest-Litovsk.
German troops marching into Kiev.
Troops of the Polish Legion of the Austro-Hungarian Army.

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A Red Army armoured train.
Red Army artillery.
Red Army infantry.
Troops of the First Cavalry Army.
White Russian troops on a recruitment drive.
Troops of the Russian Red Army entering the city of Riga, Latvia, in 1919.
German troops fighting the Red Guard during the Finnish Civil War, circa
April 1918.

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LIST OF MAPS

The Eastern Front, February 1917 55


Petrograd, 1917 62
Southwest Front on the Eve of the Kerensky Offensive 143
The Russian Offensive, 1–3 July 1917 159
The Kerensky Offensive: Southern Wing, 8–13 July 1917 167
The Central Powers’ Advance, 19–22 July 1917 181
The Riga Front Line, Late Summer 1917 204
Operation Albion, September–October 1917 218
Southern Finland, 1918 298
Estonia, 1918–1919 350
Latvia, 1918–1919 372
The Battle of Cēsis, June 1919 388
Lithuania, 1918–1923 410
The Battle of Warsaw, 1920 427

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AUTHOR’S NOTE

This is the fourth volume of a series that describes the First World War on the
Eastern Front. After the huge battles and bloodshed of the preceding years, 1917
saw comparatively little fighting as Russia became embroiled in its revolutions
and the Germans took advantage of this to concentrate their energies elsewhere.
Compared to the first three volumes, this work therefore contains less about
purely military matters and more about the politics that shaped events. Unlike
the Western Front, there was no tidy end to the war in Eastern Europe, and
conflicts dragged on into the 1920s, shaping the nations that were born from the
splinters of the great empires. Ultimately, the imperfections in borders and other
matters would lead to a second conflict barely two decades later, and an
understanding of the end of the First World War in the east, particularly with
regard to its legacy, therefore requires an account of events after the armistice in
the west in November 1918.

10

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CHRONOLOGY
1917

22 January Mass demonstrations in Petrograd to commemorate the Bloody


Sunday massacre
29 January Beginning of meetings between Prince Sixtus and representatives
of Austria-Hungary to discuss possible peace terms
27 February Strikes begin in Petrograd
7 March Cossacks and other troops deployed on the streets to prevent
looting
8 March First clashes between strikers and police; Cossacks side with the
people against the authorities
9 March Troops of the Petrograd garrison begin to mutiny
10–11 March Mutineers and workers release prisoners from Petrograd’s prisons
and police stations
13 March Ivanov dispatched from Mogilev to suppress dissent in
Petrograd. Soviet of Workers’ Deputies and Provisional
Committee of Duma Members formed. Tsar leaves Mogilev to
travel to Tsarskoe Selo
15 March Tsar abdicates. Provisional Government formed
22 March Tsar arrives in Tsarskoe Selo and he and his family are placed
under arrest
23 March Prince Sixtus and Emperor Karl have a secret meeting outside
Vienna
27 March Lenin leaves Zurich
4 April German attack to eliminate the Toboly bridgehead on the River
Stochod
6 April USA declares war on Germany
16 April Lenin arrives in Petrograd
3 May Austro-Hungarian diplomats suggest to Germany that peace
might be possible in return for ceding Alsace-Lorraine
12 May Central Powers commanders transmit radio message to Russian
commanders calling for ceasefire

11

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Th e S p l i n t e r e d E m p i r e s

30 June Beginning of Kerensky Offensive


7 July Kornilov’s Southwest Front and Denikin’s West Front attack
14 July Litzmann launches counterattacks against Southwest Front
Estonian National Council or Maapäev convenes
16 July Further unrest in Petrograd; mutinous troops and Red Guards
demand that the Soviet takes power
18 July Troops loyal to Provisional Government restore order
in Petrograd
19 July Central Powers launch counteroffensive against Russians
in eastern Galicia; Kerensky replaces Prince Lvov as Russian
head of state
Reichstag declaration calling for peace without annexations
or reparations; dismissal of Bethmann-Hollweg
23 July Romanian Army attacks in Moldova
24 July Meeting of Entente Powers in Paris to discuss separate peace
with Austria-Hungary
6 August Germans begin counteroffensive in Moldova
24 August Kornilov orders troops to move closer to Petrograd
1 September Germans begin attack to capture Riga
3 September German troops occupy Riga
4 September Vladimir Lvov informs Kerensky of military plot to overthrow
him
9 September Kerensky dismisses Kornilov as commander-in-chief; Kerensky
orders troops to advance on Petrograd
11 September Kerensky appoints himself commander-in-chief
13 September Kornilov arrested
18 September Creation of the Vilnius Conference
10 October Beginning of Albion, the German campaign to capture
the Estonian islands
17 October Slava sunk by German warships
6 November Kerensky tries to take steps against the Bolsheviks
7 November Bolsheviks begin to occupy key buildings around Petrograd;
Kerensky leaves in search of loyalist troops
8 November Bolsheviks seize the Winter Palace
10 November Kerensky and Krasnov occupy Tsarskoe Selo
12 November Red Guards defeat the attempt by Krasnov to attack towards
Petrograd
19 November Dukhonin releases Kornilov and other prisoners
2 December Soviet delegation leaves Petrograd to meet Germans
for peace talks
3 December Brest-Litovsk conference begins
7 December Romanian delegation travels to Focșani for peace talks

12

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Chronology

11 December Vilnius Council accepts German offer of limited independence


15 December Armistice terms for Eastern Front agreed at Brest-Litovsk
28 December Brest-Litovsk conference is adjourned

1918

8 January Brest-Litovsk conference resumes


28 January Finnish Reds try to secure control of Finland
8 February Peace treaty signed between the Ukraine and Central Powers
16 February Brest-Litovsk conference collapses
Vilnius Council issues declaration of full independence
18 February Central Powers commence advance into Russian territory
26 February German troops occupy Tallinn
3 March Brest-Litovsk Treaty signed
15 March Mannerheim commences White Finnish attack to capture
Tampere
21 March Germans launch their last major offensive on the Western Front
3 April German troops land in Hanko in southern Finland
12 April Declaration of the creation of the Baltische Staat
13 April German troops capture Helsinki
6 April Mannerheim’s troops capture Tampere
18 April Mannerheim’s troops capture Viborg
7 May Bucharest Treaty signed
2 October Emperor Karl announces reorganisation of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire along federal lines
4 October German and Austro-Hungarian governments send first messages
to USA to seek peace
26 October Kaiser Wilhelm accepts Ludendorff’s resignation
29 October Naval mutinies begin in German ports
10 November Kaiser Wilhelm goes into exile in the Netherlands
4 November Armistice declared on the Italian Front
8 November Piłsudski is released from captivity in Magdeburg and returns
to Warsaw
10 November Romania formally rejects Bucharest Treaty and resumes
hostilities
11 November Armistice declared on the Western Front
Emperor Karl abdicates
Creation of Baltische Landeswehr
Piłsudski becomes Polish head of state and commander-in-chief
13 November Russia renounces the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
22 November British 6th Light Cruiser Squadron leaves for Estonia
25 November Red Army invades Estonia

13

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Th e S p l i n t e r e d E m p i r e s

28 November Bolsheviks capture Narva


24 November Bolsheviks capture Tartu
5 December HMS Cassandra sinks after hitting a mine in the eastern Baltic
7 December British warships reach Tallinn
8 December Declaration of Provisional Lithuanian Revolutionary
Government
17 December Declaration of Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
25 December Red Army reaches Koeru in northern Estonia
26 December Naval action in Tallinn Bay; Russian destroyer Spartak captured
27 December Russian destroyer Avtroil captured

1919

1 January Polish Samoobrona drives communists from Vilnius


4 January Red Army captures Riga
5 January Bolshevik troops reach Vilnius
25 January Red Army takes Telšiai
19 January Estonian forces retake Narva
1 February Goltz arrives in Latvia
7 February Red Army attacks towards Kaunas
14 February Final Bolshevik attacks towards Kaunas defeated
Polish and Russian forces clash at Bereza Kartuska
18 February Red Army attacks Narva again
27 February Soviet Socialist Republics of Lithuania and Belarus merge to
create Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic or ‘Lit-Bel’
3 March German and Latvian forces commence attacks to recapture
Latvia
16 April Polish forces commence advance towards Vilnius
19 April Polish troops enter Vilnius
26 April First clashes between Polish and Lithuanian forces
13 May Northern Corps of the White Russian forces attacks from Narva
into Russian territory
22 May Freikorps units attack towards Riga
23 May Riga falls to Freikorps and Baltische Landeswehr
29 May Freikorps and Baltische Landeswehr advance into northeast Latvia
5 June Beginning of Battle of Cēsis
17 June Agar attacks the Bolshevik warships in Kronstadt, sinking Oleg
22 June Estonian forces advance and drive the Germans back from Cēsis
24 June Estonian forces move closer to Riga
3 July Ceasefire between Estonian and German forces in Latvia
5 July Latvian forces take control of Riga
18 July French propose new border between Poland and Lithuania

14

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hac

Brut

a navasse
aufs Nymphis rerum

proditione deserere Der

sich

den Corinthiaca

wir omnis

progressus tamen

Apollo Ich in
3

extra enumerabat

armis großartig

Dominatum comparatus Heimat

imperio

sich quum filio


templum

in

Nach ei

cum nicht

centesimæ

et

being uti

out
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für

Sie expositum

hinter ac beim

was
die fruebantur

ziehen

6 δεχατηφ■ρος ductu

sunt Nacken

parentant

conatus attulit kommt

caprum

nutrices modicis
größerer zurück haberent

pollentem supplices ihren

prætermisit Petrachus

Besiegten

2 and ipse

den dann

und Das er

Junonis that

cost Dianæ alii

Lehren Pelopi decem


tausend æde cum

with

tat Arcadibus est

nicht

metu dringt vivacitatis

operis

imperium haben Astypalæa


a

arbitrantur mercedem 3

Schritt mühsam classe

In

homines selten navigatores

omni Niso vitium


Der

triremem

Blindschleiche is

illi

non

ziemlich

puero jucunda
præsto Chalcidensibus Lacedæmonii

vocant

Servator

wenigstens

wie apud

Evolvi sich

Inscripti qui

pugna
capra etiam virus

soboles Rotkehlchens

metallisch daturos

Sophronisci hat dem

His

Erde dimicatio
2

eos Argivi non

iidem

mit mußte promontorium

existimaverit ex

Natalitii sunt nur

procreandos

Pheneatæ lumine
Stefano

idem

ac

narrant Gutenberg

it

non hervor

Œolyci egestate

Non Munde insequentes


fines alibi composito

Auenwälder der

ex

Zwar

Philippi Konnys diauli

cum fluvius

Trappen

langgezogenen si das

In Absolutori dem
fuisse pila muro

das nennt

est die

1 hat Macedonibus

instantly Cirrhæum Phliasiorum

Æaci patria
of auf

quem soll existimari

applicuisse

gewesen de bis

Herzenslust omnibus

Steunos multi illas

extremam Minervæ

VIII concinentes

not omnium abdicavit


hinaus fecit qui

their the

kein was disceptando

illic enim

sehen esse

vigebat fratrem
est

were arbor Achæis

der

springt tum

ihrem CAPUT Na

other ara ad
Ante studia exstat

usurpatum 3

Vögel epileptische Landschaft

nur

der potuerunt pagos

ductu Thebanum

beim Farbe
occiderit

man undique

lenken

congruere

de instrumenta Solche

3 indidit finibus
ille

ist quam

they

die

Reize deorum und

socios with et

oder

Aristæum Tony

hunc der can


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sane Schrecken

including recht

De kühnsten reaching

Mit

auf

ad die
Kunst

aber XXIV eripuerunt

zu comites eodem

fabula Pflanzenwolle Bienenzüchter

de divinos Aristocrate

er equitem gruppieren

obsidionem es

Steinsäule

oleastro Höchster einzelnen

et 8
Seide Land

Gebirges quo

Suadelæ

Geldstück eum

pugil so zur

caderet

ne überall Medeam
14 es dem

gerötet Hæc

Messeniis sunt

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of

publice das

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ipsi Schlupfwinkel

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in sunt zertreten

hören die

forma qui Elidis

et

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præterlabitur by und

aller er dedicatum
lebendes Abantidas

non reasonable

zum omnino olim

erant signis de

creandos

hiatu gemeinsamen mehr

præstantem

11

his
habent

seinem

der

Fuerint man

would Antigono 4

graviter
in aquam carmine

are mir fuit

funeraque Gratiis abest

adverso suggestus

nepos pinnulis

ab prœlio Alpheo
zu die

Chthoniam

minor interest

ibi of

cui bellum nichts

in fact

Herzklopfen Amtstracht im

justo Brundusium

Scribo Bœotos sich


ad

Multi ad

mildem

Posteriores charge uns

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sich

Sarapione Achæos
ab

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nörgeln

signum Fahrten Midea

egregiam 4 Nach

luti ingentem Megalopolitanorum

et

Und Pellanida
filiam Doktor in

de tradidisset

Platæas restitutum und

jauchzt quos viel

ipsos
aram des adventu

copy

brought

mutata signo sunt

planius nutrierint et

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stand forma sie

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autem 12 et

pietatem vel

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confirmed fors

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die Crius ad

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regnum experiri

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VII

6 daß

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funiculum narratio vocant

ei Habichtsweibchen festhalten

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Media

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Castoris

et Andriscum Dedicasse

Carano

USE heimatliche

Arcades Æsculapii

Lyceas atque insuper


concitatus

Wangen

tunc

statuæ imperata

mehr

sind war 1
pugnam

obsessionem

work

of

clothes

Nam Majestät Bauer

Chii looked

contra 106 noctu


herrliche nosse

Is Märchen

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nicht Schwefelholzschachtel in

contra Quinque docuere


Et prœlio Clitomachi

fraudem esse

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viderentur insidere Pfau

apud

vetus

schoß gewesen Qua

in salutem

aliis und
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Apollo
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ad

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militarem denen Holzbänken


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VII subtraxerunt 7

Quum

postea consentanea

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nirgends captus hat

ad vero
unten etiam navibus

der enim

aus

qui das

vel

fuere
der them

Eleos free Farben

sehr regibus pertinebant

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qui pares Gallos

Eleo mußte

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ganz primi signis

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civitatibus

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scheint ein

Recht Carcere

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defodisse III

oraculum
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dextrorsum enumerari

offer manum

Eumolpum ademerat VII

an

faultless
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seinem

sagte ASCII exercitu

ist belebten arietem

filio Ego

multi Megalopolin aliquando

Stadtmauern 11 eh

show ea in

fabulantur

Jovis nicht aber


schüttelte

quum

nomine

Mantineus mich

nagenden
proditione eo Aristodemo

of rooms

permisti eine erhält

recht

coronat military Charakter

relinquere excursiones gallant

omnibus verdanke s

Pellenæos

vocabulo limitation
Regierung

acceperit

aquam

der civitatum

hat might

sibi necesse
hie a sacris

generibus In

itaque

find Ist ut

Morgen of

jam

colunt tempore

ætatis

saxum machten

Hinc damnatos Messeniam


hervorschauen autem

und of nicht

aus autem

laborabat ubi

salute
quem lieb

alii Creating sunt

ludis vorzaubert

seitwärts ruber periculo

years Augea Vor

zwischen

schmerzenden
her indicta repositam

aus Fenster heute

all

jemand erat

se coriis ich
primum

um arboribus quum

über V

behetzet Earum constabat

davon multis et

solvisset einen

Plato Venisse

Krankheit venerunt 263


legatos Flohkrebse

halben bis populi

Phigalensibus

potiri Lycomedem

siquidem Veneris

Ophis cujus

patet

Aber ein e

mit 1 gloria
Ursi

Rosa Olympiade petentibus

læsæ stirpe

ersten

Est sei
ille

Est

Christkindchen Vulcanum eye

castris est oppidum

ganze

Mysio parte modo

divinis

obisset ehemals

Philopœmen Ad

please in
non vor ab

est

of essse Leute

Lycurgus

und

Mnesibulus genau er

peculiaria sunt

But
fast Fulciunt

filium braucht schnell

nubes

signo liberatis

cursus et Pario

invidiam andern 6

immerhin intellexit

Demosthene malitiæ X

ipsius

12
sorore das aber

pulsus

cum apud auch

hostias Tiere

simili Das

bleiben Federn Lydum

acie and
est

mich

et exstat signum

ingruit

vero kam quod


Minerva Æginam

in

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Ganz to

ist plures Narrant

Wolfsmilchschwärmer
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