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SECOND
SECOND
Writing scientific papers and giving talks at meetings and conferences
are essential parts of research scientists' work, and this short, straight-
forwardly written book will help workers in all scientific disciplines to
present their results effectively. The first chapter is about writing a
scientific paper and is a revision of an essay that won first prize in a
competition organized by Koch-Light some years ago. Later chapters
discuss the preparation of manuscripts, speaking at meetings and
writing theses. One chapter is for scientists whose first language is not
English . Another is addressed to those in North America . The last
chapter gives information about dictionaries, style books and other
literature.
COMMUN I CA TING IN SCIENCE
Writing a scientific paper and
speaking at scientific meetings
COMMUNICATING IN
SCIENCE
Writing a scientific paper and
speaking at scientific meetings
Second edition
VERNON BOOTH
Formerly of Trinity Colltgt, Cambridge
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Slo Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521429153
<0 Cambridge University Press 1984, 1993
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1984
Second edition 1993
Tenth printing 2006
A catalogue record/or this publication is availablefrom the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing In Publication data
Booth, Vernon .
Communicating in science: writing a scientific paper and speaking at scientific meetings I
Vernon Booth. - 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-52 1-42915- 3 (pbk.)
I. Communication in science. 2. Lectures and lecturing.
3. Technical writing. I. Title.
Q223.B664 1993
808'.0065-<lc20 92- 37481 CIP
ISBN-13 978-0-521-42915-3 paperback
ISBN- I 0 0-521-42915-3 paperback
Transferred to digital printing 2006
Dedicated to T . W. Fline
Contents
.
page XI.. Foreword
XII BalkJons & instructicns for the typist & the printer
XIII Explanad<m for the seCQnd editWri
xv Gkkssary ofsome printers' tenns
1 Chapter One: Writing a scientific paper
28 Chapter Two: Before you lecture or talk to us, please read this
41 Chapter Ex: Empty numbers
44 Chapter F.our: Preparation of the script and figures
50 Chapter Five: Addressed to those for whom English is a
foreign language
54 Chapter Six: An appeal to North Americans
64 Chapter Seven: Preparation of a doctoral dissertation or thesis
69 Chapter Eight: Further reading
75 Index
.
lX
Foreword
This final edition of 'Communicating' was assembled by Cambridge
University Press from material prepared by Vernon Booth before his
death in 1991. H is family would like to thank the Press for thus making
publication possible.
.
XI
..
XII
Balloons & instructions for
the typist & the printer
Don't
type
fMH
ta it
( Ok
a l~
Explanation for the second edition
In one laboratory in Cambridge, if a person became unapproachable,
we said he o r she was giving birth. Paper labour can be a traumatic
experience, but should not be. The writing of a paper, or a book,
although indeed a task, should be a pleasant occupation. Books on
scientific writing have been published, but scientists 'do not have time'
to read them. So, in 1970, I wrote an essay, Writing a Scien tific Paper,
and submitted it for a competition organized by Koch- Light Ltd; the
essay was awarded first prize, and issued as a booklet.
Later editions of the booklet grew longer and were published by the
Biochemical Society. For the CUP version , various sections were
expanded into chapters. This made the book longer, but the principal
chapter re mai.ned short and kept its original title. The subtitle of the
previous CUP edition was writing and speaking. This was felt to be
misleading; so it has been changed. Numerous other changes have been
made for this edition.
Chapters One and Two are intended primarily to help scientists,
engineers and others to write papers for journals and to give sho rt
talks. However, nearly all the suggestions also apply to the writing of
books and the delivery of full lectures.
The style, especially of the first chapter, is succinct , at times even
terse. So much had to be written, in so small a space, that conciseness
was highly desirable. Chapte r One is not suitable for fast reading.
Parts of the book are written in the imperative, the simplest style.
This is not intended to be categorical. True, certain parts are con-
troversial; but life would be dull if we all agreed. There may be errors;
most books have errors. But I ask you to read it (as an examinee once
added) E. & o.E. (errors and omissions excepted).
Some of the words that are discussed are in 'quotes' or italic. A
plethora of quotes and italic can be irritating; so, where the meaning
XIII
.
XIV EXPLANATION FOR THE SECOND EDITION
should be clear without them, they are not used, even at the risk of
some loss of consistency.
Examples of a directive being discussed are referred to in brackets.
Thus (1 (10)) means the re is an illustrative example or more infor-
mation in the line marked (10) in the margin of Chapter One .
You will see T . W . Fline mentioned in various places. This refers to
Those Whose First Language Is Not English. Whenever we write or
speak , we must think of these people.
The majority of papers submitted for publication are returned to
authors for revision. Naturally, you would like each of your papers to
be accepted without change. This book cannot guarantee yo ur fulfilling
that ambition, but perhaps it will help.
As you read this book, you may realize that I enjoyed writing it. I
offer best wishes that you too will enjoy writing, preparing scripts and
speaking.
I am grateful to many, many colleagues, as well as to several editors
at CUP and in various countries, for help and suggestions.
Vernon Booth
January 1991
Glossary of some printers' terms
balloon. Ring drawn round instructions to the printer. [Page 46.)
bold. Heavy type as here. In a script, underline with a ~a.~x!~~~·
braces. Curly brackets { } .
brackets. Square brackets [ ). The term bracket is used in a general way
to include parentheses ( ), b races { } and angle brackets ( ) . To an
author brackets usually mean parentheses.
caps, upper case.CAPITAL LETTERS . In a script underline
three times.
copy. The script. To avoid confusion, a photocopy should be so named.
em rule. Long dash(-) . Length of cap M. (1 (33).) Many publishers
use a spaced en rule ( - ).
en rule. Short dash (-). Half the length of em rule. [Page 21. J
foliation . Numbering of folios.
folio. (1) Sheet of script. (2) Page number . (3) Sheet of paper of any
size folded once.
full point. Full stop, period.
index. (1) Alphabetical list of topics at the end of a book. Plural,
indexes. (2) See superior below.
inferior, subscript. Small low digit(s) or other character(s). H 2 S04 , 2n·
ital, italic. Sloping type. Spelt with lower-case 'i' . In a script, underline
once.
justified lines. Lines of print made the same length by varying the
spaces between words. See window below .
leading. Space between lines of type. Pronounced 'ledding' .
I.e., lower case. Small letters, i.e . not caps.
legend, caption. Explanation to a figure . Term occasionally also used
for explanation to a table. Ideally, legends should be understandable
without reference to the text, and, to identify them they are often set in
smaller type. Legends (or captions) to figures are usually placed below,
xv
xvi GLOSSARY OF SOME PRINTERS' TERMS
whereas those for tables are usually placed , more logically, above the
display.
letter space. Space be tween letters.
numeral. Digit. See page 16 under Homonyms.
par. Paragraph. (1 ( 16).] N.P. New paragraph. (Page xii.] Indicate NP
by 0 or ___s-.
parens. Parentheses, round brackets ( ). (1 (18).)
quotes are often called 'inverted commas' though only the first is that;
the second is an apostrophe or raised comma; 'single', " double"
reference marks. • t t § 11 1 •• t t . .. . Use them in this order for
footnotes.
reprint, offprint. A printed copy of a single article from a journal or
book. If available before publication then known as a preprint.
rom, roman. Normal upright type, not italic or bold. Spelt with
lower-case 'r'.
run on. Continue in same para. See last sentence, page xii.
sanserif, sans. Type without serifs. THIS is sans. H girder; 0 ring; S
shape; T join; U tube; V groove. For text, sans is less legible than
type with serifs. (8 (1).] See The typewriter's or word processor's
type face (page 47).
sm. cap, small caps. Capital-style letters only slightly larger than I.e.
Used for EMPHASIS , for HEADINGS and for some CONVliNTIONS. In a
script line, underline twice.
superior, superscript. Small high digit(s) or other ch aracter(s). mm 3 , in.
Also called index; plural , indices.
widow or club line. Short line at the top o f a page.
.
window. Wide, ugly gap between words an a line.
word space. Space between words.
Chapter One
Writing a scientific paper
Before you write
Here are four suggestions about what you might do before writing a
paper.
I. If notebooks are used, good notebook discipline is helpful. When
an experiment is finished, try to record your conclusion in words,
together with your findings .and on the same page. Make tables. Draw
graphs and stick them into the book. Keep a file in which to record
summaries of results from many experiments, and group them by
subject. Some experiments will each provide results for various summa-
ries. Number each book and each right-hand page. Then , even after
some years, an experiment can be found from the file as e.g. 9;43
(book 9; p . 43). Write the date at the top of the page.
Prompt recording of a summary for each experiment compels you to
give critical thought to the experiment at the best time, and may move
you to repeat a control test while you still have the materials. Clark
(1.960) makes an eloquent appeal for keeping adeq uate notes. Write
every digit unmistakably. Think: 'I must so write my notes that another
person can read them if I am ill, or worse' . Then you should
understand them yourself when you come to write the paper.
2. Speaking makes you think out arguments; and listeners' criticisms
( I) may prevent your publishing a clanger. Some institutes operate a
regular tea club or occasional seminar at which researchers tell
colleagues about their work. If your institute has no club, or the
programme is filled, invite colleagues to your room to listen to you.
Display diagrams. If you have no projector, use a felt-tip pen to draw
diagrams and tables on the back of a roll of wallpaper. Hang the paper
over a chair on the bench. Do - speak - slowly.
(2) Nothing clarifies ideas in one's mind so much as explaining them to
other people.
I
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