METAL STRUCTURE PROJECT

GRADE OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

WINTER SEMESTER 2024-2025

Tuesday 7:30-9:00

Student: Gaizka Espejo Artetxe

Department of Building Structures Tutor: Michal

Redecki Faculty of Civil Engineering
Wrocław University of Science and Technology
 Student: Gaizka Espejo Artetxe
Project of steel roof
(Project no.: 3 / W02BUD-SM0321P)
Create a technical design of steel roof no. 1 of given parameters.
Project consists of:
1. Estimation of environmental loads
2. Design of the main bearing structure including:
1. Purlins
2. Steel girder
3. Bracing system
3. Drawings:
1. General overview drawing of the structure
2. Workshop drawing of purlins
3. Workshop drawing of assembly part of the main structure (selected by tutor)
4. Drawing of structural details (selected by tutor)
4. Technical specification of structure

Roof scheme:

Issue date: 19.10.2022 Project deadline: 01.02.2023

Project parameters:
Thermal insulation: mineral wool Location: Przasnysz
Snow zone:............................ Wind zone:............................
Basic geometrical data:
Roof span A = 15 m Structure length L = 45,00 m Walls height
H = 9,3 m
To estimate the loads, we have to design some parameters like bay spacing, distance
between purlins, the truss and bracing system.
First, we have to design our bay spacing. In my case the length of the structure is 45
meters, with this value and knowing that we should have a bay spacing between 3 and
12 meters. I have chosen a bay of 7.5 meters. With this bay spacing the length of my
structure is divided in 5 sections (45/7.5 = 6)

We have structure number 1 and a bay spacing of 7.5 meters, but we must design the
distance between the purlins, that it has be in a range from 2 to 5 meters. With a roof
span of 15 meters, I have selected 2.5 metres, because I must leave the same spacing
between the purlin of the middle of the structure to the purlins of the corners. So,
following these two steps I must choose 6 parlings with 2.5 meters.
 1. ESTIMATION OF ENVIROMENTAL LOADS
PERMANENT LOADS

These actions corresponding of the structure and other equipment’s or construction

materials, like purlins and columns concrete or steel beams (steel in my case) air
condition and heating systems, lifts, water and electrical installations, materials of the
floors and walls. Also, equipment that will depend on the use of the structure, for
example for offices equipment will have a different weight than equipment for a factory
or a residential building. In our case, the structure is categorised as an industrial area.
So, we look in the Eurocode 1 for an estimation of the loads our structure will support.

o For the roof loads the estimation is 0,32 kN/m2;

G1 = 0,32 kN/m2

o For the installation loads we have to look the use in Eurocode 1991-1-
1:2002: H, only accessible for maintenance. Recommended values qk=
0,4 Kn/m2.
G2 = 0,4 kN/m2
o Now to know the total permanent loads we have to add both permanent
loads:

G = 0,32 + 0,4 = 0,72 kN/m2

VARIABLE LOADS

o Imposed loads: Eurocode 1991-1-1:2002 (Table A1.1); Roof Use: H,

only accessible for maintenance. Recommended value 0 kN/m2.

ENVIROMENTAL LOADS: SNOW LOAD AND WIND LOAD

SNOW LOADS

S1 = 𝜇1 ∙𝐶𝑒 ∙𝐶𝑡 ∙𝑠𝑘

Characteristic value of the snow load on the ground: 𝑠𝑘 = 1′2𝑘𝑁 𝑚2

Roof shape coefficient: 𝜇1 = 0′8 for buildings with trash structure is (Table 5.2 for trash
roof between 0º and 30º)

Exposure coefficient: 𝐶𝑒 = 1

Thermal coefficient: 𝐶𝑡 = 1

Snow load: Case I

S1 = 𝜇1 ∙𝐶𝑒 ∙𝐶𝑡 ∙𝑠𝑘 = 0′8∙1∙1∙1′2 = 0′96𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Snow load: Case 2

S2 = 𝜇1 ∙𝐶𝑒 ∙𝐶𝑡 ∙𝑠𝑘 = 0′8∙1∙1∙1′2 = 0′96𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

S2 = 0′5∙𝜇1 ∙𝐶𝑒 ∙𝐶𝑡 ∙𝑠𝑘 = 0′5∙0′8∙1∙1∙1′2 = 0′48𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Snow load case 3

S3 = 0′5∙𝜇1 ∙𝐶𝑒 ∙𝐶𝑡 ∙𝑠𝑘 = 0′5∙0′8∙1∙1∙1′2 = 0′48𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

S3 = 𝜇1 ∙𝐶𝑒 ∙𝐶𝑡 ∙𝑠𝑘 = 0′8∙1∙1∙1′2 = 0′96𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

WIND LOADS

Peak Velocity pressure  Qp(z) = Ce(z) * Qb;

Ce(z): exposure factor (table N.A.3)

 Qb: base velocity pressure value

Internal wind pressure Wi = Qp(z) * Cpi;

Cpi: internal pressure coefficient

External wind pressure We = Qp(z) * Cpe;

Cpe: external pressure coefficient

Przasnysz is in the 1st wind zone in Poland. Terrain: 3rd category (Table 4.1)

V𝑏,0 = 22𝑚/𝑠 ; 𝑞(𝑏,0) = 0′3𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Basic wind velocity 𝑣𝑏 = 𝑐𝑑𝑖𝑟 ∙ 𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 ∙ 𝑣(𝑏,0)  𝑣𝑏 = 1 ∙ 1 ∙ 22 = 22 𝑚/𝑠

- 𝑞𝑏=1/2 ∙ 𝜌 ∙ 𝑣𝑏^2 𝜌=: Air density, recommended value is 1,25 kg/m3.

- 𝑞𝑏 =0.5∙1.25 𝑘𝑔 / 𝑚 3 ∙ (22𝑚/𝑠)^2 =0.3𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

We have to specify that our building of 11,5 meters height (z)

𝐶𝑒(𝑧) = 1.9∙ (𝑧 /10) ^0.26 =1.9∙(11,5/10 )^0.26 = 1.97 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

Peak velocity pressure: 𝑞𝑝(𝑧𝑒) = 𝑞𝑏 ∙ 𝐶𝑒(𝑧) = 0.3∙1.97= 0.59 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

- We can study the effects of the wind from 2 cases. Depends on the direction of
the wind, for θ = 0 degrees or θ = 90 degrees.

For 𝜃 = 0°
e = MIN [2z;b]; 2z = 2*11.5 = 23 m; b = Structure Length (L) = 45m

e = 23 m; e/2 = 11.5 m; e/4 = 5.75 m; e/10 = 2.3 m

d – e/2 = 15 – 11.5 = 3.5 m; d = Roof Span (A) = 15

Cpi value (EN 1991-1-4) “Where it is not possible, or not considered justified, to
estimate f.L for a particular case then Cpi should be taken as the more onerous of +0,2
and -0,3.”.

0.59 F G H I J
Cpe,10 (1) -1.7 -1.2 -0.6 -0.6 0.2
Cpe,10 (2) 0 0 0 -0,6 -0.6
We,10 (1) -1.003 -0.708 -0.354 -0.359 0.118
We,10 (2) 0 0 0 -0.359 -0.359
Wi (1) 0,118 0,118 0.118 0,118 0,118
Wi (2) -0,177 -0,177 -0.177 -0,177 -0.177
Wtot 1 -0.826 -0,885 -0.472 -0,536 0
2 0.177 0.177 0.177 -0.182 -0.182
Applying the formulas:

- We = Qp(z) * Cpe; Wi = Qp(z) * Cpi; Wtot = We – Wi

For 𝜃 = 90°

d – e/2 = 45 – 11.5 = 33.5 m; d = Structure Length (L) = 45m

Cpi value (EN 1991-1-4) “Where it is not possible, or not considered justified, to
estimate f.L for a particular case then Cpi should be taken as the more onerous of +0,2
and -0,3.”.

0.59 F G H I
Cpe,10 -1.6 -1.3 -0.7 -0.6
We,10 -0.944 -0.767 -0.413 -0.354
Wi (0.2) 0.118 0.118 0.118 0.118
Wi (-0.3) -0.177 -0.177 -0.177 -0.177
Wtot (0.2) -1.062 -0.885 -0.531 -0.472
Wtot (-0.3) -0.767 -0.59 -0.236 -0.177

Applaying the formulas:

- We = Qp(z) * Cpe; Wi = Qp(z) * Cpi; Wtot = We – Wi

 2. DESIGN OF THE MAIN BEARING STRUCTURE
2.1 CLADDING
For the cladding I will use panel with mineral wool insulation. Cladding is designed with
different spans supported beam length as the distance between my purlins L = 2,509
m. We are going to study the loads in the most unfavourable section.
Loads acting on cladding
S1 = 0,96 kN/m2; W1p = 0.177 kN/m2; W2s = 1.062 kN/m2;
Characteristic load combinations for:
- Maximum pressure:
o 1,0∙ S +1,0 ∙ Wp = 0.96+ 0.177=1.137 kN/m2
- Maximum suction:
o 1,0 ∙ Ws = 1.062 = −1.062kN/m
Maximum characteristic load allowable estimated:
Pressure: 1,8 kN/m2
Suction: −4,5 kN/m2

The cladding panel chosen supports this pressure and suction values.

2.2 PURLINGS
b = 2.5m; d = 2,509m; sin (5) = 0,0871; cos (5) = 0,9961;

Loads in the critical section:

G = 0,72 kN/m2; S1 = 0.96 kN/m2; W1p = 0.177 kN/m2; W2s = 1.062 kN/m2;

+ Permanent loads: gy = Qp ∙ sinα ∙ d; gz = Qp ∙ cosα ∙ d;

gy = 0.72 * 0.0871 * 2.509 gz = 0.72 *
0,9961 * 2.509
gy = 0.157 kN/m gz = 0.18 kN/m

+ Snow loads: Sy = S ∙ sinα ∙ b; Sz = S ∙ cosα ∙ b;

Sy = 0,96 * 0,1045 * 2,5 Sz = 0,96 *
0,9961 * 2,5
Sy = 0,2508 kN/m Sz = 2,39 kN/m
+ Wind loads:

Case 1  Pressure Wz = W1 ∙ d = 0.177 ∙ 2.509 = 0.444 kN/m.

Case 2  Suction wz = W2 ∙ d = - 1.062 ∙ 2.509 = -2.665 kN/m.

Load combinations for purlins:

ULS

1.35 ∙ G + 1.5 ∙ S1 + 0.6 ∙ W p

Y 1,35 ∙ 0,157 + 1,5 ∙ 0,2508 + 0,6 ∙ 0 0.588
Z 1,35 ∙0.18 + 1,5 ∙ 2.39 + 0,6∙ 0,444 4.094

1.35 ∙ G + 1.5 ∙ Wp + 0.5 ∙ S1

Y 1,35 ∙ 0,157+ 1,5 ∙ 0 + 0,5 ∙ 0,2508 0.337
Z 1,35 ∙ 0.18 + 1,5 ∙ 0,444 + 0,5 ∙ 2,39 2.104

1 ∙ G + 1.5 ∙ Ws

Y 0,157 0.157
Z 0.18 + 1,5 ∙ (-2.665) -3.817
 SLS

1 ∙ G +1∙S1 +1∙Wp
Y 0.157+0.2508 0.408
Z 0.18 + 2.39 + 0.444 3.014

1 ∙ G +1∙Ws
Y 0,157 0.157
Z 0.18 – 2.665 -2.485

Following the diagram and knowing that our steel is S235 with an elastic module E =
210 000 MPa and a deformation fyq = 235 N/mm2. I assumed a purlin length of 7.5 m.
Now we can apply both formulas, for SLS and ULS, to know the section of the beams
needed.

W𝑦 ≥𝑀𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥v / 𝑓𝑦q  (1000· 0.125·0.588·7.5^2)/235 = 17.59cm^3

Wz ≥𝑀𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥v / 𝑓𝑦q  (1000· 0.125·4.094·7.5^2)/235 =122.49cm^3

I𝑦 ≥ (5·0.408·7.5^3) / (384·210·10^-2) =1.067cm^4

Iz ≥ (5·3.014·7.5^3) / (384·210·10^-2) =7.88cm^4
For My case IPE 360, with a Wz of 122,8.
WEIGHT 57.1 kg

COMBINATIONS WITH BEAM WEIGHT

ULS

1.35 ∙ Q + 1.5 ∙ S1 + 0.6 ∙ W p

Y 1,35 ∙ (0,157+0,059) + 1,5 ∙ 0,213 + 0,9 ∙ 0 0.6111
Z 1,35 ∙ (0.18+0,557) + 1,5 ∙ 2,026 + 0,9 ∙ 0,572 4.548

1.35 ∙ Q + 1.5 ∙ Wp + 0.5 ∙ S1

Y 1,35 ∙ (0,157+0,059) + 1,5 ∙ 0 + 0,75 ∙ 0,213 0.451

Z 1,35 ∙ (0.18+0,557) + 1,5 ∙ 0,572 + 0,75 ∙ 2,026 3.372

1 ∙ Q + 1.5 ∙ Ws

Y (0,157+0,059) 0.219
Z (0.18+0,557) + 1,5 ∙ (- -4.411
3,432)

SLS

1 ∙ Q +1∙S1 +1∙Wp
Y (0,157+0,059) + 0 + 0,213 0.429
Z (0.18+0,557) + 0,572 + 2,026 3.335
 1 ∙ Q +1∙Ws
Y (0,157+0,059) 0.216
Z (0.18+0,428) - 3,432 -2.824

I proceed with the selection of the class of the beam, applying these formulas:
WEB:
𝑐 ℎ−2·𝑡𝑓−2·𝑟 360−2·12,7−2·18
𝑡
= 𝑡𝑤
= 8
= 37,33

𝑓𝑦 𝑐
𝜀 = √235 = 1; 𝑡
≤ 72 · 𝜀; Condition for a first-class web.

SHELF:
𝑐 𝑏𝑓−𝑡𝑤 −2·𝑟 170−8−2·18
𝑡
= 2𝑡𝑓
= 2·12,7
= 4,96;

𝑓𝑦 𝑐
𝜀 = √235 = 1; 𝑡
≤ 9 · ε; Condition for a first-class shelf.

So, I have a first-class cross section, because it passed the conditions.

SHEAR RESISTANCE:
A − 2 · 𝑏𝑓 · 𝑡𝑓 + (𝑡𝑤 + 2 · 𝑟) · 𝑡𝑓
𝐴𝑉,𝑧 = max { ;
ղ · ℎ𝑤 · 𝑡𝑤
7270 𝑚𝑚 2 − 2 · 170 · 12,7 + (8 + 2 · 18 ) · 12,7 = 3510,8 mm^2
𝐴𝑉,𝑧 = max { ;
1,2 · (360 − 2 · 12,7) · 8 = 3212,2 𝑚𝑚^2

𝐴𝑉,𝑧 = 3510,8 mm^2;

𝐴𝑉,𝑦 = 𝐴 − (ℎ𝑤 · 𝑡𝑤 ) = 7310− ((397 − 2 · 12) · 7) = 4699 mm^2.

Shear cross section:

𝐴𝑉,𝑧·fy 35,11·23,5
𝑉𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑧 = 𝑉𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑,𝑧 = = = 476,36 𝑘𝑁;
√3·𝛾𝑀0 √3·1

𝐴𝑉,𝑦 ·fy 45,93·23,5

𝑉𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑉𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑,𝑦 = = = 623,17 𝑘𝑁;
√3·𝛾𝑀0 √3·1
Checking the conditions, where 𝑉𝐸𝑑 is the most unfavourable actions in the distance of
the beams that will support for z and y, half of the bay spacing. and for y is the distance
between purlins:

kN 7.5
𝑉𝐸𝑑,𝑦 = 0.6111 m
∗ 2
; 𝑉𝐸𝑑,𝑦 = 2.29 𝑘𝑁;
kN 7.5
𝑉𝐸𝑑,𝑧 = 4.548 ∗ ; 𝑉𝐸𝑑,𝑧 = 17.055𝑘𝑁;
m 2

𝑉𝐸𝑑,𝑦 2.29
𝑉𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑦
= 623,17 = 0.003≤ 1; Okey

𝑉𝐸𝑑,𝑧 17.055
= = 0.0358 ≤ 1; Okey
𝑉𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑧 476,36

Bending resistance, for the critical moment and applying:

𝜋 2·𝐸·𝐼𝑧 𝑘 𝐼𝜔 (𝑘·𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑙 )2·𝐺·𝐼𝑡

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶1 · (𝑘·𝑙 [√( )2 · + + (𝐶2 + 𝑧𝑔 )2 − 𝐶2 · 𝑧𝑔 ];
𝑜𝑏𝑙 )2 𝑘 𝑤 𝐼𝑧 𝜋 2 ·𝐸·𝐼𝑧

Data: 𝑧𝑔 = 0 𝑚𝑚; 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑤 = 1,0 ;𝐶1 = 1,0; 𝐶2 = 0; E = 210000 MPa;

𝑁 𝑁
𝜋2 ·2,1·105 ·10,43·106 𝑚𝑚 4 1 2 3,14· 1011 𝑚𝑚 6 (1·7500)2 ·8,1·104 ·3,73·105 𝑚𝑚 4
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 1 (1·7500)2 𝑚𝑚 2
·[√(1) · 10,43·106𝑚𝑚4 + 2 5 𝑁 + (0 + 0)2 −
𝜋 ·2,1·10 ·10,43·106 𝑚𝑚 4
𝑚𝑚2

0 · 0] =;

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 126718266.7 𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 126.72 𝑘𝑁𝑚𝑚;

Buckling coefficient:
ℎ 360 mm
= = 2; 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑏; 𝛼𝐿𝑇 = 0,34; β = 0,75; ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇,0 = 0,4;
𝑏 170 mm
 𝑊𝑦,𝑝𝑙·𝑓𝑦 10,19·10 𝑚𝑚 ·235 5 3
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = √ 𝑀 = √ 126718266.7 = 1.375;
𝐶𝑟

1 1
̅̅̅̅̅̅ = = 0.529;
𝜆2 𝐿𝑇 1.375^2

̅̅̅̅
𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0,5 · [1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 · (𝜆 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
2
𝐿𝑇 − 𝜆𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽 · 𝜆 𝐿𝑇 ];

𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0,5 · [1 + 0,34 · (1.375 − 0,4) + 0,75 · 1.891] =1.375

1 1
𝑋𝐿𝑇 = = 1,375+ = 0.485
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 2 √1.89−0,75 ·1.891
𝜙𝐿𝑇 +√𝜙𝐿𝑇 −𝛽·𝜆 𝐿𝑇

Design resistance of a cross-section for bending

𝑊𝑦,𝑝𝑙·fy 1019 𝑐𝑚 3·23,5
𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑀𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑,𝑦 = 𝛾𝑀0
= 1
· 0,01 = 239,5 kNm

𝑊𝑧,𝑝𝑙 ·fy 191 𝑐𝑚 3·23,5

𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑧 = 𝑀𝑒𝑙,𝑅,𝑧 = = · 0,01 = 44,9 kNm
𝛾𝑀0 1

Checking the conditions for bending in two axes

𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦 𝑀 9,2 94,6
𝑋𝐿𝑇 ·𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑧
+𝑀 𝐸𝑑,𝑧 = 0.485 · 44,9+239,5 =< 1,0 → 0,817 =< 1; Okey;
𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑦

Checking the conditions for SLS (Deflection)

L 7.5
Wmax = 200 = 200 = 0.0375 m;

5 (𝐺𝑘,𝑦 +𝑄𝑘,𝑦 )·𝐿4 5 (0,471)·7,54

𝑊𝑟𝑧,𝑦 = 384 · 𝐸·𝐼𝑧
= 384 · 210·1043·0,01 = 0.0088 m;

5 (𝐺𝑘,𝑦 +𝑄𝑘,𝑦 )·𝐿4 5 (5,049)·7,54

𝑊𝑟𝑧,𝑧 = 384 · 𝐸·𝐼𝑦
= 384 · 210·16270·0,01 = 0.006 m;

W = √Wrz,y 2 + Wrz,z 2 =√0,00882 + 0,0062 =<Wmax → W = 0.01 m;

𝑾 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏
= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 < 𝟏, 𝟎 → 𝑶𝑲𝑬𝒀
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝟎, 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓

2.3 STEEL GIRDER

List of loads acting on the main roof girder:
1. Gravity loads

G1=0,5∙(𝑔∙𝑑+𝑔𝑝)∙𝑙𝑝=6′82𝑘𝑁
G2=(𝑔∙𝑑+𝑔𝑝)∙𝑙𝑝=13′64𝑘𝑁

2. Snow loads

S1=𝑠1∙𝑏1∙𝑙𝑝
S2=𝑠2∙𝑏2∙𝑙𝑝
S3=𝑠3∙𝑏3∙𝑙𝑝
S4=𝑠4∙𝑏4∙𝑙𝑝
S5=𝑠5∙𝑏5∙𝑙𝑝
S6=𝑠6∙𝑏6∙𝑙𝑝
S7=𝑠7∙𝑏7∙𝑙𝑝
S8=𝑠8∙𝑏8∙𝑙𝑝
3. Wind loads:
W1 =𝑤1∙ 𝑑/2 · 𝑙𝑝
W2 =𝑤1∙𝑑∙𝑙𝑝
W3 =(𝑤1+𝑤2)∙ 𝑑/2· 𝑙𝑝
W4 =𝑊5 =𝑊6 =(𝑤2)∙𝑑∙𝑙𝑝

W7 =(𝑤2+𝑤3)∙ 𝑑/2· 𝑙𝑝
𝑊8 =𝑤3∙𝑑∙𝑙𝑝

I’ve made all this calculations and all my combinations of loads with the Robot
Structural Analysis software from Autodesk.

Checking the class of the cross-section:

-For bending:
WEB:
𝑐 ℎ − 2 · 𝑡𝑓 − 2 · 𝑟 360 − 2 · 12,7 − 2 · 18
= = = 37,33
𝑡 𝑡𝑤 8

𝑓𝑦 𝑐
𝜀 = √235 = 1; 𝑡
≤ 72 · 𝜀; Condition for a first-class web.

SHELF:
𝑐 𝑏𝑓−𝑡𝑤 −2·𝑟 170−8−2·18
𝑡
= 2𝑡𝑓
= 2·12,7
= 4,96;

𝑓𝑦 𝑐
𝜀 = √235 = 1; 𝑡
≤ 9 · ε; Condition for a first-class shelf.

Checking if the web is really a fourth-class web:

NEd 188,579
Z𝑁= 2∙tw∙fy
= 2∙7∙235
=0,057𝑚

zN 57
𝛼 𝑤=0,5+h−2∙(tf−r) =0,5+397−2∙(12−21) =0′637

𝑐 396∙ε
= 47′28≤ =54,39
𝑡 13∙α−1

So, we have a IPE a 400 first-class cross section.

Checking the conditions for ULS:

Bending resistance:
Out of plane Combination with maximum 𝑁𝐸𝑑
We do these calculations in the critical moment, so:
Data: 𝑧𝑔 = 0 𝑚𝑚; 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑤 = 1,0 ;𝐶1 = 1,0; 𝐶2 = 0; E = 210000 MPa;

𝑁 𝑁
𝜋2 ·2,1·105 ·10,43·106 𝑚𝑚 4 1 2 3,14· 1011 𝑚𝑚 6 (1·7500)2 ·8,1·104 ·3,73·105 𝑚𝑚 4
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 1 (1·7500)2 𝑚𝑚 2
·[√(1) · 10,43·106𝑚𝑚4 + 2 5 𝑁 + (0 + 0)2 −
𝜋 ·2,1·10 ·10,43·106 𝑚𝑚 4
𝑚𝑚2

0 · 0] → 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 126718266.7 𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 126.72 𝑘𝑁𝑚𝑚;

Buckling coefficient:
ℎ 360 mm
= 170 mm = 2; 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑐; 𝛼𝐿𝑇 = 0,49; β = 0,75; ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇,0 = 0,4;
𝑏
 𝑊𝑦,𝑝𝑙·𝑓𝑦 10,19·10 𝑚𝑚 ·235 5 3
̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = √ 𝑀 = √ 126718266.7 = 1.375;
𝐶𝑟

1 1
̅̅̅̅̅̅ = = 0.529;
2
𝜆 𝐿𝑇 1.375^2

̅̅̅̅
𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0,5 · [1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 · (𝜆 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
2
𝐿𝑇 − 𝜆𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽 · 𝜆 𝐿𝑇 ];

𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0,5 · [1 + 0,49 · (1.375 − 0,4) + 0,75 · 1.891] =

1 1
𝑋𝐿𝑇 = = 1.408+ =
2
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 √1.985−0,75 ·1.891
𝜙𝐿𝑇 +√𝜙𝐿𝑇 −𝛽·𝜆 𝐿𝑇

Buckling coefficient:
ℎ 360 mm
= 170 mm = 2; 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑏; 𝛼𝐿𝑇 = 0,34; β = 0,75; ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇,0 = 0,2;
𝑏

𝑊𝑦,𝑝𝑙·𝑓𝑦 10,19·10 𝑚𝑚 ·235 5 3

̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = √ 𝑀 = √ 126718266.7 = 1.375;
𝐶𝑟

1 1
̅̅̅̅̅̅ = = 0.529;
𝜆 2
𝐿𝑇 1.375^2

̅̅̅̅
𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0,5 · [1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 · (𝜆 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
2
𝐿𝑇 − 𝜆𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽 · 𝜆 𝐿𝑇 ];

𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0,5 · [1 + 0,34 · (1.375 − 0,2) + 0,75 · 1.891] =1.408

1 1
𝑋𝐿𝑇 = = = 0.463
1.408+√1.985−0,75 ·1.891
𝜙𝐿𝑇 +√𝜙𝐿𝑇 2−𝛽·𝜆
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2
𝐿𝑇

Design resistance of a cross-section for bending

𝑊𝑦,𝑝𝑙·fy 1019 𝑐𝑚 3·23,5
𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑀𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑,𝑦 = = · 0,01 = 239,5 kNm
𝛾𝑀0 1

�·fy 𝛾𝑀0 =7310∙0,235 1,0 =1718𝑘𝑁

Checking the conditions for bending in two axes

𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦 𝑀 9,2 94,6
𝑋𝐿𝑇 ·𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑧
+𝑀 𝐸𝑑,𝑧 = 0.48 5 · 44,9+239,5 =< 1,0 → 0,817 =< 1; Okey;
𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑦

In plane:

Combination with maximum 𝑁𝐸𝑑

We do this calculations in the critical moment, so:

Data: 𝑧𝑔 = 0 𝑚𝑚; 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑤 = 1,0 ;𝐶1 = 1,0; 𝐶2 = 0; E = 210000 MPa;

𝑁 𝑁
𝜋2 ·2,1·105 ·10,43·106 𝑚𝑚 4 1 2 3,14· 1011 𝑚𝑚 6 (1·7500)2 ·8,1·104 ·3,73·105 𝑚𝑚 4
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 1 (1·7500)2 𝑚𝑚 2
·[√(1) · 10,43·106𝑚𝑚4 + 𝑁 + (0 + 0)2 −
𝜋2 ·2,1·105 ·10,43·106 𝑚𝑚 4
𝑚𝑚2

0 · 0] =;

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 126718266.7 𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 126.72 𝑘𝑁𝑚𝑚;

Buckling coefficient:
ℎ 360 mm
= 170 mm = 2; 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑐; 𝛼𝐿𝑇 = 0,49; β = 0,75; ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇,0 = 0,4;
𝑏

𝑊𝑦,𝑝𝑙·𝑓𝑦 10,19·10 5 𝑚𝑚 3·235

̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = √ =√ = 1.375;
𝑀𝐶𝑟 126718266.7

1 1
̅̅̅̅̅̅ = = 0.529;
2
𝜆 𝐿𝑇 1.375^2

̅̅̅̅
𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0,5 · [1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 · (𝜆 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
2
𝐿𝑇 − 𝜆𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽 · 𝜆 𝐿𝑇 ];

𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0,5 · [1 + 0,49 · (1.375 − 0,4) + 0,75 · 1.891] =

1 1
𝑋𝐿𝑇 = = =
2
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 1.408+√1.985−0,75 ·1.891
𝜙𝐿𝑇 +√𝜙𝐿𝑇 −𝛽·𝜆 𝐿𝑇

Buckling coefficient:
ℎ 360 mm
= = 2; 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑏; 𝛼𝐿𝑇 = 0,34; β = 0,75; ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇,0 = 0,2;
𝑏 170 mm

𝑊𝑦,𝑝𝑙·𝑓𝑦 10,19·10 5 𝑚𝑚 3·235

̅̅̅̅
𝜆𝐿𝑇 = √ =√ = 1.375;
𝑀𝐶𝑟 126718266.7

1 1
= = 0.529;
̅̅̅̅̅̅
2
𝜆 𝐿𝑇 1.375^2

̅̅̅̅
𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0,5 · [1 + 𝛼𝐿𝑇 · (𝜆 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
2
𝐿𝑇 − 𝜆𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽 · 𝜆 𝐿𝑇 ];

𝜙𝐿𝑇 = 0,5 · [1 + 0,34 · (1.375 − 0,2) + 0,75 · 1.891] =1.408

1 1
𝑋𝐿𝑇 = = 1.408+ = 0.463
2
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
2 √1.985−0,75 ·1.891
𝜙𝐿𝑇 +√𝜙𝐿𝑇 −𝛽·𝜆 𝐿𝑇

Design resistance of a cross-section for bending

𝑊𝑦,𝑝𝑙·fy 1019 𝑐𝑚 3·23,5
𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑦 = 𝑀𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑,𝑦 = 𝛾𝑀0
= 1
· 0,01 = 239,5 kNm
�·fy 𝛾𝑀0 =7310∙0,235 1,0 =1718𝑘𝑁

Checking the conditions for bending and compression force:

𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑧 39,605 188,579
+ = + = 0.814 =< 1
𝑋𝐿𝑇 · 𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑧 𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑦 0,287 · 239.5 0.463 · 7270 · 0.235

Checking the conditions calculated on top but with the combination with the maximum
𝑀𝐸𝑑:
𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑦 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑧 45,21 172,214
+ = + = 0.875 =< 1
𝑋𝐿𝑇 · 𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑧 𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑,𝑦 0,287 · 239.5 0.463 · 7270 · 0.235

2.4 BRACING SYSTEM

Main girder: IPE 360

Purlin: IPE 360
Bracing system: TCAR 70x4

L =15m

Wind action from 𝜃 = 0°

q𝑤 =−1,194∙6+(−0,91)∙11 2 =−8,587𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐹𝑤1 = 𝑞𝑤 ∙𝑎 =8,587 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 ∙2,34𝑚 =20,094𝑘𝑁

𝐹𝑤2 = 0,5∙𝑞𝑤 ∙𝑎 = 0,5∙8,587𝑘𝑁 ⁄ 𝑚∙2,34𝑚 =10,047 𝑘 𝑁

Design destabilizing force in combination with ULS:
𝑁𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑑
𝑁𝑒𝑑 = ·
2 ℎ

Combination with the highest 𝑁𝐸𝐷:

 188,579 39,605
𝑁𝑒𝑑 = · = 103.76kN
2 0.36

Combination with the highest 𝑀𝐸𝐷:

172,214 45,210
𝑁𝑒𝑑 = · = 108.13kN
2 0.36
15
m= 4
= 3.75 number of members to be restrained

1
𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎 𝑚 = √0.5 · 1 + ( ) = 0.875
𝑚

𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎 𝑚 · 𝐿
𝑒0 = = 0.0262
500
SECTION CLASS:
COMPRESSION:
The web and the self:
𝑐 ℎ − 2𝑡 − 2𝑟
= = 13,5
𝑡 𝑡

𝑓𝑦
𝜀=√ =1
235
𝑐
≤ 33 · ε
𝑡
So, we have a first-class web and shelf.
BUCKLING RESISTANCE:
Critical force for elastic flexural buckling:
𝜋^2 − 𝐸 − 𝐼
𝑁𝑐𝑟 = = 150,5𝑘𝑁
𝐿^2𝑐𝑟
Relative slenderness with elastic flexural buckling:

𝐴 · 𝑓𝑦
√ = 1.274
𝑁𝑐𝑟, 𝑦

Buckling curve, a: 𝛼=0,21

 𝑁𝑐𝑟 = 0.5 · (1 + α · (λy − 0.2) + λ2y ) = 1.424
1
𝑋𝑦 = = 0.485 ≤ 1
⌽ +√⌽2 − λ2
𝑋𝑦 · 𝐴 · 𝑓𝑦
𝑁 (𝑏, 𝑅𝑑, 𝑦) = = 117,32𝑘𝑁
ỿ𝑀1
𝑁(𝑏, 𝐸𝑑) 88,626𝑘𝑁
= = 0.75 ≤ 1
𝑁(𝑏, 𝑅𝑑, 𝑦) 117,32𝑘𝑁
Tension
𝐴 · 𝑓𝑦
𝑁 (𝑝𝑙, 𝑅𝑑) = = 244,4
ỿ𝑀0
𝑁(𝑏, 𝐸𝑑) 88,626𝑘𝑁
= = 0.37 ≤ 1
𝑁(𝑝𝑙, 𝑅𝑑) 244,4𝑘𝑁
SHS 70x4 is a first-class cross-section