History of Structural Steel
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsHistory of Structural Steel
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsUNIVERSITY OF GUADALAJARA
UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR EXACT SCIENCES AND
ENGINEERING
DIVISION OF ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING
STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN 1
ALAN ULISES RIZO SAHABEDRA 212586345
TASK 1
HISTORY OF STEEL AS A MATERIAL
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 1
HISTORY OF STEEL AS A MATERIAL
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
To develop this product with all the capabilities that it has today
It has taken more than 4,000 years for us to know. It is impossible to determine.
with accuracy when the history of steel begins.
Currently, iron and steel comprise almost 95% by weight of all
metals produced in the world.
The use of iron has had a great influence on the advancement of civilization since
the most distant times and probably it will continue to have it in the centuries
coming.
Steel is defined as a combination of iron and small amounts of
carbon, generally less than 1%. It also contains small percentages of
some other elements.
The first process to produce steel in large quantities was named
Sir Henry Bessemer from England. Before the process was developed
Bessemer, steel was an expensive alloy used mainly to manufacture
knives, forks, spoons and certain types of cutting tools. The
The Bessemer process reduced production costs by at least 80% and allowed
for the first time the production of large quantities of steel.
Thanks to the Bessemer process, it was already possible to produce in large quantities in 1870.
carbon structural steel and by 1890 steel was the main structural metal
used in the United States.
The first use of metal for a structure took place considerably in Shropshire,
England (225 km northwest of London) in 1779, there it was built with iron.
the Coalbrookdale arch bridge with a clear span of 100 feet over the river
Severn. It is said that this bridge (still standing) was a critical point in history.
engineering because it changed the course of the Industrial Revolution by introducing iron
as structural material.
Many other cast iron bridges were built in the following decades,
but after 1840, softer, more malleable iron began to replace iron
melted. The development of the Bessemer process and subsequent advances, such as the
open-heart process, allowed the production of steel at competitive prices,
what stimulated the almost incredible development of structural steel that has taken place
in the last 100 years. The first metal structures were bridges (in
ALAN ULISES RIZO SAHABEDRA.
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 1
back to 1800), subsequently buildings began to be constructed, in 1887 there
he built a 12-story building in Chicago and it was inaugurated in New York in 1931.
York the Empire State Building of 85 floors and 379 m in height.
The use of steel multiplied thanks to advances in metallurgy and welding.
electric. The fundamental characteristic of modern steel structures is the
structural simplification and slenderness. Since its early applications in bridges
and later in skyscrapers, steel has increasingly been used primarily in buildings of
housing and offices, although the development of reinforced concrete technology has
limited. The scope of application of metal structures is: industrial warehouses,
bridges (railway, large span - mixed - and for pedestrian walkways)
communication masts and antennas, covers, tanks, silos, gates of
dams, electricity transmission poles etc.
STRUCTURAL STEEL.
Steel is composed of pure iron + metalloids (C, S, P, Si) + metals
variables (Mn, Cr, Ni, ...). These are the ones that give it its great properties.
The amount of carbon must be greater than 0.03% but less than 2%. The
foundries are iron-carbon alloys, in which the proportion of carbon is
more than 2%
Thus began the rise of tall buildings commonly known as
skyscrapers, the most famous were the Woolworth Building, the Chrysler skyscraper
and the Empire State Building, all these buildings are located in New York.
When the 19th century was coming to an end, a new construction method began to be used.
incredible association between iron and cement. In France, they started to see
some buildings created based on this technique, but seeing their success in a short time
time began to spread more.
It is worth noting that experts in the field cannot consider these techniques.
as rivals since they need a large amount of iron for construction
of the framework. This system was called 'reinforced concrete' and was very well received
by the builders.
In the year 1935 in Italy, the proclamation of autarky made the use of the
iron, that's why reinforced concrete began to be used exclusively for the
construction of the buildings.
ALAN ULISES RIZO SAHABEDRA.
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 1
The major world exhibitions organized by European countries such as
a showcase of their progress and the strength of their industry was a conducive setting
for architectural and constructive experimentation in which iron had a role
important protagonism. The Great Exhibition of 1851 in England is the
opportunity in which Sir Joseph Paxton builds in a record time of 6 months the
known as 'Crystal Palace'. Although it does not save great lights (the main nave was of
22.0m wide and 33.0m tall, the Crystal Palace is entirely
structured in frames of cast iron columns and lattice beams. The
the cover and the enclosures were made of glass and covered total dimensions
surprising: 563m long and 124m wide with a total of 72,000m2
built. The Crystal Palace is also a paradigm of prefabrication and
dimensional coordination. The standardization of the repetitive elements that it
they make up part of a comprehensive solution that allows for rapid manufacturing and
construction (3 months for each of the stages), a great achievement for the time.
Moved in 1854 to Sydenham, the building conceived with a clear intention of
transience in its initial location in Hyde Park, it is used and renewed
until it was destroyed by a fire in 1936. Following this same model, in
1854, Auguste von Voit builds the Glass Palace in Munich using the
same materials and the grid system, although replacing the arch with a beam
It was also destroyed by a fire in 1931.
TYPES OF STEELS FOR STRUCTURES.
The steels considered in the Technical Code are hot-rolled (UNE
EN 10025-2:2002, UNE EN 10210-1:1994) and those cold-formed (UNE EN 10219-
1:1998). The Document 0 of the EAE Instruction includes a greater
variety to consider:
Hot rolled steels. This refers to non-alloyed steels, without
special characteristics of mechanical resistance or corrosion resistance, and
with a normal microstructure.
Steels with special characteristics:
a. normalized steels (N). High weldability and high resilience.
b. thermomechanically rolled steels (M). High weldability and high resilience.
c. steels with improved resistance to atmospheric corrosion (steels
self-healing) (W). They are alloyed steels with copper that when exposed to the action
atmospheric form a thin film of highly adhesive oxide on the surface
what prevents the penetration of corrosion.
d. tempered and normalized steels (Q). High yield limit.
ALAN ULISES RIZO SAHABEDRA.
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 1
e. steels with improved resistance to deformation in the perpendicular direction
the surface of the product (Z). Improves behavior against delamination.
Cold-formed steels (H). This term refers to steels whose process of
manufacturing consists of a cold forming, which gives them certain characteristics
specific from the perspectives of section and mechanical resistance.
Thicknesses will necessarily be reduced.
The most common types of steel are: S235, S275, S355, and S450, being their possible
grades: JR, J0, J2 and K2, where the number indicates the yield limit in Mpa (N/mm2)
and the grade indicates the required resilience. The minimum mechanical characteristics
depend on the thickness of the product and are indicated in Table 1 (CTE). They may
to use other steels if it is guaranteed that they have sufficient ductility and resilience
and adequate marketability.
TYPES DE PRODUCTS METALLURGICAL Y
CHARACTERISTICS.
• Hot rolled profiles: they are the most used in construction, they
They are grouped in series by the shape and characteristics of their cross-section. In the
Figures 2 and 3 are the most common.
- IPN: standard double T profile. It is mainly used in bent pieces.
IPE: European double T profile. Analogous to the IPN profile, but for the same weight it has
greater inertias, turning radii, and resistant modules than the IPN.
- HE: wide wing double T profiles. There are three series:
HEB normal series.
HEA light series.
HEM heavy series.
The three series differ in the thicknesses of the wings and web, being maximum in
the heavy series. In the three series, the wing width and the edge are similar up to a
edge of 300 mm; for larger edges, the flange width is equal to 300 mm. It
They mainly use them as compressed elements, although it is also common to use
the HEA series in bending elements.
- UPN: section in U normal. Its resistant characteristics are similar to those of a
IPE, but they are rarely used as flexed pieces because the CEC does not match the CDG,
changes are suitable for compression In building structures are classic the
supports of 2 UPN in a small business.
ALAN ULISES RIZO SAHABEDRA.
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 1
- U: commercial U section. Similar to UPN.
- L: angle of equal wings. They are almost exclusively used in parts subjected to
axial efforts such as trusses, bracings,
LD: angle with unequal sides.
T: T-shaped profile that is out of use, using half IPE or two angles
paired.
Chapas: flat rolled product with a width greater than 600 mm and variable thickness.
They are used to construct structurally important elements, such as
beams or large dimension reinforced supports, bridges, deposits, ..., or
secondary elements such as brackets, plates, stiffeners, ... It can be ribbed
on one of its sides to be used as flooring in industrial constructions.
Others: solid round profile, square, rectangular, hexagonal,
Hollow profiles: circular, square, rectangular, or elliptical section.
Cold-formed profiles (lightweight steel structures):
They are manufactured using folding machines or cold rolling forming machines from
thin steel sheets (thicknesses between 0.3 and 6 mm), with or without welding. In the
Figures 6, 7, and 8 illustrate their manufacture and show the two basic types.
• Bars: they can be L, U, C, Z, Omega profiles, open tubes, and closed tubes.
holes (circular, square, rectangular, and elliptical). The open profiles are
they are usually used as flexural members and the closed ones as compressed.
• Panels: are used in roofs, floor supports (next to a concrete base,
working as a load-bearing element or just as lost formwork) and elements
of wall. They are usually made of galvanized sheet metal, they can be painted and are
They are covered with thermal and acoustic insulation (expanded polyurethane.
MANUALS ON CONSTRUCTION WITH STEEL GIEDION, SIGFRID; SPACE, TIME AND
ARCHITECTURE; P.287; ED. REVERTÉ, BARCELONA, 2009
Residence and Day Center for the Mentally Disabled / Alday Jover
Architecture and Landscape" December 2, 2010. ArchDaily Mexico. Accessed February 8, 2020.
Residence and Day Center for
psychically-disabled-alday-jover-architecture-and-landscape> ISSN 0719-8914
ALAN ULISES RIZO SAHABEDRA.
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 1
NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF MEXICO FACULTY OF HIGHER STUDIES
CUAUTITLÁN ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY OF
ENGINEERING READING MATERIALS 32 STRUCTURAL PROFILES
