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LANGUAGE

Fabricio Suárez

3rd BI A1

2019-01-21

LITERARY ANALYSIS

Yerma
HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK, LITERARY MOVEMENT, INFLUENCE AND VALUES

Yerma, published in 1934, is one of

the three tragedies of Federico García Lorca,
together with The House of Bernarda Alba which was
published in 1936 and Blood Weddings in
1931. The work Yerma by García Lorca is
characterized by a rustic environment, of
village, quite static in uses, customs
and the ideology that coincides with their maturity
theatrical, after years and experimental attempts
of different types. The work is structured in three
acts with two frames each.

Federico García Lorca was born in Fuente

Cowboys-Granada in 1898. Studied Law and
Philosophy and Letters at the University of
Granada and, at the end of the second decade of the
20th century, he traveled to Madrid staying at the Student Residence. There he was
where he met the members of the 27th Poetic Group and fell in love with
Emilio Prados. The relationship ended badly and an emotional letter is preserved from
Prados laments the rejection she feels from Federico.
Then Luis Cernuda comes into his life, who will be another of the personalities that
They enchant the young Lorca. The spark occurs during a trip that both take.
to Seville. It connects very well with Dalí and Buñuel since all three are considered the
flag bearers of Surrealism in Spain, but, upon publishing Federico Romancero
Gypsy in 1928, the differences between them begin to become different as the
romancero is very far from surrealist precepts. In 1932, he founded the
famous theater group 'La Barraca' with which he wants to bring culture to the
towns of Spain. The last years of his life were spent in the Huerta de San
Vicente, in Granada. Yerma premiered in 1934 with notable success towards the
public, but the joy lasts little as the political situation of the country becomes complicated
enormously in the year 1936 and Lorca hides, but later will be
delayed and captured. Federico García Lorca died executed in 1936 at the hands of
from the national troops. Some works can be rescued such as:
Poema del cante jondo (1921), Canciones (1927), Poeta en Nueva York (1930),
So five years pass (1931) or The House of Bernarda Alba (1936).

LITERARY MOVEMENT, INFLUENCE AND VALUES

Federico García Lorca and Ramón María del Valle-Inclán revolutionize the genre
20th century theatrical, moving away from the prude theater of Jacinto Benavente.
We are facing a revolution in the arrangement of the theatrical scene and before a
new conception of what it encompasses. It belongs to the literary movement of
surrealism (an artistic movement that will provide a new approach to all the
artistic production of the 20th century). Lorca was undoubtedly one of the most
important figures in 19th century literature.

Adding; Federico García Lorca was the most well-known member of the
generation of '27, as it had the audacity to approach literature
popular to incorporate it into the project of the group of Spanish writers that is
they had been tasked with strengthening and enriching poetry and the essay.

INFLUENCE AND VALUES

The representation of women based on dichotomies is observed.

traditional of the patriarchal society. According to the structures
andocentric imperatives of the time, Yerma is subjected to violence to
to be within the generic space and at the same time feels compelled to repress
his sexual desire turning it into a merely reproductive act, although
Yerma follows some of these parameters that are imposed on her from her
birth. She manages to evade these rules through her rebellious behavior, the
breaking of the spaces assigned to them by society, and the
constant search for her motherhood, despite her husband's refusal.

The issue of infertility or lack of children within

a rural family. Yerma and Juan have been married for over two years and the children are not.
they have arrived. He accepts it with some indifference, as he focuses on his fields,
her livestock and the increase of her wealth. Yerma, on the contrary,
it accuses that absence in an intimate and painful way.

STRUCTURAL LEVEL:

TIME:
The time is not specified, but it is assumed to be in the period in which he lived.
Federico Garcia Lorca, that is to say before the Spanish Civil War.

Physical time is considered to be more than a year because at the beginning

María still does not have children and then appears with one in her arms. The
Times occur chronologically without any time jump.

Yerma is divided into three acts, with two scenes for each act.

Act I

First scene takes place from dawn, with the passage of the oxen, until
the afternoon. The second painting: all day and ends at night.

Act II

The time in the first frame is dawn or the first hour of the morning.
Well, the flocks are passing by and the women are washing. The second one is
develops at sunset.

Act III

In panel I, the time goes from night until dawn. In panel II

it is not specified.

SPACE OR ENVIRONMENT:

It can be deduced that the work takes place in the rural area of Southern Spain.
since this is the case in almost all of Lorca's works.

Yerma takes place in an interior and exterior space:

Interior: The house of Juan and Yerma and the house of the Old Woman.

Exterior: The field, a stream where women wash and during the pilgrimage.

PERSPECTIVES OF NARRATION

The story is told by the characters themselves (Yerma, Juan, María...etc.), already
it is about a play and anticipates the literary production conceived and
written to be presented before the public.

NARRATIVE TECHNIQUES OR RESOURCES

In the work, the form is cared for and renewed through the use of cultured lexicon,
colloquial words, terms distant from poetry, etc. Furthermore, it can
find numerous metaphors, similes, hyperboles, symbols in Yerma...
All of this accompanied by non-verbal language, such as mime, gestures, lights,
accessories that complement the language of the word. The songs that
the girls sing, especially Víctor and Yerma, who express the sorrow, the
desire of frustration.

The metaphor becomes the most important literary resource as it is about

of a figure very suitable for expressing surrealist contents.

Federico García Lorca stood out for the mastery with which he was able to
elaborate the symbols that he used both in his poems and in his works
theatrical. Thus, it uses Lorca's literature in which some terms are repeated
that evoke feelings in the audience and are very important with the
course of the work, such as: clear and flowing water, colorful flowers, light,
day, etc. are elements that evoke happiness, joy, life, and bliss. Darkness,
squeaky noises, stagnant water, barren and dry land, etc. refer us to
immediately to pain, frustration and misfortune. The horse and the horn
seems to allude to male sexuality.

THEMATIC LEVEL

Theme:

The theme present in the work is the social role of women in a Spanish village.
principles of the 20th century that seems to be condemned to domestic chores and
Motherhood and its infertility torment her every day of her life.

message

The author wants to convey the stereotypes about women that were present.
in the first half of the 20th century and issues such as machismo and the
situation of a sterile woman.

Symbols:

The title 'YERMA' means infertile and we can clearly relate this.
with the unfortunate fact that Yerma cannot have children and feels useless,
since in that village, if a woman does not bear children, she is considered somewhat useless.
The pain she felt was very great, especially when compared to her friends and
realizing that they had been able to have a baby.

On the other hand, the vast majority of the symbols in this work refer to the
fertility and sterility. In the work, fertility is expressed through water
current, milk, and blood. And infertility appears in stagnant water, the
dried lands and sand.

For example:

When Yerma tells Juan: 'I would like you to go to the river and
you will swim and you will climb onto the roof when the rain soaks us
housing". (Act 1, Scene I)
 When the Washerwoman 1 says: "Oh, the dry married woman! / Oh, the one who
"he has a sand chest!" (Act II, Scene I)

When Yerma tells the Old Woman: "And I am like a dry field where
a thousand pairs of oxen can fit in plowing, and what you give me is a small one.
well water glass. What I have is pain that is no longer in the flesh.
(Act III, Scene III)

CHARACTERS

Yerma: The protagonist of this work is Yerma: she is a young woman,

beautiful, from a poor class, from a large family, has been married to Juan
three years; she is a strong, decisive, honorable woman... She has no children and her
my greatest dream is to have one. The desire to have a child is so strong that it is
obsessed. She believes that the duty of women is to have children whom
to be able to take care; like that of men: to work and feed their
families... Think that life without a child is worthless. Throughout the
the play Yerma presents as sad, depressed, desperate... because she does not have.
children and the women around him yes... At the end of the play in an act of
desperation Yerma kills Juan because he confesses; expressing to him
It is because of her fault that they do not have children... Secondary

Juan: he is Yerma's husband. He is a man: serious, strong, with certain ideas.

fixed...that dedicates most of his life to the countryside. Juan, unlike
His wife didn't want to have children. He wants to have a peaceful and quiet life.
He wants Yerma to always be at home; doing her tasks while
He is in the field because he is aware of the beauty of his wife... It gives him
a lot of importance to what 'the people' comment and say

Victor: He is a man who throughout the work appears cheerful and always
trying to cheer up Yerma. Silently in love with her, but never did he
comes to say.

Maria: she is a young friend of Yerma. She is a mother; and it makes her very sad.
Yerma, since she doesn't know a woman who wants a child so much... Almost
they always talked about the relationship each of them has with their husband. Maria
at first I was scared at the idea of having a child, but Yerma it
cheer up.
Old woman: She is a wise lady; who knows a lot about life. Yerma went to
she asked her why she did not have children; she replied "that she suffered a
"drought of not having children" because of her husband (Juan) since to have
a child was missing two... At the end of the play; The Old Pagan tells the
Yerma who would go to live with her son, with whom she would have children.

Yerma's sisters-in-law. They appear in every act; the curious thing is that they do not
they say nothing; only the 2nd one said a phrase: "she is here" in the whole play. They live in
Juan and Yerma's house. They are in charge of taking care of Yerma.

The six washerwomen. They appear in: scene one of the second act; in
the torrent of the village. The laundresses 4th, 5th and 6th criticize Yerma; the 1st the
defends and the 2nd and 3rd show indifference.

Dolores. She appears in: scene one of the third act; in her house. She is a
"conjurer". Yerma went to her to help her have a child.

The girls. They appear in: scene two of the first act; in the
field. They talk to Yerma about not being able to leave the children alone.
at home...and about whether it is better without children or with them. The 2nd girl
it also appears in the: second scene of the second act to warn
Yerma that her mother (Dolores) is at home.

The women. They appear in the last painting; in the surroundings of a

hermitage. They went to bring an offering to the hermitage.

The men. They appear in the last painting; at the pilgrimage party.
They appear singing at the pilgrimage party.

Female and male. They appear in the last scene; at the pilgrimage festival.
They appear singing and dancing the Dance of Fertility.

Children: They appear in the last scene; at the pilgrimage party. They appear.
singing.
INTERPRETIVE LEVEL

In summary, the play Yerma by Federico García Lorca is one of the works
most representative tragedies of the 20th century, due to the historical context that
it encompasses the reality that was lived in those times and by the techniques or
narrative resources like Lorca's literature to give a sense of
enhancement of the work, using words that will evoke the reader
emotions and feelings.

Federico García Lorca used various symbols to communicate the

messages behind his works, he also liked to use metaphor as
a strong literary use applying them to provide a literal and metaphorical meaning
they were light years away, that is to say they were very difficult to
to understand. He also liked to include traditional elements in his works
that represent their literary experience, such as traditional aspects of the
life, the people, and the country in which I had lived. The rural area of Spain
It also had a lot to do with his works due to cultural influences.
Moorish, the Eastern folklore and the wildness of its land.

Bibliography:

Brief analysis of symbols

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