Virtual Library of Paraguay

Narcizo R. Colmán
(Rosicrucian)

OUR ANCESTORS
(WE ARE)
Castilian version by the same author

GENESIS OF THE GUARANI RACE

Ethnogenetic and Mythological Poem

FOLLOWED BY A ETYMOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE

MYTHS, NAMES AND VOICES USED

NOTE: The translation of the first four chapters belongs to Dr. Eudoro Acosta Flores and the subsequent ones were made
by the same author of the poem, Don Narciso R. Colman.

PRELIMINARY WORDS

Professor Guillermo Tell Bertoni says in his work 'The Guarani Language, its Historical and Current Importance':

If the work of the Guarani Anacreon, Narciso R. Colmán, was revealing, he was an authentic pioneer of the movement for the redemption of one

of the most expensive attributes of nationality, whose works have established a lasting position in Guaraní literature and have

transcended to the outside where they have been acclaimed by scientific and literary criticism; the analyses were also revealing
the radicals of Dr. Domínguez and the rhymes of so many rivals of the immortal Pérez Martínez.

The distinguished professor is right. The title that corresponds to Rosicran is that of a true and courageous pioneer. His works are

full of merits, because a rich imagination and emotion, clear wit, sober style, clarity, and precision of concepts, are
it sums up the spirit of the tenacious and seasoned researcher.

Man of rather short stature, calm in speech; with a noble gaze and a composed demeanor; modest to the point of saying

enough, however, possesses the spirit of more powerful dynamism that has settled in carnal habits. He would be mistaken

Who judges it, a calm bourgeois, a gentleman with a harmless smile, a distracted passerby.

Long years of meditation, of useful study, of fruitful pains, have imprinted on his face the seal of serenity. Fraternal in
the greeting, discreet in demeanor, slow to give opinions, and generous in praising the works of others. Here is one of those men to whom

Like Prof. Teodoro Rojas, a wise and modest compatriot of widespread fame, we could consider him haloed with civil holiness.

Rosicran, whose is the pseudonym of the illustrious author of 'ÑandeYpy Kuéra', never suffered from injustice, pride, or ingratitude.

he knows how to express his clear song, free of cultism, free of bitterness, without a tone of admonition, without fictions of bristling

combativism. It is a true Beautiful Language, supreme priest of beauty.

When one has achieved, like him, to infuse poetry with the breath of wisdom, the rigor of the method softens and the work
masterpiece is created and remains victorious and invincible in the eyes of critics and in the sacred emotion of those who understand

Oh no, art, they intuit it, feel it, and enjoy it within the sublime postulate of Manclair: Without faith, all theology is vain. Closer to God,

that the wisest theologian is the humble believer, with deep and sincere faith.

Narciso R. Colmán holds a title more than enough to honor, as he does, the motherland and feel glorious: the telegrapher of the
Areguá station, where he was anointed with responsibility in his precocious childhood; the Municipal Secretary in Yvytymi, his town.

natal, diligent and upright public official: Justice of the Peace in Caballero, San Bernardino; Sub-Inspector of national telegraphs;
Judge of Crime in the San Roque district; Retired after 33 years of service in public administration, he is also a member

from the XX International Congress of Americanists in Rio de Janeiro (1922), Acting member of the Fluminense Society of

Jurisprudence of Brazil (1924); member of the Society of Auxiliary Sciences of History, of the II Congress of History and

Geography of America (1926); proposed to form the Paraguayan section, in the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation

from Paris (1927); invited to participate in the VII American Scientific Congress held in the city of Mexico (1931); Member of the
Aboriginal Philology Commission of the Historical and Ethnographic Museum (1920); Corresponding Member of the Circle of High Studies

Rosario de Santa Fe (1936).

The name of Narciso R. Colman appears on the cover of the magazine 'El Ideal' from Buenos Aires, as a contributor next to the
from Ruben Darío, Guido and Spano, Bartolomé Mitre, Leopoldo Lugones, Manuel Ugarte, Pedro B. Palacios (Almafuerte), Carlos

Rolox, Eduardo I. Santiago, Martiniano Leguizamón.

She has deserved just praise from illustrious intellectuals: among them, Moisés S. Bertoni, O'Leary, Guillermo T. Bertoni, Federico

García, Natalicio González, Justo P. Benítez, Robustiano Vera, Manuel Riquelme, Eloy Fariña Núñez, Juan Vicente Ramírez

Facundo Recalde, Eudoro Acosta Flores, Juan Stefanich, Leopoldo Ramos Giménez, etc.

National and foreign press has covered his works. "La Prensa", "La Nación", "El Ideal", "La Razón", "Catalunya"
from Buenos Aires, "Jornal do Comercio" "O Jornal" from Río; "La Voz de Madrid", etc.

And among those from abroad, João Ribeiro, Berduc, Gustavo Barroso, Luis Alberto de Herrera, Manuel María Oliver, Agustín

Fontanella. etc.

His main books are: "Ocára Potǐ" in two volumes "A Thousand Guarani Proverbs", "Ñande Ǐpǐ Cuéra"(ii), received with applause from

the continental critique. It would be worth collecting all those judgments in a volume like the barracks of the heraldic coat of arms of

his literary work.

I would have liked to transcribe them. It's not possible. There are so many - each more learned than the last. Mentioning them would fill pages and

pages...

Therefore, dear reader, on the threshold of the detailed Spanish version of "Ñande Ǐpǐ Cuéra"(iii), I will limit myself to paying tribute to

My admiration and sympathy to the exalted poet and noble friend, with the beautiful words of Natalicio González: May the Anacreontic continue.

Guarani playing the septichord lyre celebrating the blush of the virgins, the flight of the doves, and the song of the cicadas, to

eternal joy of men.

F. Ortiz Méndez

CHAPTER I.

In the deep silence and the great millenary night that surrounds the stars, only the sun emits golden flashes.

From this star, his luminous abode, Tupã observes the entire universe with scrutinizing eyes that see through the

shadows and things. A faint cloud of bitterness seems to envelop the wonderful glow of her gaze. Perhaps it instills in her some
sadness the infinite loneliness that surrounds him.

Afterwards, Tupã declares his wedding with Arasy celebrated. He immediately consecrates her as Mother of Heaven and establishes her dwelling.

the Moon, white and softly glowing, like a gigantic cotton fluff floating in space.

A warm heat surrounds the earth. A heated vapor, escaping from the agitated waters, slips away quickly and hissing;
there in the distance, the thunder, like a herald of war, announces with its hoarse dying breath a fierce storm. Prolonged lightning
occur intermittently, illuminating the environment and everything in the world seems to move in spasmodic convulsion. The clouds are

they group and disperse like crazed lambs from a fantastic flock... Suddenly, the sky is torn apart by the fleeting
shining break of a lightning bolt, and, little by little, like unstrung pearls from a necklace, hailstones fall upon the face of the earth.

The elements, led by a monumental and barbaric hand, engage in the most formidable battle that has ever moved the contest.
from the universe!...

As at dusk, breaking the dense curtain of shadows, the rain begins to fall with its purifying and fertile water.

First, big drops fall that take on strange flashes in the fleeting light of the lightning, and then, the waters rush down.

copiously in an uncontrollable torrent.

Up to the feet of the hill, which rises in the middle of the plain like a warning, the waters arrive, whitish to the

distance, filled with froth. The moon, among some clouds that run swiftly, bobbing like disoriented sailboats, peeks out

smiling and white face.

Around dawn, the sky clears completely and the entire surface of the earth appears clean and bright.

CHAPTER II

That distant morning, bright and cool, Tupã got up early with a carefree and joyful spirit. He invited Arasy, his
wife, so that she would come down with him to the earth, to the hill of Arigua. From this place, they would create the seas and the rivers,

forests, the stars, and all the beings of the universe.

The earth experienced a slight tremor, as if waking from its long slumber of centuries, and since then it has flourished.
the plants sprouted, the trees budded, the birds laughed with their crazy and jovial laughter, and the wind spread a thousand aromas everywhere

pleasant... The earth, as if infused with new life, turned harmoniously and its entire surface offered a magnificent spectacle and
sublime, but something was missing to complete the wonderful range of everything created and then Tupã proposed to create the first

human couple.

I gathered a little clay and mixed it with the juice of a plant called ruvicha, blood from a bird named Yvyja'u, some leaves of

sensitive (7) and an insect called ambu'a (myriapod) made a paste that was soaked with water they went to fetch from a spring.

close to which from then on was consecrated with the name of Tupãykua (today Ypacaraí). They then made two with it.

statues, resembling them, and exposed them to the sun to dry.

As soon as they felt the warmth of the sun's rays, both statues, endowed with life, trembled, transforming into

two vigorous beings who burst into shouts of joy.

Both gods had the newly created ones sit in front of them, and Arasyprorrumpió began to speak:

Woman who created me in your likeness: I give you the name Sypavê.

YTupã, in turn, said to the other, who was a male:

I give you the name Rupavê (10) and then, addressing both of them, continued:

Love each other a lot, my children, and reproduce endlessly. Always show special affection to children, and never be distressed by

Nothing, nothing will be missing on your path, for I will place everything within your reach...

Why do you say that? - Arasy interrupted him - If they do nothing, if they do not work, if they do not distract from the happiness of living that we end up

To burden them with the weight of labor may lead them to become miserable. A life that is always pleasant and easy is not life, but a slow death.

Well – said Tupã, addressing the newly created ones again, paying little attention to his wife's words – To

your food is not only the fruits from the plants and trees that make up the forests, but also the meat of the
animals (11) that will inhabit this land with you.

What are you leaving me? – asked Sypavê.

Arasyle replied:

For you, Sypavê, falls the fruit of the guava tree (arasa) whose name is so similar to mine. When you taste it, remember me.

What do you give me, Yamí? - Rupavê inquired in turn.

Tupã, generous, with paternal tenderness, replied immediately:

For you, my son, the coconut tree remains.

"I want more!" - shouted Rupavê, approaching.

Beggar man! – Tupã replied to him with feigned anger, pointing to the ground. – I also leave you this bed (tupa) (12) of which...

name will remind you of mine.

He then raised his right hand Tupã, and blessed all the animals that populated the forests.

And he/she spoke again:

All this, which is left for you, you must respect and preserve. Use all things in their own way without wasting them;

eat as much as you want until the true lord, elkaraiete, arrives on the shores of these lands, who will come one day to

mark the destiny of this continent... You – understand this well – are part of the clay that you are stepping on. The land is yours
Common mother and sister is the Moon, which you see suspended there in space: Both have life and are constantly rotating.

even if you don't realize it.

Everything that moves down there, like an enormous mane shaken by the wind, are the trees, and everything else

What you see animated at ground level, like little worms, are living beings... When life escapes from you and you return to the...

breast of this clay, mix yourselves with it, entirely and thus, once you have blended with it, you will once again enjoy anew
life...(17). You are just passing through this land; you will remain on it for a moment and then you will pass away. You will be like the fires.

fatuous, that you will see rise from the ground, on stormy nights, that illuminate for a moment and then fade away forever.

How I wish to see you live this existence that we have just given you! If you dignify it, you will not lack rewards...

Tupã fell silent for a moment, and then with a broad gesture, as if encompassing everything, continued in a measured voice:

What you see flickering in the sky, like infinite pupils, are the stars, fragments of the Moon, touched by me.

My dear... You should know that everything that reproduces has life. Water is the blood, the fertilizing element of the earth;
wind, (yvytu or yvypytu) which is the breath of the earth - it is that mysterious thing, laden with whispers, that sometimes passes by

Gently, caressing you, and others, as if possessed by an evil spirit, runs swiftly, terrible and brutal - it holds the air that
it is the foundation of your existence...... Love each other a lot, live in love, peacefully, as long as I watch over you. I leave you to

Taû(19)y aAngatupyry(20) as companions: Both already know the paths you will follow and although you do not see them,
one will support you in Good and the other will push you towards Evil.

Why do you give us a companion like aTaû? - whimpered timidly, Sypavê.

Your presence is needed among you! - replied Tupã. If fear did not exist, you would be very unhappy: so too if

if you obtained everything without any effort, you would not know the value of things... The healing virtues of the

herbs if diseases did not exist; you would not experience pleasure if you did not know pain... You would wander aimlessly,

suffering, if you could not die, and I would not want you to live renouncing life, burdened with weariness and blasphemies... In

These places would have nothing, it would be a terrible desert if I did not place you upon this globe to multiply you.

indefinitely... If any harm affects you, it is because Taûos tests you and then the battle begins between him and

Angatupyry. This will be the eternal struggle of good against evil. If you manage to regain your health, it is because Taûa abandons the fight, defeated.
and it is Angatupyry, on the other hand, who remains triumphant. Never let yourselves be tempted to steal, that is my main advice, and
do not believe that if you ever commit a theft of the belongings of your peers, even under the cover of all eyes, you would not cease to

to know later your lack, for you must know that always, wherever you find yourselves, by signs that will escape

Your most scrupulous foresight and prudence will reveal the shame of your actions.

He paused for a moment, lost in thought as if absorbed in some deep reflection, and then continued:

Never take the life of your fellow beings, because whoever does so will not enjoy peace in all their days.

I wish you had known in advance what will happen to you, but that is neither good nor convenient, because in

knowledge of your destiny, you may end up committing many excesses.

I will fill these woods with birds so that their singing may bring joy to these places and consequently to you as well, but
If by chance I were to see that, by a wicked thirst for evil, you sacrifice animals uselessly, you will never deserve it.

no reward. So it will happen to those who unnecessarily mutilate the trees and plants. Feed on their fruits,

but do not destroy them.

In your blood there is sap deka'a ruvichay that is why the trees love you in their own way. Keep in mind that all the
Vegetables have life like you do, but you will never be given the chance to understand their language.

And in this land you will find some herbs that should be mixed with ka'a ruvicha. From this mixture, how many remedies

wonderful will you obtain! With the sum of both a miraculous remedy is composed, but you will only come to know it

after a lot of efforts.

Teach your children the love for their own and especially advise the boys to recognize and respect their

descendants.

Till the land and sow the seeds in it.

Pick the first fruits and taste them in peace and tranquility.

Those who have joined in marriage must help each other, sharing the fruits cordially.
an example of birds that, when they find a worm, joyfully call their partner to enjoy it together.

I will always help the good ones as long as they arrive at my dwelling, after they are dead, I will surround them with affection and care.

Those who harbor wicked thoughts and have the spirit of evil in their entrails, those who only follow the indications of

Oh, they will never escape failure (22). Life will weigh upon them; they will be tormented by evil spirits, and everything they do,
contrary to its wishes it will be. All the life of these beings will be a constant suffering both physical and moral, and thus
He will purge the faults and sins that they may have committed.

To those who take the lives of their fellow beings and to those who steal, the remorse of Angekovóra will not leave a
moment in peace, tormenting him with a thousand piercing invisible hooks.

Iwilletchthefacesothatwhenyoulookatit,yourememberthatwealsoexist.Inthisway,youwillneverforget.

our words.

No sooner had he finished speaking, when TupãyAras disappeared from the sight of RupavêySypavê.

CHAPTER III.

From that moment Rupavêy Sypavê, on the hill of Aregua, began to live in the world of reality. Similar to
the birds loved each other a lot, cooed even more, and multiplied prodigiously under the protective gaze of Tupã, without

never to know the stabbing pains of hunger or the tormenting anguish of unfulfilled desire.
 CHAPTER IV.

Now let's get to know who their descendants were:

Three were the men and the women many. One of the first, the eldest, was named Tumê Arandu; the second
Marangatu(26) and the last one, of whom they said had been born standing, unlike the others, was named Japeusa(27). Among his

sisters, only four quickly became notable in the place they inhabited: Porãsy, regarded as the mother of
the beauty for being of singular beauty; Guarasyáva(29), because she had no rival as a swimmer; Tupinamba(30), for her strength

incomparable physics; and, finally, Yrasêma whom they called "the murmur of the waters" because she played the guitar wonderfully

and enchanted all who heard her, with her melodious and soothing song that resembled the murmur of the streams.

CHAPTER V.

Many years passed in which this family lived content on the hill of Arigua. There they procreated in the shade of the most

complete harmony and happiness, until one night when Yrasêma had sung too much, she woke up sick, voiceless. In such

In a circumstance, the mother called her son Japeus urgently to go search for the herbs that would serve her.
medicine. He specifically asked him to bring agrial leaves and ingapara peels for a brew, with salt extracted from one of
the nearby barriers. The objective was to provide the sick person with fasting the next day in the form of gargles; but Japeusa, who

he had been born the wrong way to do everything in reverse, he went and picked hot peppers, deka'atai leaves, three nettle leaves, and

two sour oranges, with which she prepared a mixture and forced her sister to drink it.

HalfanhourhadpassedwhenYrasêmase'sthroatswelledandbecameirritatedtothepointthatitclosedup.

complete the breathing.

It was midday when Yrasêmadobló bowed its neck, like a wilted flower that bends its corolla, and surrendered its spirit to Tupã.

in the midst of general consternation.

That virgin, model of Guarani grace, favorite flower of the tribe, has closed her eyes of passion for eternity.
leaving only its fragrance that floated in that atmosphere of sadness that had been ignored until then.

The entire tribe gathered around him, breaking into inconsolable tears at that unusual scene. Yrasêma died unblemished.

how he had lived; because he had always rejected the carnal ties of his close relatives and it was only his hobby

music and singing.

The news of his death attracted people from the farthest regions, who brought him numerous offerings.

mostlyedibleitems,whichtheyweredepositinginalargeclayurn,believing,withoutadoubt,thatwithsuchprovisions

They could make the dead come back to life. They also accumulated many medicinal herbs on her body and waited for several days.

confident that he would return to life. It was the first case of death that the tribe had witnessed, so they were perplexed, not
hitting the right party to take.

One of the bystanders raised his voice to express himself in these terms: Although we are witnesses to the bitter reality of his

death, we refuse to believe it; because Yrasêma seems to coexist with us.

Upon hearing these brief words, the older brother of the deceased, nicknamed Aranduy, who was none other than the prophet, Tumê, him

She replied as follows: This lifeless body of my sister, we must deposit it somewhere; for, as you can see.

that has stolen breath forever; and as you just said, although we are witnesses of his death, we

we resist believing the bitter reality, and that disbelief will persist as long as your body is present before our eyes and

while her invisible spirit floats around us. Let us take her to give her burial in the bosom of the earth: Thus it is commanded

Because that is the place where we will all end up at the hour of death.
 So you see, my brothers, the future that awaits us. A sad fate awaits mortals.

fosa; and I add: How great is the wisdom of Tupã in building our body full of openings, each of which requires

an essential need! The mouth demands food and drink from the moment the day begins until night; the eyes demand the
contemplation of beautiful landscapes and all that is beautiful in the world. The nose asks to receive the most delicate scents, the

most pleasant scents to the nose. The ears demand the perception of the sweetest harmonies, the songs and the tender chords of

the guitar. You will also agree with me that we experience the need for sexual pleasures; it would be very sad the
life without a partner who makes our existence happy. Tupã filled our bodies with anxieties that must be
satisfied and to calm them, strength is to work. And he continued: This very land we walk on has its own existence. It is a being that

lives, feeds on plants and our bodies. Nothing endures over it. Everything that exists on its surface will eventually end up,

sooner or later, in its inexorable bowels. Only stones and coal cannot be easily digested. And continuing its

You will see when some full moons have passed, no one will remember those dead; even more,

when the earth has fed on those remains, or when they have mixed with it down to the last particles, the
The deceased individual will have transitioned to another state. They will begin to live the elemental life. There, they will feel the emotions they experience.

Mother Earth, who is nothing but a being with life and movement.

The water is its blood and the air its breath. The vegetation is like the hair that surrounds it and the vines are like
intestines of the thicket (15.).

My brother has made that mistake due to utter ignorance.

It obeyed her way of being, her own temperament. There is a destiny drawn by Tupã and his designs must be fulfilled.

infallibly, despite the wise or ignorant who might want to oppose that law.

That is why I ask for mercy for the lost ones like my brother Japeusa.

CHAPTER VI.

The remains of Yrasêma, the romantic maiden whose singing was like the murmur of the streams, were placed in an urn.

of clay filled with fragrant flowers and delicious delicacies. This urn was placed in a deep pit while the procession was there.

They formed a great chain in a circle, and holding hands, they jumped, danced, and sang for a long time.

At that moment, the mother Sypãvey was the first to throw particles of earth over the pit, an act that was imitated.

for the present until the grave is completely filled. After this ceremony, they brought Japeusa, and placed him on the

tomb covered with earth. The angry tribe shouted for Japeusa to be finished off; but the heart of a mother, there

present, merciful heart as there will be no other like it, opposed, taking shelter behind the words of Tupã.

He said: "Never snatch the life of your peers" and added: For my son Japeusa is destined to live contrary to

Always all wills, let Arasy apply the punishment that her error or her wickedness deserves herself.

He withdrew amidst the general mockery and went to throw himself into a nearby stream. The search for him was in vain.

he did. Only after many days was his skeleton found on the shore, before which people gathered and saw for the first time
there was a very strange creature, similar to a tarantula, attached to the previously mentioned skeleton. They detached it and placed it on the sand,

began to walk backward, whose condition convinced them that it was none other than Japeusa (crab). At that moment, all

they exclaimed horrified: Japeusa! Japeusa!, always marching backwards. See what animal it had turned Arasy into.

as atonement for his guilt. Then the skeleton was buried in the sand, while the bystanders withdrew to the town. There

they were to meet with another piece of news: Yrasêma's fiancé had arrived that afternoon. In Tavaypy, he was surprised by the
bitter news of the death of her adored one and swift as lightning, he came to Arigua. It was the poor Jaharique in his despair.

He had arrived at his fiancée's chamber, watering all the objects that belonged to her in life with his tears.

Over there in the west, the sun was hiding behind clouds of red, as if drowning in puddles of blood, while here the
Passionate Jaharise lamented desolately. He made his way to the grave of his idolized Yrasêma and rolled over.
in his grave, he rehearsed this sad song:

Yrasêma, Yrasêma, you left me abandoned. And will this be true? I want to die right now to join you. I won't be able to.

resign myself to live alone: I will cry wherever I go. And at the contemplation of your ruin and your abandoned things,
I feel myself going crazy. Oh! Tupã, please take me to where my Yrasêma is.

Uponfinishinghissong,hefelldeadontheverygravethatheldtheremainsoftheonehelovedsomuch.Nexttoit

they buried him.

CHAPTER VII.

The seven myths generated by Taû and Kerana:

Teju jagua, Mboy Tu'i, / Moñai, Jasy Jatere, /
Kurupi, Ao Ao, / Ha Juisõ Ipahague

The full moon has passed and as the wise Tumê had predicted, no one remembers that mournful event that marginalized

the first three deaths that occurred at the dawn of the Guaranitic Era. But soon a sensational event would take place.

a call to remain indelible in the memory of posterity that would mark the origin of Mythology and the traditions of the world
guarani. It happened that in the tribe there was a granddaughter of Sypãve, spoiled daughter of Marangatu, a girl of extraordinary beauty, who spent

her days sleeping; that’s why she was nicknamed Kerana (37) (sleepyhead). She was the only daughter of Marangatu, who was the charm.

of the home, and she was personified sympathy, the idol of the tribe.

ThemalevolentspiritTaû,whohadbeensecretlyenamoredwithherforalongtime,transformedintoahandsomeyoungmanandwentto

fulfill it. Seven days(38) after his frequent visits, he tried to kidnap her, but Angatupyry, the spirit, intervened at the right time.
of good, who came forward resolved to defend her. As soon as they found themselves face to face, they engaged in a fierce struggle,

taking a large field as a setting. They fought for 7 days and nights, until Taû, fainting, considered himself lost. In
Such an emergency required the help of his old grandfather (39) Pytajovái (40), who was the God of Courage and carried the fire within his entrails.

from destruction; he had no rivals and his breath emitted flames that disturbed him and filled him with unease.

This intrepid warrior defeated Angatupyry, and now in control of the field, he went to abduct Kerana. This attitude
it produced a just indignation among the people, who from that moment on, were sleepless in their pleas and requests to Arasy for the

exemplary punishment of the raptor.

The goddess heard those pleas and her own indignation manifests in a terrible curse cast against Taû. This
the curse is going to come true very soon.

Let's see what happens. Upon reaching seven full moons, or seven months, Keranadio gave birth to the first monstrous child. Its figure was...

the one of a dog-iguana with seven heads. The births continued every seven months until completing the seven myths.

known in Guarani legends to this day.

They are: Teju jagua (iguana-dog) (43), Mbói Tu'î (viper-parrot) (44), Moñái (45), Jasy jatere (46), Kurupi (47), Ao-Ao (48), and

Huicho (49), that is, Luisón, who was the seventh child.

These twisted beings by Nature revealed themselves as devilish entities from a young age, inspiring general terror.
Their inclinations manifested themselves quite early with the following attributes:

Thus: Teju jagua, (iguana-dog) or Jaguaru(50) is the embodiment of the myth that means the forced inaction, due to the
deformity of his body due to the seven heads that hindered him from any movement. He was the most horrible due to his ugliness. His
Eyes were emitting flames. Tupãno granted him the ability to develop his ferocity, being, on the contrary, docile and harmless.

He fed on fruits and his brother Jasy jaterele provided him with honey, his preferred food. He was considered as the

lord of the caverns and protector of the fruits.

Mbói Tu'î (parrot snake) – A serpent of colossal forms with a parrot head, was the second child of the evil union. Its

domains extended over the wetlands. Protector of amphibians, of dew, of moisture and of flowers.

Moñai – Lord of the fields, of the skies and of the birds: protector of theft and all trickery or mischief.

Jasy Atere (fragment of the moon); little man with golden hair, lord of naps, possessor of a wand.
golden that made him invisible, protector of the Ka'aruvichao magical herb and of the bees.

Kurupi - The prototype of sensuality, master of the jungle and wild animals. His male member was of a length

huge.

In the mountains, there grows a type of vine called Kurupirembo, as a confirmation of what has been said.

Ao-Ao - Lord of fertility. He was considered the ruler of the hills and mountains. Tradition says that he lived

like the boars in cannibalistic and voracious dens, chasing after people. When they, in fleeing from them, to
they freed themselves by climbing the trees, surrounding them and shouting in chorus: Ao-Ao, Ao-Ao. Then they uprooted the trees and turned them over.

to take possession of their victims. Those who climbed the palms were saved, as if these plants had a virtue against

they.

Juicho, LuisónoLuvisón – Seventh son of Taûy of Kerana; lord of the night and companion of the fates. His domain

extended through the cemeteries and fed on the flesh of the dead.

These seven-month phenomena reached their maximum development at the age of seven, and among all of them, who caused the most uproar

Kurupique promoted the abduction of virgins. The most beautiful among them mysteriously disappeared and well

soon, they were pregnant to give birth at seven months. But since the offspring were of malevolent origin, in the case that
If they had to live, they would set the world on fire with their misdeeds; but Tupã decided that they should perish seven days after being born.

the navel, eventually dying from the seven-day sickness (tetanus).

Among the seven sons of Taû, Moñáiera, a thief enthusiast, is located in a cave in Yvyty kuape (51), today called "Cerro".

Kavaju", department of Atyrá. In that cave, Moñái accumulated the products of his plunder. The vandalistic acts of these

brothers came to create a state of heightened nervousness among the people, a seedbed of discord sown by the
evil influence of those. They hated each other, blamed each other, armed themselves, poisoned their arrows, set the mountains on fire and

sowing grounds. Over there a murder, here a rape, over yonder a house fire. Old people, children and women, possessed by collective hatred,
they attacked and killed each other fiercely.

But here comes on stage the great prophet Tumêr resolved to put an end to this state of affairs.

He called the Avare (priests), chiefs, and other prominent neighbors of the town to a Mandaje (assembly) and requested them

to help put an end to this collective misfortune. They were invited to attend the Ñemono'ongáva (52) or Cabildo, located

So in Atyra, which also means meeting place, where on that occasion Tumê would speak.

CHAPTER VIII

One morning, he was meditating and smiling ironically at the sight of his phenomenal deformed progeny as well as the work of

destruction to which they surrendered. His eyes danced in their sockets, his teeth chattered, flames emitted from his mouth and
I was monologuing in these terms: "They say that women have cursed me and that is why I have been condemned to have this"

counterfeit descendants. Well! To those women (Kuña), I also curse them and want evil to take root in their
languages. Instead of dekuña, they should be called deku ñañao, that is, cursed language. Also the kuimba'e (men), that
They enjoy the full possession of their languages, (and they have their own). Nevertheless, they may have the weakness of obeying everyone.

female whims. See if not, that most of the human events that move societies (crimes,
dramas, tragedies, etc.), will always have women as the motive; or if it is not their own work, it will be their insinuation.

Thelasersnakeherselfhideshervenom,anddoesnotuseitunlesssheisattacked,andonlyinthatcasewillshebiteindefense.

its own, and its bite kills or soon heals. In contrast, women will be much worse. Whoever is bitten by her viper tongue,
he will not fall dead instantly, but will have a slow suffering, until his total annihilation. His preference will be to sink his teeth into the

meat of the absent friends. We must let them vent, for, just like volcanoes, when they don't spew lava...

produce an earthquake. We must let them vent, let them chew on other people's reputations, for that is their hidden pleasure.
They, instead of seeking the calm that comes from peace of spirit, their own temperament will condemn them to a life of

unease and setbacks.

Let them suffer the consequences of their own evil!

CHAPTER IX

It was a white night. The moon illuminated the set of landscapes offered by the contours of Atija, (now Atyrá).

A primitive panorama, a young nature, full of exuberance and loaded with aromas. ElYvyty rembóo is the mountain range.
from the Heights, it outlined its silhouette, in the twilight, back there in the depths of the plain.

The Cabildo was crowded with an audience eager to hear the saving words of Tumê, who,
presenting himself before them, he spoke to them of unity, of concord, of mutual love. After a long public exhortation, he invited to a

secret session to the most distinguished auditors, in which he again recommended great caution, so that they do not
He had an idea of the plans he was preparing for them, for he added, in this tough trial, whoever advances will enjoy the best.

press

Not so long ago, when Kerana began to bring forth the children of phenomena, I then predicted that this fact...

it was a bad omen; and you can see that my suspicions have been confirmed. We are witnessing a period of

desolation of blood, tears and murders, and these murders also have their logical effects. The remorse of

awareness of the murderers that puts the nerves on edge.

If you end the lives of your fellow beings, you will feel the spirit of Angekovór taking possession of your insides.

He will burn your heart with a slow fire, which will take away your peace and sleep. But Tupã said, 'enough!' and sent me an emissary.

This is Jahari gua'a, (parrot) that accompanies me and through him, conveys his wishes. He decided that, without

wasting time, one takes revenge against the brothers myths inspiring me to set a trap for them; adding:

In seven days, at night, you will do exactly what I will indicate. One of my sisters is already destined for
sacrifice; it has the selfless and sublime mission of saving us(53), if luck is on their side they will return unharmed; if not, their life will have been

offering in holocaust to our tranquility. It will march determined to appease the wrath of Moñái, to seduce him, to disarm him, or in

otherwise, to perish!

CHAPTER X

As soon as he returned home, Tumê called his three sisters who were arriving successively to his presence;
first Tupinamba, then Guarasyá and finally Porãsy, who was the youngest; all of them radiant maidens to whom their

Brother Tumêo, Pa'i Arandu (25.), spoke to them confidentially in these terms: What have you thought about our life?

We have lived many years and we never age and we are destined to survive in this way. If someone does not kill us, the

diseases will not kill us, because we are immunized. We maintain our youth overflowing with energy, while the
Most of our close relatives have already disappeared. Only four of us who are here have survived.

presents; I want to reveal a secret to you, for which I hope you will lend me your due attention. Dear sisters, listen to me:

You must know that I have provided you with a remedy against death, so that you remain always young and immune to all.
disease. Do you know that Jahari gua'a, the parrot that accompanies me?; the one that was a gift from the young Jaharia

our deceased sister Yrasêma? Well, I found that bird after the death of the lovers; and what a revelation!

The day dawned filled with the divine spark of wisdom. None other than Tupã had chosen him as a means of communication to

let me know your wishes. Thanks to the indications of that bird, I learned the secret of a wild herb called Ka'a
ruvicha (soberana yerba). The man who consumes a potion made from that herb will not die as long as he does not commit elangaipa.

(55)(fornication); it will not grow old and will always enjoy good humor, it will be wise and safe from all illness.

Whoever makes use of that wonderful herb will also be able to know the future, they will guess any secrets they desire; only

It depends on the cooking and mixing method. Only four beings have enjoyed that medicine: the four.

brothers who are present and estequa'a.

Since that day, you are under the enchantment and if you wish, today you can choose a husband without you
the remedy is detrimental, as we had supposed; on the contrary, the woman will procreate better and will not suffer the pains of childbirth.

man, on the contrary, if he were to cohabit, he will die and will not feel sexual pleasures. This is my secret that I reveal to you today. And

He continued in his talk: you are witnesses of how bitter our existence is becoming. We are under the malevolent influence of

the seven spirits that fill us with terror; and our race needs a savior. One of you will tell me if you are encouraged to face the

great company of going to Moñá to implement the rancho ka'aty (56), plan forged by my ingenuity. We move forward and
With a determined voice, express: I will go kill him!

After receiving the case instructions, he set out to fulfill the difficult mission that had been entrusted to him.

How young and beautiful was the maiden, the last sister of Tumê, who offered her life in sacrifice for the redemption of her homeland,

liberating it from the domination of the seven myths that devastated the beloved land!

CHAPTER XI

Not far from Atyjase, the Kabaju hill is seen (51.), in whose cave Moñái lived. It was there that Porãsy appeared one morning.

Very early to put into practice his brother Tumê's plans. As soon as the terrible Moñái woke up, he appeared before
her eyes like a vision the elegant and voluptuous figure of Porãsy, and as soon as she saw him, she said: it had been a long time since she had been alive.

wishes to meet you; today, at last, I find myself in your presence, you have a reputation for being brave and courageous, that is why I love you and

I have found you after many efforts. I congratulate you and celebrate that you enjoy good health.

Moñái, in the face of this sudden appearance, sat up in his bed and looking at her, felt so mocked that it even seemed to him
a dream. That wicked one with such dark insides, who never knew fear, here he is before a woman, feeling small,

shy, embarrassed. It was that he had never seen a woman so beautiful, with such perfect sculptural shapes, with such a gaze.
sweet and penetrating, and armed with an incomparable daring. She captivated him in such a way that he felt ashamed to look at her

fixedly at his face. And what pleased him the most was the fact that she came expressly to visit him because she loved him. So she
he felt submissive and humiliated. After many twists and turns, he was timidly approaching his visitor and, with a pleading voice, he spoke to him:

You are so beautiful that I never tire of admiring you; and then he continued: I have lived here alone for so many years, in the midst of these

stones, no human has ever reached here who had the kindness to visit me. You have done so and if it is true that I
Well, I believe you won't have any objection to us getting linked right now... Porãsyle interrupted: That's why I came, but it would be

I wish that you gather all your brothers whom I have a strong desire to meet and once everyone is gathered in this place.
we will have a big party and get married, but before that it is pointless to think about it. So hurry up and gather them all

all of them in ten days at night. That we are all together and happy; and if you do not bring them, I will not be delighted in
your arms and I will think that you do not love me; and just as I have come, I will return home, for what would I be looking for around here?

I will do everything possible for you, replied Moñái. In any case, from now on I live and will live to dedicate myself to satisfying.

all your wishes. I only find one difficulty, one of my brothers lives in Jaguaru (Yaguarón), and he won't be able to come here.

due to his deformity, but we will move to his residence so that he can also be in our company. In

At that very moment, both made their way to Jaguaru, where Teju jagua was informed. Upon seeing such beauty, he...
He felt humiliated for having seven heads. Meanwhile, Moñáis went out in search of his other brothers for the meeting that was

projected.

All the instructions of Tumê Aranduse were being followed exactly. On the specified tenth day, they were gathered.

in the Yaguarón cave: Teju jagua, Mboi tu'î, Moñái, Jasy jatere, Kurupi, Ao-Aoy Luisón, who surrounded and fulfilled
adoration to Porãsy, who was there more beautiful than ever in her bridal attire.

They began to abuse chicha, the traditional drink of the indigenous people, and soon they became drunk.
circumstance expected to take advantage of them, who were lurking with their people. He immediately prepared to close the door of the cave,

at the precise moment when Porãsy had to leave the cave. The reasons for which the myths became aware are unknown.
of the tricks they devised; the truth is that, when trying to escape, Porãsy was assaulted by Moñái who, in the middle of his

drunkenness, managed to hold her by the arms, addressing her in the following way: Don't abandon me, dear daughter!, you are

betraying...

Betrayal!, betrayal!, the brothers responded in chorus. Thus discovered the plan, Porãs shouted to his people: I can no longer
leave, I prefer to die here with them, like this... secure the entrance!

Meanwhile, Tumêy and his people gathered stones and firewood, so that no one could leave the cave anymore. And the seven

evil brothers, seeing themselves locked up like this, began to let out terrible howls. Teju jaguar was barking desperately, the

gárruloMbói produced deafening cries, creating all this a hellish orchestra that made the earth tremble in those

contours.

One had to listen to the tumult of the myths, in their despair. One let out deafening wails, another roared, another

he was screaming and the others contributed with their voices to a shouting that could burst eardrums.

The door of the cave felt like it was creaking. The concentrated forces of all of them made the entire land around them tremble.

until raising a dense cloud of dust that darkened the sky.

In such moments, he lit the fire and continued stoking it throughout the night.

Around dawn, Porãsy ceased to exist among the smoke and fire and his luminous spirit, resembling a firefly, emerged.
from that blazing den and rose to the regions of the ether, where it dwells. Since then, the firmament has been adorned with the

morning star that the Guarani called Mbyja co'ê.

That radiant star is the spirit of Porãsy, which was placed there by the work of Tupã, destined to illuminate all the dawns.

the ages of ages. The shining of that star will eternally remind one of the eyes of that goddess of beauty, sacrificed
in the name of the 'redemption of a people.

And, inasmuch as Porãsy was the first to suffocate, the other myths needed seven days and seven nights to consume themselves.

Yes, their spirits purified by fire, left the fiery den, and also shining they soared towards the infinite,

the seven are located together to later form the astronomical set of the seven little goats (Eichu).

After seven years of continuous depredations and misdeeds, those seven monsters, cursed offspring of Kerana, were

incinerated in that cave that served them as fiery torment.

That oven was opened by Tumêy and the entire town gathered there could see the ashes.
 And that legendary site has since been consecrated with the name Moñái Kuare, department of Yaguarón.

(See the Map of Paraguay.)

CHAPTER XII

The Sypãve tribe was seized by a deep feeling for the death of their idol Porãsy, who was burned alive to save her nation.

At that time, there was a Ne'ê papára, a syllable counter, that is, a Guarani versifier, named Etiguara, fervent

worshiper of Porãsya who dedicated a psalm, which the crowds used to chant in unison, and whose meaning has reached until

we in the wings of tradition:

Don't give up All of nature

Happy heart it moves joyfully
I love you dearly when you appear,
The eyes of the moon beautiful little star
LET'S GO TOGETHER! (Chorus) (Chorus)

What are we closing? White flower of the dawn,

Happy heart as good as you were,

You are beautiful wanting to save us
The home of the ancestors burned you died
OH, THE GREAT RESCUE! (Chorus) (Chorus)

It is the path of the spirit Daughter of Arasy

The sky is blue pearl of the sky,

Reserve the queen your fresh dew
I am awake it seeps into the ground.
OKÚIVA YSAPY! (Chorus) (Chorus)

Ysapy is here Tears of fog

Is it worth it? loaded with essence.
I don't understand you the flowers bloom
The flower of the sea... before your presence.
LIFE IS A TREASURE! (Chorus) (Chorus)

At that time Oh, beautiful little star

Let it be known when the day breaks,

Your laughter is beautiful upon seeing your shine

Oh my goodness... you give us joy.

IT'S TIME...! (Chorus) (Chorus)

I can't understand it. And of the frosts

Ruy rypy'a (62) they whiten the fields,
Remember the strength yourshininglight
So happy... it becomes a charm
HAPPY BIRTHDAY...! (Chorus) (Chorus)
 I love you Moñái adored you
I miss you... by such effect...
Where are you going? You abandoned us
You are right for never again!
REJE JAPETE! (Chorus) Coro

Is there a little bird? You were forever

What's new? Porãsyadorada,
What is this? We always mourn you
Hello, how are you! with the dawns
Hail the King! (Chorus) (Chorus)

In the afternoon However, nonetheless

Tupã's creation we find comfort
Warning signs upon knowing that you are

I will find you... the soft sky

HA IKUNU'ÛHA... (Chorus) (Chorus)

What is your name? Where have you gone?

Welcome! come back right away,
Guyrama jory The birds claim
Good morning your soon coming!
¡RERU KO'êJU! (Chorus) (Chorus)

Nice to meet you You are from heaven

I'm not sure... the grey star,
The Garden of God that incites souls
Toro is beautiful!... to be adored!
TORO HETÛMI! (Chorus) (Chorus)

CHAPTER XIII

After the incineration of the seven malevolent beings that plagued the region, the unrest came to an end, for a short time.
and you struggle.

An apparent calm filled the air, infusing the breath of vague hopes for a better future, but soon,

men again fueled desires for vengeance, to pour out among them the torrents of their hates and resentments.

That was due to the devilish influence of Taûque who had returned from a long journey, to stir discord in the souls of the

Guarani

And the extermination of his offspring had occurred in his absence. He was in his domains of Ruapehû, near

Tauranga, over there in New Zealand, for a long time.

As soon as he returned to the land of Tumê (Paraguay), he went to ascend to the summit of the Jaguaru hill with his partner. This

he refers to the horrifying catastrophe that occurred; and upon learning that his seven sons were sacrificed in the flames by Tumê, he rose up.

infuriated, he launched a mighty kick against a stone whose marks can still be seen today, and fast as the wind,
he left in search of Tumê, from whom he swore to take revenge.

He headed to Atyha, his usual residence. He was determined to crush him, to annihilate him. But he had made a pathetic mistake...

Meanwhile, Kerana, at the top of the Jaguar hill, overwhelmed with pain, cried inconsolably until she ran out of tears.

source of her tears, eventually dying of sorrow.

In that same place, you can still see a small spring of water where it flows like a constant thread, drop by drop.

the liquid crystal.

Tradition says that those drops evoke the sorrowful tears of Kerana.

Meanwhile, Taûempeñosamente was searching for Tumê, whom he found bathing naked in a small pool of the stream.
Karumbe'yen the place of Mbururu, department of Atyha.

Taûse approached stealthily, but Tumê, already alerted in advance by the Gua'a, was on guard and turning his face.

quickly towards him, she gave him a bewildering look.

Taûno could not resist the strength of that gaze and was defeated. That extraordinary prophet 'empayenó' him, meaning he...

he magnetized him, dominated him, and conjured him with the triangular symbol, and he had to flee from his presence terrified, like a soul fleeing

devil.

In his escape, he passed by a place where there is a curious stone now called Ita Espejo, which Tumê used at that time as

tal.

For revenge,Taûempañó the stone with his breath and drew on it the figure of an ostrich foot, whose meaning is the

threat of a proud kick aimed at the generation of Tumê. He withdrew afterward, and immediately went to put in
he practices his dark designs.

He sowed discord among men and civil wars arose among them.

It returned, like in times past, the darkest era of blood and death that Guaraní history remembers.

Afire,finallyvoracious,devastatedalmosthalfoftheregion,andthusitcouldtakerevengeontheGuarani,theirmortals.

enemies.

In view of the human wickedness that reigned then, Tupã became enraged and decreed that a Yporu (flood) would come to put an end to

such terrible cruelties.

That determination was transmitted to Tumê through the Gua'a.

He wished that he would personally build a Ygarusu, that is, a large canoe made from a single tree trunk for his rescue.
You put all your ingenuity into that construction, and as soon as you finished the work, one afternoon, while the sun was setting.

An extraordinary phenomenon occurred in the stellar regions that amazed all the rebels who were fighting tirelessly.

Elastrokingseemedtobatheinaseaofblood.Hewasadornedwithahugecircleresemblingalargespotlightthat
it produced sunsets (67) that illuminated the face of the earth with their iridescent colors. This was a sign that foretold a

serious event. All living beings began to stir, and as night fell, the surprise culminated with the fall of a

star rain (68).

An extraordinary heat was scorching the environment. Insects buzzed; frogs croaked; foxes growled; nocturnal birds

they were whistling and the bird, oh my, with its strident cry announced a nearby and terrible cataclysm. In the swamps, the
despairing laments, in chorus with the chahay the caw of the kurukãu, which filled from the heights

hearts of deep anguish.

The jaguars (large wolves) howled everywhere. The tigers and lions shook the atmosphere with their sovereign roars.

while in the wetlands the snakes whistled.

 These scenes produced astonishment and shivers even in the most intrepid and strong warriors, who trembled before the

premonition of their imminent end. In their regret, they made peace. There was a moment when the oxygen

thinned out and living beings began to breathe heavily. In this desperate moment, the warriors broke their

Arrows and alarm-filled people sought refuge among the rocks and other hideouts. Finally, the war ended...

It caused Arasy great sorrow the impending extermination of the human race. He lamented that men, due to their ignorance,
they would have become cruel to each other and because of that they would have to receive the death penalty.

He was constituted before Tupã to ask for the grace that they be forgiven, but he replied: 'It is not possible, I have already...

ordered aTupã amaru (70) that, as its name indicates, is the father of the waters, who dwells at the bottom of the seas, so that,

Tomorrow itself, I will scour the face of the earth with a long and torrential rain. From that deluge, I want only Tumê to be saved.
with their sisters and the Gua'a, because I understand that they will procreate another generation more pure and more obedient to our

commands. It would say that nothing could be objected anymore. Tupã would do His will, and this will be the most just and unappealable.

There was no other remedy but to wait for the supreme hour of the great rain... On that night of infinite anxiety, no one found peace.

dream, until finally day broke, but the sun did not rise. A total eclipse interposed itself in front.
the eyes of the sun, the dwelling of Tupã, who did not wish to witness the extermination of so many wicked. It focused on unleashing

about them a final judgment day, which is something like a heroic remedy, extirpating impurities.

CHAPTER XIV

Finally, the day of the deluge came, that is, the day of the Universal Flood.

The sky dawned overcast; it seemed to be dressed in mourning. A dark something floated in the air. Tumê with his two sisters.

and the Gua'aya were conveniently located within the vessel. A suffocating vapor was escaping from the waters

agitated and the warm air currents brought a strong smell of cockroaches. A terrifying storm was coming. Lightning
Prolonged flashes occurred intermittently, illuminating all areas and the orb seemed to move in spasmodic convulsion.

The clouds cluster, disperse, rise and fall, whirling in tremendous confusion. The electric discharges are frequent;

And, by around noon, a horrible storm with rain began to lash the face of the earth. The fields and places were flooding.

with sheets of water, and it kept raining and raining... until they completely covered the hills, leaving only visible the

peaks of one or another elevated mountain.

CHAPTER XV

You could not specify how long the flood lasted, you only remember that, after many days of continuous and torrential rain.

rains, only a few peaks of high mountains remained above water (72.) on which the animals that
They constitute the current Guarani fauna. Numerous species have disappeared, those that are now cited as beings from before the flood.

All men perished except for the three chosen by Tupã.

When the waters were rising up the slopes of the hills, the most thrilling and grand spectacle was presented that
Until then it had been seen, and it was certainly worthy of the cinema screen.

Thousands of aborigines, desperately fighting against the waters, struggled to reach the peaks but found themselves

constantly attacked by fierce animals, or by colossal snakes that devoured them, so that those who did not
they died drowned, perished in the claws of beasts, or were harassed by hunger.

After the rain stopped, the waters began to recede until they normalized their courses; but a Yvytyngusu, meaning a

intense fog reigned for several days, until finally, it also dissipated and then a bright sun illuminated the
on the surface of the earth. Tumêse decided to leave his little boat to go on a short excursion around the surroundings.

I contemplated the verdant fronds and the yellowish edges of the leaves, recently exhumed from the waters. The trees

they were covered with algae and lichens, due to humidity, suspended from the branches in the form of hair. Fungi
gigantic figures were sprouting everywhere; and lo and behold, to Tumê's great surprise, the silhouettes of two men appeared.

near mound. They were two arrogant young men with dark yellow skin, with cheerful looks, healthy, robust

and attractive.

You interviewed them, and since you did not understand their language, you brought them in front of your sisters, and soon with the

they came to understand each other, professing mutual sympathy.

The strangers recounted their story as follows:

We are of the sea. We have arrived here by sailing in a small boat and God has...
guided to find ourselves here together.

In the middle of the sea was situated our beautiful country, which was the radiant Halánte (Atlantis), a land of incomparable
charms. A sinister night swallowed him up in the sea, and its inhabitants succumbed in the struggle with the foamy waves.

The raging waters roared in a strange way and the waves rose to hundreds of meters when its inhabitants

They were all drowning when a providential hand placed two little boats floating in our path.

In our imminent ruin, my brother and I took one of them and in the other one a couple also settled.

he fought to save his life. That marriage that turned out to be Kariõ (Deucalion) and his wife Pyrrha, who accompanied us.

Many days at sea, until the waves took them to unknown directions (79). And, he continued: My name is Karaive.

(13.), and my older brother who is present here is named Ma'ê hory (80). We are survivors of the flood.

He asked you: Are you then maritime? Welcome and let us give thanks to Tupã for having preserved you, falling

here like rain worms (amaraso), expressly designated for the husbands of my sisters...

It happened that Amaraso (81) became the nickname of Ma'ê horyy aKaraivese was given the nickname Paragua (which means

maritime.) Both stayed with them.

Guarasyávase married Paraguay Tupinambá joined with Amaraso; he went to Brazil with his wife settling in

banks of a great river that was originally named Amarasoya(82), a word that for pronunciation difficulties was

changed by Amasonia.

Tupinamba became the mother of the tupinambás. Paragua stayed here and also temporarily set up her home on the banks of.

another great river that they called Paraguay (water of the sea); but later, due to spelling difficulties, they wrote and pronounced
Paraguay, which is equivalent to PARAGUAY.

What an intelligent man Paragua was!

Tupã had sent a worthy collaborator, a good brother-in-law to Tumê.

OnedayhecametotakehimtoAriguátofoundavillage,veryclosetoTupãYkuay.Hemovedtherebecausesomethinghappened.

he felt empty, he could not find peace in the place he had chosen.

He began to work diligently to build an ideal town that would be the admiration of the era. He had a firstborn son.

he was called Arekaja(83), a model of a dynamic man, endowed with extraordinary abilities. No one like him for the

inventions, He was the factotum, the indispensable one, to direct and motivate the construction works, which were progressing day by

day. All the inhabitants were engaged in those tasks until it finally reached its peak.

FromAriguas, I beheld a shining city; it was the likeness of that capital of the vanishedAtlantis.

He also manufactured everything that was used in that city. At night it emitted a white glare similar to the light of lightning.

Tradition says that the house of Paragua was an Eden suspended on the banks of Tupã Ykua. Construction of
extraordinary height, their mborechakáva (windows) were gilded by fire. Upon contact with the sun's rays, they emitted golden glows.

reflections that blinded the sight. Paraguay had the obsession with lights and caressed the idea of obtaining lighting similar to that which one

I used to be in the great shining city that was the metropolis of Atlantis, near which there was a deep well.

extraordinary, from where a yellowish liquid was extracted that had phosphorescent properties, able to illuminate in the

darkness as fireflies illuminate.

This liquid was bottled in large glass flasks. It was brought into contact with certain devices made of specific materials.

good (wire), small black (magnet), supported by polished silver nails; all of which was operated by means of

a yellow mineral oil, mixed with sulfur and

elitatymbéy (quicksilver) achieved lighting similar to daylight.

Paraguay trusted to find that yellowish substance at great depth, and had a well dug on his own property.

The big company looked for the Arakua (86); but the major company gave a negative result. After hundreds of meters

From the drilling, a very thick white liquid emerged, similar to milk but not phosphorescent. It was a white varnish, with which
the most important buildings were bathed, and in sunlight, it produced strange flashes.

Thenativeslikedthatmilkandfounditverypleasant.Drinkingacertainamountofitproducedthe
intoxication and a drowsiness that transported to a state of delightful ecstasy.

Very soon, those who consumed it gained weight, but their bones also softened, ultimately leading to death.

In the presence of such a discovery, it was ordered to continue with the excavation, and work had already progressed at double the pace.

when, suddenly, fire broke out... which caused great alarm. The supervisor of the work, (Arekaja) said: We who were going
searching for the cave of light, we now come to hit hell...

He ordered the immediate closure of the well, and with that measure, the colossal enterprise was cut short. The efforts of Arekaja

They directed the search for another procedure aimed at naming the fascinating city of Têtã vera guasu.

Paraguay and his son Arecayac began to focus exclusively on conducting experiments. They extracted the juice from the orange.

agitated in which they submerged elita karu (magnetite), ignoring what other substances, until one day it caught fire,
that is to say, they shaped their ideas and managed to produce a quite intense light. One had to see these two geniuses of progress with

What enthusiasm they had installing strange devices on the rooftops of houses, which, at night, were adorned.

with bouquets of lights, generators of electricity.

It was just getting dark, the appliances began to operate filling the entire town with glimmers that thus brought it to life.

truly fantastic aspect.

This city, cradle of mysteries and enchantments, was given the name Mba'e vera guasu, which means,

great shining city.

CHAPTER XVI

The life of Paraguay was an integral dedication to work, to the realization of artistic works, which in that distant time did not
there were those who could surpass them, giving an idea of the superior level of advancement of the Atlanteans. And those works

supernatural beings, according to their own manifestations, she did it to forget her sorrows, because she felt overwhelmed by a

deep and incurable nostalgia. In such a state, he lived pensive and melancholic, thus doubling his activities. Throughout the

In the time of his tasks and worries, he had the habit of whistling such sad tunes that deeply impressed all who heard him.
they were listening; frequently he sighed exclaiming 'Oh Atlante!' which seemed to spring from the very depths of his heart. His
children who often heard that interjectory phrase from his lips, would mimic him: ¡Ha tualante! (88) that still lives today in the mouth of

some elders equate it to 'Oh wow!' ignoring its origin, which is nothing other than the relief or the sigh of
father of the Guarani race evoking his vanished Atlantis.

Paraguay silently endured that torturous anguish, because, as a man, he did not want to show weakness and tried to

hide their tears.

Nevertheless, one day he was caught in the act.

It was a lilac afternoon. The sun was about to hide behind clouds of opal and crimson. It was a solemn moment that invited

ecstasy and meditation. The cicadas with their siren whistles announced the capitulation of the day to the reign of shadows.

At that hour, the heart of Paragua was flooded with sadness, as he was downcast and deeply moved.
attitude surprised his wife. She leaps at his neck, kisses him, fills him with caresses, bathes his face with her tears and possessed by a
great jealousy interrogates him: My little husband, what do you feel so much?, who could have been the ungrateful one that brought you to this state? Confess to me the

truth because I am so broken to see you possessed, for some time now, by a melancholy so deep that I no longer
you can hide. Even if your own mother had died, it's not possible that your pain could reach that extreme. Ah! How much I have suffered and

I suffer before your incurable anguish!

Paraguala embraced him and said in a confidential tone: Ah, Guarasyáva! Don't want to think about nonsense; it is that I live overwhelmed by

the memory of my former affection. This deep melancholy that dominates me is a kind of illness that is called

nostalgia.

Always.... but always! I am tormented by the doubt of whether that beautiful Atlantis, that homeland, exists or not on the planet.

beloved, who, on a night of nightmare, I saw plunge into the unfathomable abyss of the seas. During the hours of my intense
Labor, I try to temper my sorrows by whistling tunes that transport me to those places of my childhood.

Itistruethatthelossofamotherisverygrave;butIfinditevenmorehorrifyingtothinkthatawholegreat...
the nation no longer exists; not even the site where it was located... Furthermore, I am overwhelmed by the immense doubt of whether it will be afloat or not.

that beautiful country. In my sleepless nights, I get lost in conjectures, and if I sleep, it is to dream that I happily wander through

streets of my favorite city. And if I wake up, it is to fight again with the memories that boil in my mind like a horrible

nightmare or like a disease that is gradually and fatally consuming me. (pause)

Thus Paraguay expressed itself; his lover wife was convinced of the sincerity of his words. She wiped her tears.

comforting herself in the reality that, at last, she had come to know the original cause of her husband's infinite sadness, which

It was always a cause of just concern for his relatives.

Thus, that profound nostalgia that dominated Father Paragua was left as an inheritance to his descendants and, precisely,

It is that which causes the Indian to be, by nature, thoughtful, downcast, and melancholy.

CHAPTER XVII

The sublime mission of Põrasy:

What we are in this world / The splendor of the sun / And the warmth of the fire / Is the origin of our being.
Iporã it is, and the children / You are the spirits of the land / They come to greet you / In the air of the Jetã

One day,Tumêse was thoughtful and contemplative; the pain that tormented his soul was reflected in his grim face.
Soon standing up, he exclaimed: How many years have I lived now, and although I enjoy good health, boredom invades me to such an extent.

What makes me detest life. It is known that when a creature is born, the midwife, as a first provision, cuts the umbilical cord and

it takes him to bury underground behind the house. This is like a note of the day of birth. By the layers
Geological, the years of the born will be counted later. And my navel, how deep will it already be in the womb of the earth. I feel the

tremendous weight that is upon me. My life is also heavy, and I no longer see the day when I will find rest. I want to die.
to put an end to this pain that devours me and I understand that I will not be able to attain that grace because I made the great mistake of having

I liked that leader, like an elixir of long life from which I am already fed up and can't figure out what I could do.

On the other hand, the thought that the day is approaching when the oskaraiete, that is, the men who are
Civilized beings will soon advance upon our lands in a warlike manner. This is what concerns me the most because I wouldn't want to...

save us.

Those conquerors will arrive on our shores in three caravels and will bring us "the seed of good and of
bad"; that's what the water has predicted for me...

Oh, Tupã, oh Arasy! Hear my pleas. Inspire me on what I must do to achieve my coveted
rest. Elgua'a, who had been listening to him, replied: Try to get married to leave an heir. Only then will it be given to you.

die and if you do not prefer death, choose between it and life. Turn back into an innocent child. Resolve right now to do
what I tell you, because Tupãte grants that privilege only to you, that is how he commands me.

And, continuing his talk, he expressed: Why don't you return to childhood? Go back to that happy age that was always the object of

your adorable memories, to those rosy days of fortune when you only needed wings to fly through a resurrected world.

You will look back through the prism of your visions at your entire lived age, that nature overflowing with joy,
exuberance, of whispers, of winged songs, that will elevate you to the enchanted regions of caresses and crystal-clear springs

of love.

They will be reborn for you those distant dawns that brought forth the fertilizing dew, producing the sacred and magnificent hatching.

of the chalices and of the fragrant morning corollas, which will invade the atmosphere with their pleasant essences.

Joy will be reborn in your rejuvenated heart, and you will again enjoy, as in times past, the peaceful serenity of the landscape.

illuminated by the silvery gleams of a radiant full moon.

The contemplation of those simple scenes of Nature that so thrilled you in past dawns, today, for
misfortune, I notice that it fills you with sadness. Resolve yourself then without delay. Why don't you decide to throw the years back and

to enter again to restart the same path of your own life?

You, captive of deep emotion, exclaimed: Oh, divine parrot, sweet companion of my existence! What comforting words.

they are yours!... Brief moments of reflection followed this scene, and he continued saying: How beautiful all this must be!

but only if I had to choose the sweet fruits of the path, less to trap myself among the thorny ties of the

brambles, typical of life.

Inourpilgrimagesthroughthisland,wefound,unfortunately,thatsufferingisgreaterthanjoy,as

Tears are more permanent than the fleeting moments of pleasure. I compare life to that tala plant, with the stem

thorny dress pierces us for every insignificant little fruit we are going to pick. For every drop of syrup, a torrent.

of bitterness.

Ah, if we think about all this, at the bottom of consciousness, life disappoints us!... But memories live forever.

in our spirits, almost always veiled by the mask of optimism. This is nothing more than the longing for the sweet fruit, not

of the thorns. That is why existence is kind.

We aspire to live more and more. But right now I am getting lost in conjectures. I think that if I could exchange my years for

the dawns of my youth and I had to traverse the landscape of what I have already lived, if I had to experience the same

sensations of yesterday enjoyed, and if I were ever given the contemplation of a day pregnant with fatalities, alas!.. on the eve

it would be capable of driving me crazy. And look, how ungrateful fate is! It drags us along towards horrible storms. It takes us

subject to the harshest labor and the inclemencies of the weather: cold, heat, hunger, and all kinds of anguish and suffering

caused by the bites of thousands of bedbugs... No, a thousand times no! I will never go back to that past age!... (Pause)
 The specter of death terrifies us when we see it approaching. It is due to our instinct of self-preservation.

because we know it comes armed with a stinger that, despite our fear, will inevitably come to devour our brains and

this will be the precursor moment of eternal rest.

Manorães, however, our best friend. But, who is Manorã? It is a colossal flying worm, blind, but with good

olfaction. Its body is armed with spikes, each of which contains microbial viruses of a disease. Due to its blindness, to

no one can choose; it is his future victims who crawl towards him, driven by their recklessness or by their unfortunate fate. It is
like the iron that the magnet attracts. And since it is invisible, it is also difficult to notice its presence. Just its contact is enough for the body

a human gets infected with the sinister virus of death. It is like a stray bullet that, without any possible precaution, embeds itself in

the organism, truncating life, that is why it is just in the role it plays. And whoever it was that came to

to stumble, would be irretrievably lost, whether rich, poor, young or old.

If it is true that the vision of death fills us with terror, it is also true that life bores us when it becomes

endless. And I am one of those who prefer a hug from Manorã, rather than the insomnia, the drowsiness, and the boredom that I
Devourer. Oh, Unyielding! You are the balm for those who suffer, and the only refuge for the desperate... Dispose of me at your will.

pleasure and will!!...

CHAPTER XVIII

It was midnight.

He was awake. Something inexplicable overwhelmed his mind.

He rose from his bed, approaching someone and said: Wake up divine bird and tell Tupã that I have a strong desire to meet him.

personally. Oh, Tupã, I see you constantly with the eyes of imagination but until today it has not been given to me
to contemplate your sovereign face! Only you, gua'a, are the one who establishes the spiritual connection between me and him. The gua'a

with a mysterious voice he answers: Raise your arms to the sky, remain in that pleading attitude and prepare to
listen to the same voice of Tupã.

That said, the vivid lines of intermittent lightning were drawn in the space that illuminated the vastness with
bluish reflections. The lightning rips through the darkness with a fearsome thunder, and its echo reverberates through valleys and hills causing the fall

from an abundant rain, accompanied by hail. The hurricane intensifies, the trunks of the bamboos sway and whistle in a way that

strange. The roar of the storm continued to create a terrible orchestration in the foliage, an infernal concert, being heard

like the echo of deafening flutes.

Suddenly, a brief tremor of the earth is felt, and then everything returns to normal. The storm moves away and a deep

calm reigns again on that mysterious and solemn night...

So the water questions:

Have you heard the divine voice of Tupa?

Tumêsolo managed to shake his head exclaiming: Well, I know nothing.

That cyclone, which has just extinguished, is the companion of Tupã, but your fragile mind has not had
the sufficiency to understand their language, nor did your eyes manage to distinguish their shape. As a means of delving into your brain, the

Words that you have just uttered here, start carving right now on this stone the signs equivalent to the words of
He, that I am going to dictate to you.

Thus those thoughts will be recorded so that you can analyze them and they may be known to posterity.

ThosearethebriefexplanationsIjustheard,whichgiveanideaabouttheexistenceofthatsupremebeing.

ruler of the Universe, whom we know by the name of Tupã:

 All movable and static things, and everything that can be seen, both on the surface of the earth, as well as
the bodies that shine in the depths of the firmament; all the liquids, sanguine or milky like the very sap of the

plants, wherever oxygen is breathed: I am there. In the light as in the darkness, in the void of great immensity, in

the NOTHING itself, where human eyes have no perception and everything speaks of the unfathomable mystery... My spirit is there.
I am mixed with tears, with love itself...; in the sun rays that filter into the deepest part of the thicket; in the

song, cry or wail of wild animals; in all the elements; in that very earth you tread; in the storms, in the

lightning, in the thunder, in the electric discharges, unnoticed I am there. I am the Creator, the Ñemoñangára,
for I am also destruction, the Beginning and the End, illness and health, fortune and adversity, the possible and the impossible,
the revelation and the mystery, or in other words, the universal enigma that the human brain will never be able to transcend.

I am the murmur of the stream that winds through the depths of hidden valleys; the torrent that rushes over the rocks and

turns into foam, Hyjuipa (91) expressing itself in a language that will never be understood by the human being.

I am the dewdrop that sparkles on the flower, adorned by sunlight bathing it with the colors of the iris and where the winged insects
golden ones that spill their liquor, fly to my impulses.

I am the never-satisfied desire, the thought and the idea that has gone unexpressed and will never have its reality. I am like this.

same, everything that has stopped happening, I am the infinite, the curable and the irreparable. That's why my spirit is diluted in everything

Hello.

Yvytúre, tyapúre, araíre ovévova

There is something on the table that catches my eye.

Mbyã people also have a place where I live.

Those guys are observing..., I cannot reject you!

(Spanish version)
"Through the airs, through the echoes,

through the clouds, I am floating,

and in all that is created,

my divine breath is.

In the eyes of men,
my power is shining
and no matter how much they look at me,

They will never be able to see me.

Uponfinishinghisengravingwork,Tumêarrojóthrewdownthechiselexclaiming:Oh,devilishbird,thatyouaredreaming.Letmesleep.

because I can already see that the nonsense you just dictated to me won't enter anyone's head.

Is it possible for you to express yourself like that?

It surprises me when it comes to manifestations of Tupã, in which he always glimpses something enigmatic to the eyes of the

mental research of men.

Is it that you have no interest in knowing the meaning of the words of Tupã? Ah, it is a vain effort the effort deployed.
to teach the stubborn! It is a futile task to try to show something to the blind, to feed the glutton, to make oneself heard by a deaf person, that one

they do such to not hear you. Those who were born to be ignorant are bound to end up this way. They will never have the necessary clarity to

to know and understand their Creator, not even to forge an idea about the place where He has His dwelling.

But how can you be understood if you are saying incoherent things? Your supposed revelation about the announced
the appearance of Tupã makes no sense.

- Very good Tumê, very good Tumê!, you have hit the nail on the head... It is exactly that, Tupãno has neither head nor tail; its physical appearance nothing

It resembles men, just as you expected to see.

CHAPTER XIX

The Eve of the Flood:

I wanted to see you / But the sun did not rise / I am here waiting for you.
I will go to the river tomorrow.
(The y of tuguycha should carry a nasal tilde ~)

There was a celebration. A crowded throng occupied the Cabildo and its surroundings. The inhabitants of the great

In the region, they were summoned to a general meeting to hear for the last time the words of Master Tumê, that all of that
Tomorrow he was busy urging his people with his usual eloquence. His words filled with emotion and sound.

The advice was like soft caresses for his listeners, who upon hearing him could not help but cry bitterly.

Although the dreadful day is still a long way off, said Tumê, when the karai will arrive on our shores in three and garata, I ...

It frightens me just to think that I might have to live until that day to witness its arrival, and then see, hear, and feel the iniquities.

that will be committed and that may be worse than the plague of the seven myths, such an ungrateful history for our nation. Those

Foreigners will be our fierce enemies; they will despise us, exterminate our wildlife and our race.
it will be beaten, alongside the fierce beasts, with stabbing, with spears and it will be disinherited by the dogs, it will be seen chased and

shattered until its total extermination. Those foreigners taking advantage of their intelligence and the scientific elements of which

surely they will have, they will do a lot of good, but they will also be able to do a lot of bad.

The thirst for gold will be their constant obsession. Unscrupulous interests will take root in their hearts, bringing forth envy and

meanness, like an evil that will be transmitted to their descendants. They will break the common harmony and it will largely disappear.

sympathy and hospitality. The feeling of humanity will become secondary to opposing vested interests.

Continuing with his musings, Tumê added:

I regret having to leave you to seek a hope that I glimpse on the path of my life and that brings joy to my soul.
After a long and harsh struggle in this land, doomed not to die, I finally see the happy hour of my eternal rest approaching. For this reason

I come today to say goodbye to you forever. I must leave today for a predetermined place, where I will hide in the bosom of

a shaded hill (in Paraguayan land)

Paraguayan hill
guari, guari toasting;
the one who gives joy,
It will happen soon.

(Spanish version)
On the mottled hill
I am going to amend my life

and I will be transformed

on the rock of that place.

Upon leaving the use of the word, he disappeared from among the crowd.

Hehadstealthilymadehiswaywithhisguidetowardsahighhill,wherehesatdowntorestonawide...
white stone that served as a demarandeko kuatia rã(94) or element for History, starting right there to engrave some
strange hieroglyphics, inspired by the meaning of the water, are presumed to be a prediction of the destiny reserved for the Guarani race.

It was a warm winter nap that equally invited to physical exercise or rest.

A warm breeze spread the scents of strange orchids everywhere.

You, morally and materially exhausted, felt dominated by sleep, from which you woke up startled by the shrill screams.
delgua'a...

What had happened? A beautiful female gua'a had approached him, staying fascinated as she gazed at the divine bird.

tornado of beautiful colors.

He approached her side and after affectionate caresses, he covered her, and falling fainting, she died in the sight of her owner. It was the

effect of ruvicha, contrary to coitus. The pain of Tumê was great and since the case had no remedy, he buried the body of the bird.

He will speak under the same stone where he had carved the petroglyphs we have already mentioned.

Before throwing dirt onto the open grave, he addressed heartfelt farewell words to his inseparable friend, the good advisor,

how many years he had been accompanying him. "I envy your rest," he says in the end while burying his lifeless body.

And the hill that was the scene of this pain is the same one titled 'Jarigua'a', located between the departments of

Paraguay Carapeguá.

HisprimitivenamewasJahariguabecausehediedthereandwasburiedunderthathistoricslabofJahari.
reason of just curiosity on the part of tourists and men of science who used to visit it. It was not long ago that it was destroyed by

criminal hands.

After this tragic event, Tumêse headed towards Cerro Para (Cerro Overo), where he chose the site of his final resting place.
inside a cave.

He then went out to the villages in search of a young woman who would serve as his wife. Soon he found a maiden of

attractive aspect called Tere (95) whom he chose as his wife and immediately took her to teach her and instill something of his
wisdom, because he said to her: I will soon leave you to know eternal rest.

Theteachinglastedseveralweeks.Tumêhadtopostponetheendofhisdaysjusttoleavehiswifea

medium instruction, as well as the revelation of some secrets among which was the use of yerba mate and of
corn

One afternoon, while both were at the entrance of the cave, Tumê looked melancholically at the Jahari hill and said
He said with a mournful voice, pointing with his index finger.

Do you see how that distant hill seems to be very near? From that hill at the top, it's hard to tell!

my poor parrot died); bird of my deep affection that accompanied me all my life! As he expressed this, his eyes filled with
tears. She then recounted the story of the warriors who would one day arrive in a warlike manner, ready to fight for the gold and the

dismemberment of the Guarani race. Finally, he confessed to her the sad determination to leave the world in order to escape everything,

horrified by the prospect of fighting for survival, even more intense as civilization progresses, and it will eventually reach a
ominous time in which collective harmony will disappear.

He then added: Tonight we will connect so that I can leave you a 'ungua'i rã' (a sprout) that will inherit my qualities and
it will serve as support for you.

Indeed, as soon as night fell, he cohabited with his virgin wife and soon the effects of the elka'a ruvicha were felt.

to faint; a strange coldness took hold of his body; he got up and at that moment, one of his feet began to transform

in stone; successively each of the members of his body became petrified, with only the head remaining intact.

In the presence of such a strange event, the people of the area crowded around him. The scene was so exciting and so
Admirable was the talk they listened to from the lips of that dying man, or rather, from that stone statue with a head.

animated, who constantly called Tupãy aArasyy directed affectionate words of comfort to the young wife who so soon
I was going to give up.

Moments before expiring, he said to her: Tere, today at the twilight of my life, I behold you so full of grace that I love you entirely.

I regret a thousand times having to part from your side. Only now do I know the happiness that is experienced when
side of the loved one, trapped in the arms of a loving partner, surrounded by beloved children who caress him and

they approach innocent questions filled with childish naivety. Life would be different, boredom wouldn't be felt that way

soul has taken over in my sad solitude. If I had known in time that these pleasures existed, I would never have tasted them.
"soberan tea" that served me as an elixir of long life. But, look Tere, do not tire of recommending to our descendants

so that they refrain from committing the madness of ingesting it. I am convinced that only men experience this harmful effect.
not so with the woman; on the contrary, it spares her the suffering of childbirth. And so that no one may make use of it, I have left it buried.

recipe in esteitakoty(96)(stone chamber), where it will remain hidden until the day of judgment.

Wipe your tears, for the dawn in which we will talk again familiarly like we do now will not be long in coming.
From other regions, perhaps from some Jasy rata guasu (from some planet), I will send you my messages of affection and love, and

I will strictly fulfill that... it is my formal promise...!

After this exhortation, the great Prophet of the Guarani, that Tumê, Tomé, Sumé, Pa'i Arandu, Paisandú or Santo

Tomás, (the latter according to the assumption of the conquerors) whose name has been used for the denomination of numerous
places, towns, and even cities of this continent, their time also came, falling into eternal silence because they had just

totally turn to stone in the cave of Santo Tomás in Paraguarí(93.).

Its luminous spirit emitted bright flashes for several seconds, illuminating the dark stone chamber (ita koty) and then it
he elevated to the celestial mansion, where he resides transformed into the planet Mars. (See note(100.))

His wife Terese clung to the neck of her petrified remains, while the audience accompanied her with their
tears.

At that time there was an old man named Chochî, director of prayers, or rather an avare (priest), who prayed a curious

psalm, a type of litany responding dialogically with a choir of voices the refrain: Tere Noe(98).

Chochî – Our esteemed Tumê

he was the son of Rupavê
Hello Noe (Chorus)

from the belly of Sypavê

was born in the spring
Hello Noe

Our understanding Avare

used the paye (magic)
Hello Noe
He incinerated with his science(99)
Moñái and his siblings.
Hello Noe
and thanks to its invention
There was a vessel.
Hello Noe
Through him, of the flood
our race has been saved.
Hello Noe
So the big Tumê
 It was before us, Noah.
Hello Noe
He taught us the cultivation
of the yerba and the corn.
Hello Noe
He founded for us
The great thing is true.
Hello Noe
He carved it with his own hands.
the words of the guide (94.)
Hello Noe
With soft wings, he went to heaven
to find rest and peace.
Hello Noe
He went to make a pleasant visit
to that infinite Arasy.
Hello Noe
From Jarigua'a at the summit
their laws are engraved.
Hello Noe
It is already among us.
her cold stone image.
Hello Noe
And from there it shines upon us
a planet(100) in the twilight.
Hello Noe
Oh Tupã great Deity
to our race sheltered...!
Hello Noe
You from the firmament
He will give us his commandment.

(Chorus: He will give us his commandment).

AttheendofthisreverentpsalminworshiptoTumê,amournfullamentwasheardinthenearbyjungletangle.
mourning, as well as the gloomy tolling of a bell in a mournful chime.
EraUrutaû (101) that, in his deep mourning, cried for the eternal disappearance of Tumêy the guira itao Tupin (102) (bell bird),
that with its metallic song invited meditation and introspection.
Since that memorable day, the Guarani fauna has two curious species of birds, whose songs have given rise to
known and interesting legends.

Nine months after the events we have just recounted, the young widow of Tumêdio gave birth to a baby boy whom they named.
the name Gua'irã, which means offspring or heir.

Since childhood, this boy demonstrated a clairvoyant mindset.

Among his early hobbies, he loved building small boats, whose examples filled the house.
That singular and perhaps logical inclination was inherited from Tumê, who was once the inventor of aquelygarusu with which he saved his.
her own life and those of her sisters.

The teenager, Gua'irã, headed one afternoon to the nearby jungle with his tools, in order to cut wood.
for the manufacture of their small jars, but with such bad luck that they lost the way. It is appropriate to remember that Taû, the genius
malevolent, he could never take revenge on Tumê, due to the possession of the paye, contrary to all influence of exorcism.

It happened that after his death, he stalked his only son Gua'irã. Being an inexperienced child, he led him astray by the
hidden paths of the forest where he roamed for several weeks.
In this forced pilgrimage, caused by the loss, he traveled through the mountains of 'Amambáy' and 'Mbarakaju', sustaining himself
only from wild fruits and bee honey, until a great river interposed itself, a Paranaque had to wade through to return to his
home, according to his belief. Thus he had to stay and work several days to build a unygatimî (white little boat), with which
he planned to wade across the Paraná. Once his work was finished and the small boat launched into the water, he began to row until he was exhausted.

fatigue. Then he let himself be carried by the waves, until suddenly a strong current dragged him to hell, that is, to the abyss
of the great jump that today bears his name: Salto de Guaira (104). It later refers to, as a true thing, that several riverbank tribes
they saw the intrepid boy battling the waves in his little white boat.
This was Taû's only revenge.

CHAPTER XX

In the dawn of a cheerful morning, Paragua rose, accompanied by his wife Guarasyá, and set out on a journey toward
Amarasója. Overwhelmed by nostalgia, that night he had not been able to fall asleep and decided to go visit his brother.
Amarasó, hoping that by his side he would find some comfort. His wife questioned him, because he was not trying to forget that which was no longer.
There exists, since with the passage of time even the most beloved beings are forgotten. I have fought with myself, said Paragua, day and
night without achieving it. It is a paradox, but those who aim to forget something that obsesses them remember it more. Until the
Bruto forgets his deceased partner, but not his affection, to such an extent that at any unexpected moment he is drawn towards
she...

After a long odyssey by land and water, ParaguayGuarasyáva managed to reach the domains of Tupina.
Tupinamba (30.). It had procreated as much as the ants; its descendants formed a great people.
whose inhabitants lived in promiscuity. They formed tribes that lived in a miserable state, leading a nomadic existence, feeding on
of hunting and fishing. Amaras was very aged and almost blind. His brother reproached him for his indifference and his little
love for progress.
Ah!, I was telling him, how I would like to show you our house, and especially our city of Mba’e Vera Guasu, poor my brother...
You would envy us and it would even bring tears to your eyes, because its contemplation would give you the feeling of finding yourself in the
same capital of our dear Atlantis.
Having said that, Paraguay stood up, deeply moved, and embraced his brother in a prolonged and strong hug.
Then he continued his story in the following way: I was lucky to have a son named Arekaja. A loving and dynamic son,
he was endowed with the gift of invention. With it, and under the guidance of our great brother-in-law Tumê, we managed to raise a
fascinating city, to which at all times, I tried to impress all aspects of our ancient urban area.
There is no doubt, he continued, that you are a bunch of lazy rulers and for that reason I would like to take one of your children to give him
some instructions about useful work, and instill ideas of progress.
And in the Great Vera he will learn many things, because this being a nomad, that is to say, living forever a life
unstable, (I will keep it in Java) (105), cannot bring about anything good.
With such a system, one does not get to taste the succulent cassava, nor the corn, the way of planting which you would not have known.
If you came to appreciate the comforts, you would understand their importance and think that a wandering life leads to nothing good.
(I will keep you in Java).
In this, a short, unattractive but quite likable little Indian approached him unexpectedly. He was the last son of Amarasó,
who went by the name of Toryja, which means both comedian, the laughingstock or the jester. Our character, besides having
a faulty pronunciation, he invented every joke that provoked hilarity in those who listened to him. For such a quality he was
dear to everyone, being really a popular guy.

Tupinaque was present and said to him: come, my son, to greet your aunt and your uncle. The young man hugged them and then
he got very close to uncle Paragua, who began to tell so many lies that left him mesmerized, ending up inviting him to
that will take him to the designated place to see the arm of a river where a three-headed water ghost (Ypóra) appeared.
Paragua, unaware that his nephew was a fool, believed him and followed him with marked curiosity. They wandered for some time...
noon, until they sat down to rest by the bank of a river.

Suddenly, Paraguay confronted his nephew in these terms: You are a liar, Toryja! (Nde japúre Toryja) (106) They continued
their wanderings and could not find a way out along the coast of that river now called 'Yapuré'. They were disoriented.
completely. Never did Paraguay get as angry as that time and grabbing his nephew by the arm, he threatened to hang him.
if he was not trying to find the way that would lead them to the house from where they had left; for I, he added, do not know these places
while you will know them inside out.
 Look, uncle, Toryja replied, have a little patience. Remember that you can also make mistakes. No one is infallible; (Neither can you)
karai avy)(107).
I don't want to hear anything! Why did you bring me here under false pretenses? Do you see these vines (sypo)(108) that I'm pulling up now? Well

A little later I will make use of them, (Kuri(109)ve jepe tai puru)(110) I already have them ready to hang you.
While in these discussions, suddenly Paragua exclaimed: Toryja; shout!, shout!, ask for help (Esapukái arosa)(111) look that
A tiger is attacking us. Indeed, a magnificent panther pounced on Paragua, both entangled in a hand-to-hand fight.
While this was happening, the fool Toryjale was watching impassively, an attitude that exasperated him to such an extent that it infused him
more value and courage. In such a situation, Paraguale shouts: 'Toryja! help me; don't you see that this beast can overpower me?' And the fool replies

He replied: Haha... any day now! Don't hurry, dude, it will soon dominate you! With that said, he disappeared into the tangle of
forest leaving the uncle at the mercy of his fate...

The night passed. The first rays of sunlight were invading the surface of the earth as Tory was arriving home, where the
the very alarmed family was waiting for him.
Guarasyáva was the first to interrogate him. To hide his cowardice, Toryjapor invented another tall tale: It happened that my uncle, he said,
He found some very kind women who took him to their house where he is now very happy. I escaped from him to return.
the house.

Aunt Guarasyávaque was also unaware of Toryjafió's lack of sanity and, possessed by a hidden zeal, she...
he called her aside and offered her good gifts if she would accompany him to the supposed house where her husband was. Immediately they set off.
the march and after many fruitless adventures they arrived at the shore of a beautiful lake full of waterfowl. There
they rested near a marsh. Suddenly, a pack of mischievous monkeys (karaja or kadaja) invaded them.
reason that marginalized the name 'Cadaya' to the lake located near Manaus (Brazil).
Guarasyáva, in light of the false step he had taken, began to cry, and he wouldn't even think that another was waiting for him.
greater surprise, for among some neighboring camalotales a furious brooding snake of colossal size emerged furtively
that was addressed to them resolutely. Both ran terrified until they could run no more, until Guarasyáva desperately found himself
trapped inside a large thicket from which it was impossible for her to get out. She began to scream wildly at Toryjar begging him to
he will not abandon her. He promised to give her the beautiful pair of ducks that belonged to him along with all the offspring. The promise reached

showing himself determined to look after the fate of his old aunt. He roamed uselessly for a whole day and a night around the bristly
espinal that kept Guarasyáva imprisoned; the place where she was located was impenetrable. In light of these difficulties, she resorted to
a curious stratagem making this calculation: if she entered there out of fright, surely with another fright she can come out again;
let's see how the remedy I am going to apply turns out. He rubbed a tinder and set fire to the thicket that burned like tallow
producing a crackling sound similar to machine-gun fire. Naturally, Guarasyáva, with the desperation that he...
produced the idea of burning, made an superhuman effort and in the blink of an eye found himself outside the iron circle where he
she was found imprisoned; only that she came out of the ordeal with her face and body scratched and scorched.

They then headed home, arriving late at night. Guarasyá recounted her misadventure to her sister, but
upon hearing the story and seeing his face in a lamentable state, he could not contain his laughter. In this circumstance, repeated sounds were heard.
knocks on the door; it was Paragua in person, Tory was surprised to see that Paragua had not been devoured by the panther
As I expected. He tried to escape but the uncle, beside himself, attacked him to unleash his justified indignation. But Tupinase
he interposed, begging him not to pay attention to the boy who was lacking judgment and to convince him of the truth, he added: That you
refers to the bad play that he just made while they were searching for you. There he turned to repeat the account of the
feats of the fool, at the end of which, all the bystanders celebrated with hilarious laughter, including the same ones.
victims.

This will happen in all times and places; even bad deeds are applauded if they are done artistically. Even thefts.
They do not constitute a crime if the thief operates with much ingenuity and if he is not discovered he will still be considered honorable.
by all. So aToryjale was absolved of all guilt and his uncle Paragua in person took him and carefully bathed him in the
calm waters of Jamunday.

CHAPTER XXI
 Manora, Aña and Ñakyrambói

When the rosy dawn was fading and gradually dissipating, pursued by the reflections of a blue morning, and
when the king star blinked over the dark green jungle that stretched along the banks of the poetic Amarasója, they rose
the two old Atlanteans on that memorable morning breathed an oxygen that was for their spirits something akin to a
a comforting injection that infused them with spirit and good humor.

ThemorningbreezescaressedtheagingforeheadofthosetwobrotherswhomProvidencehadgiven.
predestined for progenitors of the great Guarani race.
Paraguapú stood up and in a burst of inspiration exclaimed: - On a morning as beautiful as this, what do you think?
My brother, what if we made a supreme effort and, overcoming all difficulties, marched right now to Hatlas? I will love you.
he replied vigorously: Not to mention brother! Whenever it comes to returning to our beloved country, I am ready. They woke up from
immediate to five of his sons, strong and chosen youths, both good swimmers and valiant, and casting a final glance
They left the old home silently, overflowing with joy.
Great excitement was caused in Amarasojala by the news that the two patriarchs had fled that morning with five of their children.
towards unknown directions. The wives made various comments about the fact and soon realized that
that the moment long cherished of making an exploration in search of Atlantis had finally arrived. The explorers
there were seven people, namely: Paragua, Amarasó, and their children Guaná, Guajá, Mbyra, Aniy, Toryja. They walked at a forced march
all day long, making a stop at a chosen place to spend the night. They chose a mound by the river and there, worn out by the
fatigue, they fell deeply asleep. In his first dream, Guajafue was surprised by a Ka’aguypóra (114) (brother of...
Ka'apóra), master of those places. He squeezed his neck, preventing him from shouting, fighting with the ghost all night long, just
In the early morning, Amarasó realized what was happening to his son and without wasting any time, he was able to trap the ghost. But it was already

In the afternoon, Guajase was choking and lay in bed for several hours with his body trembling until
expired. With the resulting indignation, they tied up Ka'aguypóra four times, but he always tore his bindings to pieces. Finally he
they dominated and securing to a tree, Amarasóse approached him spitting; he cursed him thus asking Tupãque
Punish the coward who attacked a defenseless sleeper. And Tupãlo transformed into Ñakyrambói.
Once this metamorphosis occurred, Amarasóse approached him and spat at him again, saying: Ah coward! Horrible vestige! Oh
I part from the mountain! You have eyes but you will not be able to see; you have wings but you will not be able to fly; you have the head of a lizard, you are a dragon,

you are a cicada, you are a butterfly, you are a bat, but in summary, you are neither one nor the other. Your two faces will display to the world your
quality of a hypocrite. Stay like this as punishment for your cowardly action. (The graphic reproduction of the aforementioned monster, although in
miniature, it is the Fulgóra that was discovered for the first time in the Guianas).

Before leaving that fatal place, Amarasó said: Guaja na ápevoi ñañoty i rupa nunu, let us bury there.
here lies a Guaja, in this bed where he was trembling before dying). And, after the mournful and painful ceremony was over,
They meticulously cleaned the surroundings of the burial site and when they left, they set fire to the mound. Those legendary places
They were left with the name Guajana (now English dominion); and Rupa nunúes the river on whose bank the Guaja pit is located.

After long days, the explorers reached the coastline of the Ocean, from there the romantic patriarchs,
they searched in vain all the horizons of the vast sea without distinguishing anywhere that longed-for city that they anxiously
they were looking for.
In such a situation, they decided to venture out to sea. But how? Paraguase stepped forward and said: As long as we have full
Will, there is nothing that can serve as a barrier. I learned from Gua'ira the art of building boats and... let's get to work!
In a few days they managed to prepare a skiff of regular dimensions, which they named Mahori, until the arrived.
expected moment to throw it into the water.

It was a clear dawn when the explorers began to sail out to sea, leaving as a designation of the
beach from where they set out, the name Gua'irã (today La Guaira, Venezuela.)

As they moved away from the coast, the Atlantic brothers stood up and sailed embraced. They had never felt so
happy like in those moments: A warm breath, as if we were speaking of the breath of the seas, softly blew over their
wrinkled fronts and that salty oxygen breathed with all their lungs. They felt rejuvenated and their spirits
they were transported to the early age, from the very moment they found themselves in that environment so familiar to them.
 When they entered the sea and could see no more than sky and water, suddenly they perceived in the distance a greenish point where...
they headed towards an island, along whose coast they continued sailing. Suddenly, Paraguapú stood up and as
orienting himself, he exclaimed: Kaembo parapeguára! (an island of the sea!)

I know this island, he added, it's Para paundy jeré, (one of the Antilles). When we were kids, we used to come here to hunt. Do you
do you remember Amaraso?...

They continued sailing until they found another island whose surroundings they explored, but they were already losing hope of finding the
Atlantis, coming to the conviction that the sea had swallowed it forever. But, before giving up, Paraguay said:
Toryja, dive in and explore the bottom, because this is the place, it seems to me, where the city was located. That's what she did.
Toryja, but soon surfaced again saying: I think there are many houses at the bottom, but I had to come up.
hurriedly out of fear of the sharks that were stalking me.
Always a liar, Toryja, he reproached Amarasóy, and turning to the other son, he said: Mbyra háma toñapymí. (Now it's your turn)
aMbyrapara to dive). He also submerged but did not resurface. It is believed that he is still in that city.
fascinating from where no one has ever returned. That island was left with the name Mbyrahama (118) Today Bahamas (Antilles).

After this tragic event, they resumed their journey until they found another beautiful island adorned with gigantic palm trees, in
whose beach of white sand was home to an army of deguarapytángaoguyrapytangy (pink bird or flamingo). The land like the
the sky presented the cheerful appearance of a pink dawn, due to the clustering of these picturesque aquatic birds in such
stops.

Not far from the coast, the explorers halted their march and Amarasó said to his son Guaná: Let's see if you have more.
luck that your brothers.

Guanazambulló appearing a while later on the surface of the waters. It carried in its hands a small piece of wire.
that were subject to threeitapygua (nails).

The father took it and bending the tips exclaimed: This is one of the pieces of the artifact that served us in Atlantis to
illuminate the rooms. Paraguayan, confirming what was said, added: You are right, brother: this is an unkuarepotity kytyngo (a
polished silver wire). These ends were used to connect to the clay containers from which some served as a suspension.
(key) that connected them to another glass container in which the phosphorescent oil was deposited that would boil
together with sulfur (120), and mercury (121) produced a light similar to that of day. Will you also remember thatArakua (86.) or
Well near Vera Guasu, where luminous oil was extracted?

Excited by this discovery, they insisted that two diving explorers go down and said in chorus: Pe ñapymi Guana ha
Ani(119). We do not want you to come out: "Where are we to go to get wet" (SubmergedGuanayAni. We wouldn't want you to go out
without having found what we are looking for).

The two brave boys dove headfirst into the sea, leaving a trail of spirals on the liquid surface.
They were both submerged for a long time, moments of great expectation, until they appeared on the surface struggling, trapped.
in the tentacles of a huge sea monster. Upon seeing it, Paraguas jumped with his sharp weapon to defend them, being able to master it well.
ready for the terrible enemy, which turned out to be a Pira Jagua (a dogfish that has a face resembling a bulldog and is as large as
a house). They managed to drag him to the beach where, with much effort, they were able to free GuanayAn from the tentacles.
from Pirajagua; but unfortunately they were already corpses. One had a crushed skull and the other a broken spine.

The pain of the two patriarchs was indescribable; in light of these successive failures and how increasingly uncertain it was
company to find the longed-for homeland, they began to suspect that they had taken the wrong path or would remain submerged in the
bottom of the sea; possibly because the expedition was made up of seven people, and the malevolent spirits guided them through
the paths of failure on the island of Guanapane (122).

They then proceeded to bury the remains of those two heroes, which they placed under some
cliffs, giving rise to a ceremony of touching and indescribable emotion, which culminated in having to leave those two
dear remains in such a desolate and distant place.
A large flock of swallows congregated at that moment over the rocks, as if they wanted to uncover what was there.
they had just hidden.

Then the patriarchs, filled with superstitious dread, exclaimed:

Small cucumber
I am very happy
 with affection
peipuru jurumby'yî(123).

Swallows of the seas:

You only know where our children are buried; / do not go tell beyond / this secret so that they do not come.
one day the foreigners to desecrate their graves.

Paragua, Amarasóy Toryja were the survivors of that daring expedition; since they had nothing left to do.
There, they decided to definitively abandon the feverish enthusiasm of searching for Atlantis to return to their homes.

Astheboatdriftedawayfromtheshore,theycastafinalandunsettlingglancetowardsthatfatefulplace.
pronouncing these sorrowful words: Guaná ha Ani...! you remain here forever...

The tradition consecrated that island with the evocative name of GUANAHANI or GUANA PANÉ.

CHAPTER XXII

After these tragic adventures, the surviving hikers turned with the intention of returning to their homes. They rowed
with determination because night was approaching and darkness was beginning to spill its black ink over the wide sea. A
The heated and suffocating breath suggested the proximity of a storm.
Suddenly they spotted extensive luminous sheets on the surface of the waters. They were like reflections of the moon, or like golden.
boiling liquid or luminous and phosphorescent oil, which covered a considerable area.

As they continued paddling with all their might, from the rear they felt a overwhelming wave pushing and sliding the boat.
fragile vessel with a dizzying speed, forcing it to surrender to the whims of a current as swift as it is uncontrollable. In
In the midst of the deafening roar of the waters, perhaps due to the effect of a hallucination, our lobsters heard clearly and
distinctly a thunderous voice that came from the depths of the sea, or perhaps from the environment and that would be the voice of the father of the Atlanteans

what these words said:

Hello! Hello! Boys, what are you looking for around here? You must be mischievous! Leave these waters and hurry back to
your homes. That city you seek, Tupã has decreed that it remain submerged forever; and those lights
fluorescent (124) upon which you slide, are the emanations of the organic matter of your ancestors,
the Atlanteans; these reflections appear on the surface of the waters whenever a great storm like this is approaching.

At that very moment, a terrible gust of unamandareko(125) reached them and swept them away at great speed in a march that
It lasted for long hours, and finally, it ended up throwing them against a rocky shore, splintering the skiff.

The shipwrecked, terrified and half-fainting, were found lying on a stone, while the father sun that in that
moment spread her golden hair through space, illuminating the final picture. The macabre epilogue of that reckless expedition.
With the solar heat, the bodies of the heroes of this adventure were revived, and standing up, they observed the place in which they
they found themselves, remaining downcast and contemplative. Exhausted, hungry, and feverish, they let out a sigh, already lost
all hope.

Paragua, to orient himself, climbed up holding onto a paddle, to a high rock and from there observed under his feet the continuous
whipping of the waves against the barren rocky crust. Suddenly he called his brother Amarasó, yelled at him and began to look.
staring fixedly at a point as if trying to discern something through the waves exclaiming: Wait! Wait! What is that
What appears almost at the water's surface? It is a great city full of houses in Gothic style, profusely lit. Is it not by chance
Is it Halánte? Look, please... do you see? Yes, yes... There is Halánte; that city that has always been my obsession and my golden dream,
the one that was the cause of my sad sleepless nights and my ineffable visions; of my sorrows and joys; the one of which I have never
I thought about distancing myself, being terrified at the idea of having to leave my bones on such remote beaches.

Oh, the closer I get to the end of my life, the more it attracts me, and I am precisely arriving at it...

Silence! Silence! Do you see that it is getting closer? I can distinguish it perfectly... Or am I dreaming?

No! Today more than ever I feel awake and happy...

Halt! Halt!... I see you here, under my feet. We have finally arrived... Companions! Companions! if you are
Men, follow me, for I march ahead...
 Upon saying this, Paragua, possessed by delirium, jumped like a frog and plunged into the choppy sea.
moment, reappeared making titanic efforts to keep himself on the surface. His brother Amarasó, who was watching him in
In that trance, she threw herself after him with the intention of saving him, but Paragua, in the paroxysm of death, managed to cling to the
his brother's hair hindering his free movement for swimming. Thus, tightly embraced, they disappeared forever.
in the sea of the Karaive.

Toryja, the poor Toryja, finding himself completely alone in that desert, began to wander around disoriented.
That peninsula which was the twilight of the two patriarchs, ancestors of the vast Tupí Guaraní race, nicknamed Amarasóy
Paragua was consecrated with the name of Peninsula of Paraguaná, and the sea where the parapaundy is situated.
(Antillas) took the name from the sea of the Karaiveo Caribbean.
Toryja, solitary and wandering, feeding on hunting and fishing through some elements he was able to withdraw from the
After the expedition was extinguished, they marched for whole days around a gulf and then a large lake that today is called Maracaibo, (between Venezuela

and Colombia).
One day while fishing at the edge of the same gulf, he saw a flock of seagulls flying low over the water.
suddenly one of them detached itself to come and land on his very fishing rod. Such gentleness of the bird
Marina admired him and since the Guarani were always very superstitious, she gently lifted the cane and, very excited, ...
he interrogated the seagull:

What do you want from me, poor bird? Are you hungry?...
It was a matter of suggestion or perhaps hallucination, the truth is that the bird replied to him: I inform you that your father and your uncle already

they are in their country. They found Halánte transformed into a paradise. Their great sufferings have ceased and I am their
messenger of fortune and joy. Their good souls will flutter like blue hummingbirds over these Antilles. Their mortal remains,
Always embraced, the currents have dragged them to the very shore of this Gulf of Goajira (127). And there they will remain.
eternally like their language, Tupi Guarani, also in a close embrace, they will reign in this part of the Continent despite all the
persecutions.

You, their descendants, know that place and try to communicate with them; they will speak to you through the waves of
wind. If you pay attention, you will hear its voice although you will not be given the chance to see their faces except veiled and in a more or
less horrifying. But you must be prepared that any supernatural manifestation you observe, in a vague form or
Fantastic, they will be the ones who provoke it.
Tory faithfully remembered those prophetic words of the messenger bird, by which he came to know the whereabouts.
of his father and his uncle and from that moment his spirit seemed to awaken. He oriented himself and immediately took the path of
Amarasóya.

That place, due to the revelation of the seagull, eventually became over time the center from which the
legends about devils, ghosts, goblins, etc. The first inhabitants of the Goajira coast, guided by those tales,
as soon as night fell, they paid close attention to any supernatural noise and in their imagination, heightened by fantasy, they believed
listen to singular things.
They say that along the shore of the gulf, mournful cries could be heard, perhaps from souls in lament. Now the exhalation of deep sighs,
now the sound of melancholic airs made the most superstitious, with a mysterious voice, repeat: Paragua aipóa!
belief that it was the spirit of Paraguael that wandered through those places. (Today Paraguaipóa is a town located at
shores of Goajira in Colombia.

The superstitions born of collective suggestion took hold among the locals. Wherever they appeared to him.
specters, shadows of human shapes that were huddled, sometimes with their heads tied. They heard mournful cries, they saw silhouettes of
men crawling in the darkness, headless pigs, dogs howling... They also spotted strange lights that
The shore was illuminated at intervals. Something floated in the darkness that no one could explain. A mysterious being, hidden in the shadows,
it required the passerby, it hissed at him or asked for a favor. All this irritated the spirits and made the most painted person get goosebumps.
his courage. Luckily, before sunset, the locals were already hermetically closing themselves in their huts, where they continued
under the influence of a panic terror.

How many picturesque legends were forged back then! Any small noise would provoke an exclamation.
sacramental ¡Paraguáaipóa! And those bizarre events inspired the songs of the generations that followed.
coming to us with the same vigor as before and with hints of truth, according to the beliefs of neutral people from the village.
 CHAPTER XXIII

On a memorable morning, just as day was breaking, that Toryjade arrived at his home, claiming to have succumbed to
the other explorers.
That was quite a surprise. His inconsolable mother jumped on his neck and filled him with affection, surrounded by the others.
Relatives overwhelmed him with questions. But he always maintained his sense of humor and jokingly excused himself from answering.
word about his adventures, but in exchange for appetizing delicacies and valuable gifts. He began by saying: Peruraêta mante
First, bring something to eat. Bring a fried duck and good cassava chips, set up a hammock for me and
let these idle girls swing me to rest. Give me chichapara to drink and surround me with comfort and joy if
they want to know the story of our expedition.
The young women around him said in chorus: Oh, the great lord, how pretentious he returns from the trip! He knows nothing else but
Request! Bring and bring. Ah, this ugly little Indian is deeply spoiled! From now on we will call him Perurima.
(Bring more and more). Look how greedy, how insatiable glutton.

Three days of great anticipation passed, and no one managed to extract the slightest news regarding the fate that befell them.
companions. Only after he obtained everything he wanted did he begin the complete account of the expedition. And when he arrived at the part
where it is mentioned that the messenger seagull had informed him that Paraguay and Amaras had been dragged by the Caribbean waves
Until the beaches of Maracaibo in Colombia, the two widows Guarasyávay Tupinas embraced each other very impressed but
they held back their tears because there was a belief that those who die in pursuit of an ideal go straight to heaven. To this
the effect was not convenient to make bad omens by shedding tears; on the contrary, it was necessary to rejoice in order not to
break their spirits. Both women raised their arms towards the moon and exclaimed filled with anointing:
!Oh! Arasy, we ask you to protect our husbands.

And then they were discussing the life of anguish they had spent away from their nation, fervently expressing wishes because
their poor old folks, after so many sacrifices, find eternal and deserved rest in the kingdom of their elders. Then
They organized parties, sang, and danced for three days, celebrating the fortunate arrival of the patriarchs to their country.
shining, as well as by the arrival of Toryja, who was renamed Perurima. He was seen
constantly surrounded by curious onlookers who paid him to recount the most picturesque and exciting passages of the
expedition and especially the odyssey of his return journey after being completely alone in Paraguaná. By force of so much
repeating the same story became so eloquent that his tales captivated his listeners, as they had passages of great
emotion and comedy.

A few days after the return of Perurima Guarasyá, he also decided to return to his people and prepared for the journey.
with the nephew Peru to take him with him to Mba’evera guasu, responding to that insinuation from the late Paragua, that
he longed for his nephew to experience other environments and learn something more worthy and elevated.

They previously sent an emissary to warn the inhabitants of Mba’evera guasudel about the soon return of Mom.
Guarasyáva, news that sparked as much interest as impatience and aroused curiosity to learn about the famous Perurima.
who said so many extremely interesting things.
The preparations for the reception were being carried out with indescribable enthusiasm. It was a sight to see how they were decorated.
houses and the road where the procession was to parade. It was filled with a long line of plants from whose branches hung
lichens in the form of hair that played with the light breeze of the wind. Wildflowers of all perfumes and colors and fruits
Appetizing items were hung here and there within reach of travelers and their entourage.

A commission composed of forty maidens, all mounted on Mborevisu, was dispatched to meet him.
guasu)(130) a species of tapir or great beast of colossal dimensions (the great Palæoterium) which they used in that time.
Then the inhabitants of the region for transport and also for food, with their meat so valued that soon
the species went extinct.

Unyvyvajere, in the manner of a richly adorned cart and also pulled by a pair of Mborevisu, was destined to be
the honor carriage to drive such illustrious characters. At the beach of the Paragua River, they disembarked from their skiff 'Mahorí'.
the highly anticipated travelers who were driven in the carriage, followed by an honor guard that sang chants and a
crowd that erupted in cheers and gave rise to a hellish uproar.

Thus they were arriving at Mba'evera guasuya at dusk.

The reception reached proportions never seen before. Peru took the chair of Avare guasu (Great bishop) with the honorable
title of Marandeco kuatiajara (Historian) (131) for being knowledgeable about history and the sole survivor of the expedition to Para
from the Caribbean Sea.

In his honor, numerous festivals were held, among which what interested him the most were the banquets, for he never...
I had neither seen nor dreamed of such sumptuous things.

ElMba'e vera guasupresentaba más que nunca un aspecto deslumbrador. Las mujeres ataviadas a las mil maravillas usaban
some flirty camisoles and short vegetable skirts, striped and of very various colors (the set resembled a
herd of zebras). They also wore leather belts made from various kinds of wild animals, preferably tigers. Their
heads wore ornate combs, they also wore floral shawls adorned with little tassels. They had in their ears
gold hoop earrings and the fingers displayed bone rings with inlays of colored stones that were
talismans and others that seemed to be diamonds.

Generally, the women were of a pleasant appearance and their characteristic was elma’ehory (smiling looks) that...
Perurimah made them lose their heads, even though he never resolved to declare his feelings to any of them.

For many years, that ugly 'Historian' lived, deeply cherished by his people. He had a lot of love.
He was very sensitive and always had a habit of showing off. To that end, he invented anything that others could not do. His
ceramic works were inimitable: their jars, pitchers, small statues, plates with reliefs depicting animals,
snakes and a thousand art objects awakened general admiration.

He even invented a compressed air rifle. At first, he took a cane, in which he introduced shells of
orange that with a stick violently pushed producing a small explosion due to the compression of the air that
It suddenly propelled the small stones with which the tube was loaded over long distances. This device was improved.
until it was used in the hunting of small birds and also served to instill respect towards the one who carried the weapon.

From the unmbure mbure (Eryngium) I make a unmimby (a kind of flute) that after successful trials allowed me to perform with
She had some enchanting airs. With the help of several guitars made from gourds or pumpkins, she organized an orchestra.
magic that brought together the entire population around her on the enchanted nights of the moon.
Having come to his knowledge that his uncle the illustrious Tumê had stated that before the Flood, the Karumbe'a and the Taturana
(132), they were used for the transportation of cargo, he also devised to work as such the Mborevisu, the Llama, and Alpaca,
animals that would give for such a purpose

very good results.

Likewise, Perurim had formed a remarkable repertoire of jokes, anecdotes, and tales of his own invention, all full of
ingenuity and sparkling humor, which made him very famous.
DetraditionintraditionhasbeennarratingthestoriesofPerurimaqueuntilthepresent,theyremainincorporatedintothe
current Guarani folklore.

CHAPTER XXIV

Many years, perhaps centuries, passed until one clear morning, the land of Guarasyáva was suddenly shaken.
or deGuaránia, three distant and trembling thunders.

What would have happened? Thunder? The fall of some meteor or some seismic phenomenon? Very soon the Guarani elders,
Looking back, they remembered what tradition predicted and agreed that this would be a sign from Above. It was the
announcement of the arrival of the Karaietey, thus the day of collective terror. Due to a betrayal, they surely arrived
enemies of the race, to uncover the secret, and they came to proudly desecrate the tombs of GuanaydeAniy and usurp the
domains of Rupavê.

Who would the informers be? It was a single swallow that on a disastrous day crossed the seas carrying in its mind the
secret that the parents of the race entrusted to her, and which she could not silence.

He went to reveal the secret to an argonaut, to an unkaraiete. The argonaut, half-mad since that day due to the possession of the
secret, put all resources at stake to reach the new world whose existence would be revealed to him. Overcoming all the
obstacles managed to assemble the expedition in three caravels. "And the classic caravels set sail. They set sail guided by a
mathematical thinking, towards the setting Sun, and fearless, sank into the vagueness of the sea, in the area where
fog and legends reigned.

And so the ocean was surprised that for centuries and centuries it had only seen seabirds, stars, and hurricanes.
 Thewavesrushedandpushed,fromunknownconfinesandeternallyrolled,passedandgotlostincircles.
noisy. The wind mimicked fabulous cadences and the great waters seemed to bring murmurs from another world and preside over the dream.
of a sleeping Atlantis in the black immensity.
With the melancholic concerns of the homeland, a lost star in the East, sometimes singular terrors alternated, but
Nothing broke the audacity of the proud caravelas.

A geometer's calculation pushed them forward, always forward, through the mysterious mists, against storms and legends. And
A flickering light finally indicated the place where the Argonauts of the East should drop their boarding anchor. It was taking place the
foreboding of thinkers and poets from another age. The caravels had brought Europe, lulled by the ebb and flow of the waves,
ignored beaches of the planet.

Another theater for the human fate, for the universal drama. The course of new stars in the infinite astronomical sky and the
course of new ideas in the sky, also infinite, of the spirit.
An obsession, a polar star in the meditative and wandering life of a sailor, had awakened a Continent from its dream.
millennial

Oh, a thousand times blessed. The immense power of the human mind! (Dr. Manuel Domínguez)

It was Christopher Columbus who had touched the land of Guaraní with his three caravels, firing three cannon shots.
they shook the hearts of the aborigines.

Theguardiangeniusoftheracethencursedthemby'yi,thejurumby'yî(gossiper),commandinghimandhisdescendantsto
to cross the great Ocean annually, thus to atone for the guilt of having revealed a sacred secret.

CHAPTER XXV

Eat as much as you want until the true lord, elkaraiete(13..), arrives on the shores of these lands, who will come one day.
to mark the course reserved for this continent.

Thus spoke Tupã, the first human couple he created on the occasion of the Genesis of the Guaraní world. It was what was going to
to be carried out to the letter. The time had come when the existence of the poor Indian would be a painful calvary.
That was always the fear of the prophet Tumê, who along with the other ancestors implored Tupã from the limbo where they resided.
so that the radiant Guarani city, the cradle of light and mystery, el Mba’e vera guasu, would disappear just like Atlantis,
beneath the waters, before being desecrated by the enemy's plants. And so it happened.
Tupã had welcomed that fervent request. It was from that moment that the Tupã ykuase became cloudy and began to boil day and night.
night.

The beautiful city was soon covered by the waters, becoming mired in the black mud of the eels.
Nevertheless, the famous radiant city (Mimbipára) has disappeared, the divine source or el Tupã and kua, (today degenerated into
Tapaikuá), continued vomiting torrents of water endlessly (134), perhaps due to the same perforations that Paragua had the practice of making.
in search of the 'Arakua', until the waters began to invade the slopes of the neighboring hills...

There is a tradition that that fountain continued to bubble, overflowing and threatening to flood the surface of the earth.
Rupavê, coinciding with this event with the arrival of unkaraiete, (Father Bolaños), who baptized her and blessed her, thus conjuring.
the danger of the flood. But El Mba'evera Guasu, the holy and mysterious city of the Guaraníes, the city of wooden fibers for all
its greatness had already been forever buried in the muddy depths of the lake, like Atlantis in the sea, and remaining
Now like the own Mba'evera Guasuel Lago Ykua Karaio Ypa Karaifuente baptized (V. 13)
The author of this work firmly believed that he had found confirmation of that legend when one day, while walking through the
extensive beach of Ypacaraí, during the great lowering of its waters observed in the year 1919, found the cemetery of the
ancient inhabitants of the 'Mba’e Vera Guasu', in which a quantity stood out above the surface of the black mud,
human skeletons buried in a vertical position, mostly in an advanced stage of petrification. Given the fact in
knowledge of the Director of the Park and Museum of Natural History Dr. Carlos Fiebrig, this official arrived at the site of the
findings and previous excavations, managed to extract several specimens that are preserved today in the Garden Museum
Botanist.

Regarding that same matter, Dr. Fiebrig wrote an extensive article titled "Our Fossils."
It was thanks to the timely presence of Fray Bolaños that by blessing the raging waters, he was able to avert the great danger.
the source ceased to bubble and the immense liquid mass that covered the entire Pirayú basin poured into the Paraguay River. But in the valley
where the shining city (Mimbipára) once stood, there remains only a picturesque lake, nestled between the
prominences of Yvyty rembo (Mountain range), Yvyty hálas (today San Bernardino hill) and Yvytypane of Patiño.

The Yvytyhálas is the hill of Atlas or Atlantis and the Yvytypane is the cursed hill or hill of the jetta, due to having been
silent witness of the devastation of Mba'evera guasu.

Regarding the lake, we have cited several etymologies in the notes of the Guarani poem. We believe that Ypakaraio Yupa
karai means blessed or conjured lake.

CHAPTER XXVI

I will be back soon

Cup of sugar, and granulated sugar
The children will make noise (136) themselves.

The same goes for them...

I hope you are doing well

To the place where your heart is guided
Good morning, how are you?
What do you see in your head?

Yupa remimbi Vera Guasúva

So tell me your name...
Mombyrýgui is where you come from:

Pyharerô, your Y'árije is coming.

Why is it that in the beginning?
The sun rises and sets.

(Spanish version)
It broke the lake the peace of its crystals
And fury made her bosom boil so much
That even swallowed the Indian with his fright.
and with him, to his own animals.

Oh! lake of infernal rages

what do you keep of "Halánte" the holy laurel!...
Will there come a day when I show the charm
From what was the dwelling of immortals?

!Oh!, noisy and shining lake:

I sigh gently for your name,
You, whom the mesmerized traveler looks at.

They say 'Ypy kuéra' about your depths,

Weaving usually, night walkers, their rounds
Living in contempt and oblivion!

CHAPTER XXVII

With the submersion of the Mba'evera, it seems that no visible material monument has remained.
But the Guarani language has left its traces in the most remote corners of this continent. It has infiltrated even into the
the backbone of its ancient dominations and a brief analysis would suffice to deduce from its toponymy the mute history of this
part of the New World, which we gather here as a basis for the elucidation of many nebulous points of etymology and
Guarani theogony.

Those deductions we made while drinking from the original sources of the national heritage: such as proverbs which are the
expression of popular wisdom, the native myths and legends related to the topic; the original meaning of the words;
names of towns, places, rivers, and mountains that are still present today in geographical nomenclature and toponymy
from Paraguay, Brazil, the Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia, the Antilles, the Caribbean Sea, and several regions or points of Oceania, until
near Africa. We consulted the monographs written by the eminent ethnologist Dr. Moisés S. Bertoni, some works by the
Americanist scholars Dr. Manuel Domínguez, Dr. Diógenes Decoud, Fulgencio R. Moreno, and Eloy Fariña Nuñez.

This data places us in a position to reveal the etymological reason for the majority of the terms used in the
Guarani poem "NANDEYPY KUÉRA", as well as the argument and the hypothesis on which this ethnogenetic poem is based
American.

In the final chapter of 'NANDE YPY KUÉRA' there are references to a phenomenon that is observed periodically in
Yvytymi, and which we record here, since it is part of popular legends and because there is also the supposition that
a vague reflection of the Guarani ancestors.

The sun rises or sets Yes, the skeptics

They would like to observe
In the beginning,
The luminous reflections
There is nothing wrong.
From the past age
gueroviaivéva May they leave
I am very happy today. In the dying afternoons
The mystery to admire

What are you doing? EnYryvumombe(137)

The price is high. You will see rise
When will it be? A city that was
Country of the rising sun
The famous city
It is a beautiful day
Maybe you will die...
Hey, come on, bird
What is worthy, for sure.
The world is full.
About an interesting film!

In the pit. There in the open field

I love in the middle of the forest You will see the processions
I'll see you later: From the Mborevisú,
Our ancestors From the Taturaná,
Taturana anguéra And the Angusú:(138)
The other Angusera
Whose names are forgotten
I don't understand.
The time dissipated.

There too You will also see there

Karumbe ai Al Karumbe ai,
The road is difficult
What appears while walking
The tree is beautiful
Indolent and heavy
What happened in Peru?
And with a rhythmic step.
Our ocean
The cartography
The sun is shining.
From that Perurima.

I also cried From the night among the cloak

Oguepa king See those images
What is the matter? Fading away...
 Angue washes. It is believed that they are souls

Our ancestors Of those who are no longer here,

Oh, my dear
They are like memories
To be happy!
They lived here!

OPA
FIN

EPILOGUE

With Columbus's arrival on American soil, the purple virgin of the natives, let us lower the curtain on the stage of this
a kind of prehistory that we have come to stamp on the evocative pages of this book, oblivious to any pretension and with all
Respect gives way to History.
We offer these same pages to the Homeland and to the scholars of this Continent, not as the final word
about the aboriginal past, not as an accumulation of materials, like a grain of sand, upon which it is to be written
Tomorrow, the monument that will showcase to the eyes of posterity all that was restlessness and heartbeat of life in that era already.
distant from the genesis of the race.

It is worth greeting now the advent of the millennial civilization of Europe, as well as that other one which expired burdened.
by the overwhelming conquest.
At this point in the work, it would be appropriate to decide whether the modern civilization that we, the posterity, boast about so much,
A luminous, musical, and bustling civilization will make Humanity happier than that other one that hid for centuries beneath the green.
cloak of Nature, lulled by the clawed peaks of the winged family, oblivious to the worries of the non plus ultra of
our current restless life due to its dissatisfaction, and saturated with the healthy and fragrant patriarchal environment.

We will not be the ones to dare to opine about her in an irrevocable way. We only limit ourselves to expressing what...
which in an ingenious and beautiful way tells us the Campoamor stanza:

In this treacherous world

Nothing is true or false
Everything is according to color

With the crystal through which one looks.

N.R.C.

BIOGRAPHY

From the biographical dictionary "Who in Latin America" of Stanford University (California)

REPUBLIC OF PARAGUAY COLMAN, NARCISO RAMON

Profession: Telegraph operator and Magistrate.

Asunción (Paraguay)
Office: Cerro Corá Street No. 436.
Place and date of birth: Yvytymi on October 29, 1880.
Parents' names: Juan Vicente Colman and Rosa Isabel Cuellar.
Victoria Mersán (deceased)
Daughter: María Victoria Colman de Jacks.
Education: Normal School of the Capital from 1887 to 1889.

PRIVATE AND PUBLIC POSITIONS AND DATES:

Year 1889 to 1894 Telegraph operator and Chief of several stations of the F.C.C.P.
Year 1895 to 1897 Messenger, courier, and telegraph operator, successively at the National Telegraph.
Year 1898 to 1899 Telegraphist and Assistant at the P. C. Bs. Aires to Rosario.
Year 1899 to 1900 Telegraph operator and Station Master at the F.C. Buenos Aires to Pacific.
Year 1901 to 1902 Various positions in the Courts.
Year 1904 to 1909 Justice of the Peace in Caballero.
Year 1910 to 1912 - Chief of the Central and General Inspector of the National Telegraph.
Year 1913 to 1916 Justice of the Peace in San Bernardino.

Year 1919 to 1924 – Criminal Judge of San Roque.

Year 1924 .....He obtained his retirement as a civil servant in the administration of Justice.

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES, INTELLECTUAL AND TECHNICAL, AND CLUBS OF WHICH HE/SHE IS A MEMBER.
Year 1922 Designated as a Full Member of the XX Congress of Americanists, held in Rio de Janeiro during the Centennial
from Brazil.
Year 1924 Designated as a Member of the 'Fluminense Society of Jurisprudence of Brazil.'
Year 1926 Appointed Member of the 'Section of Auxiliary Sciences of History of the II International Congress of History and
Geography of America, gathered in Asunción on October 12, 1926.
Year 1927 Appointed Member of the 'International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation' in Paris, to participate in the formation
from the Paraguay Section, at a Congress of Popular Arts, in 1928.
Year 1929 Designated Member of the Commission of Indigenous Philology, of the Historical and Ethnographic Museum of Asunción
(Paraguay)
Year 1931 Appointed to attend the 7th American Scientific Congress to be held in Mexico in February 1932, by
invitation from 'American Council of Learned Societies devoted to Humanistic Studies'.
HON. member of the "Telegraph Union of Paraguay."
SOCIETY NO. from 'The Girls of the Late' by Areguá.
HONORARY MEMBER of the "San Bernardino Alumni Association."
Year 1936 Appointed Corresponding Member of the 'Circle of Higher Studies' of Rosario de Santa Fé (Arg.)

DECORATIONS OR OTHER HONORARY INSIGNIA:

The XX International Congress of Americanists, held in Rio de Janeiro during the Centennial of Brazil, in 1922, granted a
great medal for the work "ÑandeYpy kuéra" (Poem about the aborigines).
Year 1930 The editorial board of the literature newspaper 'El Ideal' from Buenos Aires awarded him an artistic gold medal.

LIST OF BOOKS OR OTHER WORKS (WITH FULL TITLES; DATE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION).

Year 1917 "Okára Poty" (Wild Flowers). Guarani Songs 1st Edition, Trujillo Printing House, with 150 pages.
Año 1921 «Okara Poty» (Flores silvestres). 1º y 2º tomos – Imprenta «Ariel» Asunción, 208 y 194 páginas respectivamente.
Año 1929 «Mil refranes guaraníes» Ñe'enga (FolkIore) Imprenta «El Arte», 106 páginas.
Year 1929 "NandeYpy kuéra" (Our ancestors or the genesis of the race) with numerous engravings. Printing house "El Arte", with
278 pages.
Año 1929 «NANDEYPYKUÉRA» (id.id.) Publicado por la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay.
Year 1932 "NandeYpy kuéra" (Poem about the aborigines) Separate two annals of the XX International Congress of
Americanists. (Vol. III National Printing) Rio de Janeiro.
Year 1937 Our ancestors (NandeYpy kuéra) Spanish version of the poem in Guarani.

IN THE PRESS:

Yvoty rakãngue (Flower branch) With 40 songs in Guarani and the critical judgments that deserved their works.
Ysapy Jajái (Twinkling Dew) more than 60 songs.
It was (seedling) a dozen topics of a social, political nature; of economy, morality, etc. to be developed in conferences.
publications in Guarani, for better understanding of the Paraguayan farmer.
Chemírõgua! (My luck!) work destined for a film. Theme: an exciting passionate scene.
OPA = End of the work.

PRINTING HOUSE
GUARANI EDITORIAL
Saint Lawrence
 Paraguay
1937

EXPLANATORY NOTES

The author writes "Ñande Ǐpǐ Cuéra" in his particular spelling. Subsequently, the use of "y" as a guttural "i" was established in
place of the 'ǐ' that it uses. The other nasal vowels carry the tilde ~. In addition, currently the 'K' replaces the 'C' and the 'Q'.
See attached: Explanation on Guarani spelling. (Note from the Digital Ed.)
Today are written 'Okara Poty' and 'Ñande ypy kuéra'
iii–Today "Our Ancestors"
iv–hesa'yiva: girl of the eyes. The guttural 'y' must carry a nasal tilde ( ~ ), source, in general, not available in
Internet. See explanation about the Guarani spelling. (Note E. D.)

0-" 0 " Symbol of Guarani divinity. Dr. Gancedo, in his "Archaeological Discovery" confirms that symbol, that is,
existence of that symbolic figure in the Río de la Plata, where a triangle was found engraved on the left side of
a male stone llama, which he interprets as 'Symbol of copulation.'
1-Tupãv (today Tupã) supreme God of the Guaraní. Ñemoñangára Creator. Poromoñangára in Brazil. Tupãv means
FATHER OF ALL, as we proceed to analyze:
InGuaraní,accordingtoaphilologicallaw,onecanuseTinsteadofRandviceversa.Forexample:Túv,Rúv,TúvaorRúvaissaidtothe
father indiscriminately.
Regarding the particle pav, which is nothing but an abbreviation of the word Pavê, which means 'common' or in other words, for everyone.
Thus,byjustaddingonetothewordTupãvyawehaveformedTupãvewhichsaysnothingotherthan'Father
common," father of all beings.
Tenondete: principle of all things. This is another term used to refer to Tupã, whose dwelling is the sun.
kuarasy (hoykuarahy) light source, origin of the world. 'It is generally agreed that Kuarahy = kuarasy.'
Let us see what each word is worth: Sy = mother, origin, source from which something emanates.
Era= day, light, world.
Ku = es, demonstrative word, essentially plays the role of the definite article 'the' ¿Ou pa ne ra'e ku kuimba'e? ¿Has the...
man?
EntonesKuarasy = the origin or source of the day, of light or of the world. Where we see that the radical, like the Vedic 'svar'
they express the idea of flame, light. ('Guaraní Roots' by Dr. Domínguez, p. 14).
Until today, there are still people with the last name 'Kuaraci'.

2-Arasy= Mother of the sky whose dwelling is the moon. "Jasy= Moon. Origin of the race. Jasyñande, sy (mother), ñande (our) –
our mother, that is, the origin of the Guarani race, in accordance with a certain Caribbean legend. Thus, the moon would be the deity that created the
race, like the sun the deity that created light, the world, the universe. Philology confirms that the benevolent divinity was the
one: how it shines and sparkles in the skies, it was for his glory, stars, constellations, wandering exhalations.
from Dr. Domínguez, p. 14)
Mound of earth, hill, mountain or knoll.
small.
4-AriguaoYvyty hill = On the hill (Etymology of Aregua). Some etymologists claim that Aregua comes from Are
guare, ymã guareque means or suggests something that happened there in ancient times.
5-Ka'a ruvicha = The sovereign herb. This name is given to a fabulous plant that exists among the vegetables of Paraguay and whose
juice mixed with the blood of a bird called yvyja'u, becomes paye. Combined with the sap of other bushes, it gives the
"elixir of life" the remedy for immortality. It is the philosopher's stone of the Guarani.
6-Yvyja'u= Night owl of Paraguay, from the family of the nightjars (Lurocatis Semitorcuatus), famous for its laziness.
builds a nest. Lays its eggs on the ground. It is like the Indian, due to its laziness or negligence. The urutau constitutes one of the
species.
7-Jukeri= Mimosa or sensitive plant (susceptible like the Indian).
Jukeri (Jukerei), Ñuatî ñemyronde. This word Ñemyronde is one of the countless Guarani terms that do not have
suitable translation in Spanish. It applies to people who get offended over the slightest thing and hold grudges.
Eljukerinoeisaderivativeofdejukerei,whoseetymologyclearlytellsusthequalityofthatplant:Ju(needleor
spiny)ke(sleep)rei(ease) "Spiny plant that sleeps easily" and this refers to the leaves, which upon the slightest contact
They close, thus being a plantain myrmecoid. The ambuba (millipede), a type of centipede, is also an insect myrmecoid.
because at the slightest touch, it rolls over and plays dead.
8-Tupãykua= Divine spring. Primitive name of the lake 'Ypakarai'. Later Ykuá karai (Baptized source), this is according to
etymology accepted by tradition, but properly it should be as it sounds Ypakarai = Sacred lake. Ypao
Yupaes lagoon. Ypague, it is said to this day of the puddles or stagnant waters (See 134).
The word 'Tapaikua' is a corruption of Tupã ykua, because foreigners cannot pronounce the sixth vowel 'Y'.
The same as 'Akáhay' for Akã aiy 'Paraguai' instead of Paragua-y
9-Sypãve = Common mother of the American race.
10-Rupavê= common priest of the American race.
11-So'o ka'apeguãra o ka'apeguára = Wild animals.
12-Tupa = bed or sleeping place. Tupã pointed to the ground with his finger and said to Rupavê: "for being a beggar, I leave you this bed."
13- 13. 13.. V.13Karai– (i Karai vaekue) = He who has received baptism. Karaive = civilized man, who were the Atlanteans;
And more civilized, the Europeans represented by Columbus.
The Caribs considered themselves children of the moon (Hispano-American Encyclopedia, article on Carib)
It moves.
15- 15.Hague= Hair. Figuratively, vegetation is considered as the hair of the earth, and the vines as the intestines of the
mountains.
16-Yvyraso= Earthworm. (Refers to all living beings, in a figurative sense).
17- 17. Enjoying new life.According to indigenous belief, the human body, from the moment it returns
to become dust, and once assimilated by the earth, it comes back to exist in 'elemental' life and feels all the emotions that
experience mother nature, which is nothing but a being that has life and movement. Water is its blood, and air is its
breath.
18- 18. Jasyrata= Star, constellations.
19-Taû=Espíritu del mal. Los araucanos llamaron a este espírituHuekuvuen contraposición a "Gueneche" que era el Dios bueno.
 The word Huekuvu, Hakuvúotakuvosería is pure Guarani and means something very hot, very stifling, suffocating.
20-Angatupyry=Spirit of good.
21-Ka'a = Forest, mountain, foliage. (Ka'a guy = under the foliage). Today it is especially applied to yerba mate.
22-Pane= Fatality, failure, jetta.
23-Angekovóra= Supreme Judge of the conscience. Every injustice is punished with remorse, oppression, and sorrow.
24-Hova pini= Painted face. (The tattoo).
25- 25. Tumê arandu– (Aramomarandu). First son of Rupavê, great Guarani prophet. Father of wisdom and inspired by heaven.
He was saved from the flood with his sisters Guarasyávay and Tupinamba. Pa'i aranduo Pa'i Sandú (Chumé or Sumê) (See 93). According to
Another legend says that the survivor of the flood was called Tamanduare. (See page 12 of the work by the Jesuit José Guevara).
26-Marangatu= Virtuoso, kind. Name of the second son of Rupavê, father of Kerana.
27-Japeusa= Crab. The disobedient son who did things backwards. Despised by relatives for having poisoned.
impudently his sister Yrasêma, committed suicide by drowning and her body transformed into a crab, to march towards
back.
28-Porãsy = Goddess of beauty with Herculean strength. She sacrificed herself to redeem her people from the domination of the seven.
malevolent phenomena. (See 45)
29-GuarasiávaoGuarasy'ava–Guara= root of the Guarani word; sy= mother and ava= man. It means: 'Mother of man'
Guaraní. She was the second daughter of Rupavê, married to the atlánte karive (nicknamed Paraguá) and mother of the Guaraní race.
30- 30.TupinaoTupinamba'e= The one belonging to Tupí. She was the third daughter of Rupavê, married to the brother of Paraguá:
Ma'e hory, nicknamedAmaraso, and mother of theTupí race.
31-Yrasêma= Murmur of the waters. Goddess of the songs. The last daughter of Rupavê, the romantic maiden whose song was
like the murmur of the streams. She was the enchantress of the guitar made from gourd or pumpkin and died prematurely, poisoned.
for the recklessness of his brother Japeusa.
32-Passionflower. It is a climbing plant whose flower, as is known, represents the symbols of passion and death of
Jesus Christ. Regarding its Guarani etymological meaning, we will say:
It is noteworthy that many denominations apparently lack etymology or it cannot be found at first glance.
due to the corruption that words have suffered over time.
Theetymologyofdemburukujaisdifficulttosolve.However,uponcloseranalysis,wefindseveralmeanings.
coincidences, which we will mention here out of mere curiosity:
Come here, that is, come to the 'Fly breeding ground'. The flower of this plant attracts flies, which lay eggs on it.
their eggs that after being fertilized, oya and pypé, that is, the worms are born inside the fruit.
In fact, that fruit tends to rot very quickly.
33-Ana tee= Close relatives. Today it is said anama tee, oaigui (See 39).
34-Mbya = Peoples.
Tomb, sepulcher, mausoleum.
36-Tava ypy=First town, today Tavapy.
37-Because = Goddess of sleep. The pampered daughter of Marangatu. After seven days of hand-to-hand combat between the spirit of
wellAngatupyryy the spirit of evil Taû, he defeated him through the intervention of Pytãjovái. Then Kerana was
raptured by Taû, from whose union the seven seven-month phenomena emerged. She died of sorrow on the hill of Yaguarón.
38- 38. For whom it may concern= Seven - This number is a bad omen for the Guarani. Taû fought for seven days and seven nights to
to take over Kerana, daughter of Marangatu. She had seven premature children by the evil spirit: the first was Tejú jagua,
seven heads and the seventh son was Lovisón. The seven phenomena reached their maximum development at the age of seven and could not
to multiply, because their children precisely perished from the seven-day illness. The seven myths enclosed by inspiration of
They could die only after seven days and seven nights of incineration in the cave of Moñay (in Yaguarón).
completely purified souls ascended to the sky, transforming into the seven goats.
39-Grandfather. Great-grandfather is called bisabuelo and the term for grandson is temiarirõ, for great-grandson it is temiarirõ rirõ, and for great-great-grandson it is temiarirõ rirõ rirõ.
great-grandson
40-Ask - Grandfather of the malevolent spirit Taû, in whose entrails the infernal fire nested. He was considered as the god of
valor and of the war.
Seven moons.
42- Seven boys born consecutively.
43-Teju jagua- One of the major myths, in the shape of a colossal lizard with seven dog heads. The first son of the spirit.
maleficTaûy deKerana, cursed by Arasy. Never could he make use of his supernatural powers, due to the heaviness of his
body. He was considered the ruler of the caves and protector of the fruits.
44-Mbói Tú'i– (Parrot snake) a colossal-sized snake with a parrot's beak.
He is the second son of Taûy of Kerana. His domains extended over the great marshes, he was considered as the fate.
protector of amphibians, aquatic animals, dew, humidity, and flowers.
45-Moñái– Third son of Taûy de Kerana. Lord of the fields, the skies, and the birds. Protector of theft and mischief.
He was cremated by Tumêen in the cave of 'Moñái kuare' (Department of Yaguarón) along with his six brothers and
Porãsy (daughter of Rupavê) the beautiful maiden who sacrificed herself to redeem her people from the domination of those seven
malevolent phenomena.
46-Jasy Tere, Jasy jatereoJasy atere (Fragment of the moon). The fourth son of Taûy of Kerana. Little man with hair
golden ones, lord of the siestas, holder of the magic wand, protector of the witch grass and of the bees. He had the hobby
to mislead people to take them to his brother Ao-Ao who was a cannibal.
47-Kurupi– The fifth son of Taûy of Kerana. Spirit of sensuality, ruler of the jungles and wild animals.
He had a fondness for kidnapping women and creatures. His male member was as long as a lasso. In the mountains, there is a
a type of vine with the name kurupi rembo.
48-Ao-Ao– Sixth son of the malevolent spirit Taûy of Kerana, who was the Fate of fertility. He procreated in such a way that his
Descendants were numerous. He was considered the ruler of the hills and mountains.
According to tradition, the Ao-Ao lived like wild boars in large herds and, being cannibals, they pursued people.
When they, in order to escape from them, climbed up a sturdy tree, they surrounded it shouting in chorus: Ao-Ao Ao-Ao! Then
they dug up the roots and turned the tree to devour their victims. But those who climbed a palm tree were saved.
because this plant had a secret virtue against them.
49-Huiso, huicho, Luisón or Lobisón. Seventh child of the malevolent spirit Taûy de Kerana. Lord of the night and companion.
inseparable from death. His domains extended over the cemeteries, and he was supposed to feed exclusively on
corpses. Their ugliness, their long and dirty hair, their deathly pallor, and the foul odor they emitted caused revulsion and a
terror panic. If a cold, damp, and slimy hand touches any part of your body in the darkness of the night,
it is the Lobisón that calls you and foretells that your end is near. To conjure it, place a little bit under your tongue
land where your feet have tread and call it 'Lovisón!' three times in a row.
50-Jaguaru= Father of the big wolf. The jaguano word refers precisely to the dog introduced by the conquerors with
thesadendofhuntingnatives,buttothebigwolfthatlookslikethedog.Jaguarete-jaguaete=authenticdogochivi
guasucomo was how they referred to the American tiger.
51- 51.Yvyty kuape= "Cerro Kabaju", in Atyrá, so named today for having the shape of a horse with saddle.
52-Ñemono'ongáva= Cabildo. (See 92).
53-Pysyrõ= - To shelter, save, defend, free, liberate someone from danger.
54-There was a man named Gua'a - Tumêtania had a parrot that revealed the future to him by divine inspiration.
55-Angaipa- As long as they remain virgins or as long as they do not commit fornication.
56-Arandu ka'aty=Art and wisdom that instills the virtue of ka'a ruvicha(See 99).
Borrachera, intoxication.
58-Mañandára=Mediator, concealer, traitor.
59-Mbyja ko'ê= – (Yja= in the east) Morning star (Venus).
In Paraguay, long before the war against the Triple Alliance, it was already customary for the band of musicians
we will play the 'DianaMbaja' in the early morning of the commemorative days of epic events. We have investigated a lot about
its meaning but no one could explain what the word 'mbaja' signifies; there were those who claimed that it means
Diana or music of the mbayaes tribe known, but by studying their roots we soon discover its etymology: The
The term "mbaja" is simply a derivation of "dembyja" (Venus). The fact that the "Dianambyja" is played precisely.
at the dawn of the morning star (the morning star) provides a valid strength to our hypothesis.
60-Moñái kuare= cave of Monái. In the Department of 'Yaguarón' lies the Moñái kuare, the cavern where they were.
incinerated the seven monsters, children of Taûy of Kerana. Their souls thus purified, rose to heaven transforming into
the Pleiades.
61-Ñe'e papára= Poet, syllable teller or composer of songs. Certain tradition remembers that in very ancient times
there was a Guarani bard with the title of ETIGUARA. His poetic works, however, still remain among the mysteries of
some hieroglyphic.
In the time of the conquest, we saw another Etiguara appear on the scene, subjected to the Christian religion, but we leaned towards
to believe that it is nothing but the same Etiguarade of the ancient legend, singer of the nature of the kingdom of Tupã, turned into
Cristiano, according to the Jesuit father José Guevara, who refers to this Guarani character in the following terms: 'That one
great father of mercies and eternal guardian of the salvation of souls, raised many years ago a Guarani Indian named
To guide the blindness of gentileism to the ineffable light of His knowledge, instructing him in the divine mysteries and precepts.
from the Decalogue. He endowed him, merciful, with the gift of prophecy and apostolic zeal, to announce to the townspeople the way of
sky and as his forerunner begin to run the land announcing the truths that God, without the intervention of the Teacher, gave him
He taught them that he was sent by the Most High to prepare the way for His true ministers, who would soon arrive to ...
their lands the teachers of that faith, which their ancestors received from Pa'i Sumê, and those heavenly men, brothers
his own and propagators of his doctrine, who many years ago awaited in faith the word he left pledged.
He urged them to receive the Christians and the evangelical preachers with love, that they should have only one wife and
that relatives should not mix with each other. He ordered songs in his language, the content of which was the observance of the divine.
precepts. (History of the conquest of Paraguay by Guevara, p. 321).
62-Ro'y rypy'a= Frost or snow. (See Verse page 41).
63-Ruapehu=Flat and dark summit. Mountain in New Zealand near the other called Tauranga. (Matches the note
No. 76)
64-Pypore= Step. In the village of Yaguarón, there is a hill on top of which a miraculous cross is venerated. Near the hermitage, in
a large stone, the footprint of a human foot can be seen.
65-Stone mirror - Ita = Stone, ñeangecha = mirror, that is, 'Stone mirror'.
66-Yga rusu= Large raft or boat or canoe,–Kachiveo= vessel made from a single trunk. Currently, Yga,
only expresses the verb filter (oyga).
Sunrise, rosy light.
68-Jagua veve= Comet. Rain of stars.
War
70-Tupã Ama Ru=God Father of the rains, who dwells at the bottom of the seas. He is the Neptune of Greek mythology.
71-Jaguaveveojahose= Total eclipse.
72- 72.Yvytyruã remi–Tumêno could not determine how many days the flood lasted; but he did confirm that the peaks remained afloat.
several high hills where a part of the Guarani fauna was saved.
73-Kuimba'e mokói=Two men. "At a moment that cannot be fixed appears in South America an ethnic element
completely strange; the mongoloid element or mongolic, as others also call it. This element appears as
foreigner, as an emigrant. More than thirty years ago, one of the greatest anthropologists, Topinard, issued not only the
hypothesis but went so far as to state that in America all dolichocephalic races were ancient inferior races and
disappeared, with only the last remnants existing, and that the dominant race was a foreign immigrant race.
But where has this race come from to which the Guarani, Caribbean, and other lineages belong, which is so closely related to us?
Interesting?... (Summary of Prehistory and Protohistory of the Guarani Countries, by Dr. Bertoni).
74-Pireûsa'yju=Dark yellow-skinned Mongoloid.
75-Paraguay–Para=Sea,gua= of.Parapeguára= Maritime. Surname ofKaraivees husband ofGuarasyávay father of the
guaina race.
76-Roytahápe roju– "The caraive was considered the boldest navigator that has ever existed in the world,"
crosses vast ocean spaces for long days, challenging the fiercest storms and navigates that immensity
in simple canoes made from a single tree trunk. The Polynesians are not far behind, and there we have the invasion of the New
Zelandia for the Mahori people (80) whose name, by a strange coincidence, would be Guarani and originated from Polynesia,
where they emigrated with all their families, idols, and belongings, to conquer the great islands, crossing part of the ocean
Pacific in simple canoes. If this has happened in protohistoric times, it may well suggest that in not too distant times...
previous ones from the same Polynesia and in older times of the Archiness, islands closer to America, may have come
Polynesian elements and others from the Mongoloid trunk"... (Summary of prehistory, Bertoni p. 27).
We can strengthen the preceding hypothesis more and more, taking into account the geographical nomenclature of New
Zelandia, in which we have surprisingly found distinctly Guarani names, such as RUA PEHÚ - mountain of 2804.
elevations, which Taû frequented, and whose literal translation would be 'mountain of flat and dark summit', and Kaipara Harbor
«mono de color matizado»,Taûranga«la sombra o la silueta del espíritu malo»,Taûpo«la mano del espíritu malo»,Rotóruã,
Haúrakiy many other voices.
In Polynesia itself, there are Guaraní geographic names that are not noticeable at first glance.
due to the alterations that those words have undergone because of the spelling used by the cartographers and geographers who
they do not have the Guarani language. And in Paraguay itself, there are numerous names of towns and places that are due to the
the same cause, they have lost their true meaning.
77-Ñandejára– "Tenondete". Those maritime or Atlanteans were the first to call Ñandejára to Tupã "God".
78-Big bright thing = "Bright and large thing, that is, a radiant great city." It was the capital of Atlantis, whose similarity is
founded with the same name on the banks of the Tupã ikua (Ariguá). Its etymology comes from the fact that the Atlanteans had, according to references
of the Greek historians, their palaces and temples covered with an extremely white, beautiful, shiny varnish: they
they saw their tall monuments, before their lands, appearing in the open sea like a shining white stain, they had
known the secret of this varnish. "Well, the Mayans knew it and the palaces and temples of Yucatán were covered
of that famous substance, whose nature the Spaniards did not know, also white, also shining" (Bertoni).
When the conquerors set foot on these lands of Rupavê, the aboriginals wove fantastic tales.
about the 'Mba'e vera guasu' (the great shining city), tales that had the virtue of driving people crazy
many of those who translated the name of that supposed fascinating city to 'El Dorado' began to
feel a very vivid excitement for her... 'The imagination gets lost in conjectures when it tries to draw back the veil laid out
about 'Mba'e vera guasu' Will the mystery of this invisible and radiant Guarani city ever be unraveled? Possibly,
although it is to be feared that it remains hidden in the distance in the dark and impenetrable jungle of tradition, the legend and
the myth, from where the howling "Mboi jagua", the chattering "Mboi loro" and the monstrous "Moñái" came. And in this assumption
"The great mystery" will continue to shine with the prestige of enigma, of a great and radiant enigma, in the
"Farthest from the enchanted jungles and in the twilight of the vanished ages." (Eloy Fariña Núñez)
79-Chêruguáme or japi– They departed with an unknown destination, the Atlanteans "Carió" (Degenerated into Deucaliõ or Deucalión) and his wife.
Pirra que fueron también los únicos sobrevivientes del diluvio, yendo a formar la nueva era en Europa según los griegos. Y los
 Northerner sagas tell us about Beljemar and his wife (Moreau de Jonnes - Prehistoric Studies, pages 54 and 56).
80-Mahori= Smiling gaze. Degenerated into 'Mahori'. First name of Amarasó, brother of Paragua. 'The people of the
Mahories is New Zealand.
81-Amaraso - Nickname of Ma'êhory, husband of Tupinao, Tupinambá and father of the 'tupíes'. It means rain worm, for
having appeared in America after the flood.
There on the banks of that great river. This river, formerly called Amarasoia "water of Amaraso", is the
Brazilian Amazon "Amazonia".
83-Arekaja= Only Begotten of Paraguay, genius of inventions, built with his father the radiant City of Mba'e vera
great
84-Hour is Lightning, electricity. The Atlanteans, it seems, used a kind of electric light.
85-Toryvete apyre'y= A paradise, an eden. (the guttural 'y' of 'apyre'y' should carry the nasal tilde ' ~ '. Note E.D.)
86- 86.Arakua= Den of the daylight, a very deep well near the city of Mba'e vera guasu, from where it
It extracted a kind of yellowish oil that emitted a phosphorescent light at night from the large flasks.
crystal where it was enclosed and combined in certain devices made with wire, polished silver nails, serving as
key, with the element being the yellow mineral oil, fabulous, with sulfur and mercury a was obtained
lighting similar to daylight.
87-Paje ryru= Center of mysteries and charms. According to note 5, the paje was made with a composition of Ka'a ruvichay.
another bush. This bush is believed to be the Ka'a guajápao Ka'a guajasapa (sorcerer's herb) that Fray Bolaños intended
discover near a spring today called "Pozo Bolaños" in "Caazapá", and hence this town gained fame for being the
cradle of witchcraft.
The lpaje ryru also refers to a type of leather wallet called guajáca, whose etymological meaning comes from
Undoubtedly deka'aguajasapa, which is also the etymology of 'Caazapá'. The Portuguese cedilla is often conducive to
to confusions, because in the versions of Portuguese or French it is often replaced with the Castilian 'c' and
then the word 'guayaçapá' is converted to 'guayacapa' (See 5)
88 - What a surprise! An exclamation that even today the elders use, equivalent to 'Oh wow!' Paragua would say 'Ah! Halánte' upon remembering.
his homeland Atlantis.
89-Ygarata mbohapy=Three caravels, three warships.
90-Manorã, Manorã o Kanguerei=Death represented by a colossal worm with wings that stalks us invisibly.
the body is completely covered in spikes, each of which contains a different disease microbe.
91-Jyjúi= Foam - This word has degenerated into 'Jujuy', which is the name of a river in South America that is a tributary of
Bermejo, and also the name of an Argentine Province.
92- 92.Nemono'ongáva= Cabildo. These institutions seem to have already been known, according to Montoya, in whose dictionary it
register that word. A council existed in Atyha, today Atira – Amandaje = meeting, assembly.
93- 93.Yvyty para guari– Para = sea, and it also means overo or mottled. Etymology of Paraguari: Mottled hill.
"I love the earth, I will change life there in the shaded hill."
this hill, Tumêse turned to stone having its mummification transferred to the town, of which he is the current patron saint.
25). We cannot fail to mention that in the Province of Corrientes there is a city called Santo Tomé, and a
station of the F.C. of the same name in the Province of Santa Fe. These are two cases in which the names have been respected.
natives, in homage to the great Prophet Tome oTumê.
94- 94.Marandeco kuatiarã= For history, an element for history. The titled 'Loza de Jarigua'a' served Tumêpara
write the destiny reserved for your race. See 131) This dish that attracted the attention of many travelers, displayed strange
Hieroglyphs that no one could decipher and were recently destroyed by criminal hands, according to news we have gathered.
The naturalists Carlos de la Hitte and Dr. H. Ten Kate, in their work titled 'Ethnographic Notes on the Guayaqui Indians',
published in Annals of the Museum of La Plata in 1897, say in this regard: 'we take advantage of the proximity of the Jarigua'a
Guasu to visit a petroglyph that is known to have existed in a part of that mountain, notable for its conical shape and its location.
isolated in the plain of 'Carapeguá', not having achieved our objective because, upon arriving at the place where we were supposed to
we found that it had not existed for two years; for in the eagerness to discover treasures, naturally
imaginaries, this precious monument had been destroyed by blows from mines! (page 5 of issue II of Anthropology of the
"Annals"
On one of the hills of Jariguá, a large slab or stone was found, well squared, engraved on one side with a chisel.
Greek or Hebrew characters, as no one could understand the meaning or significance of the inscription, although it was transcribed.
with punctuality and accuracy on paper; it is at the foot of the hill. It leads one to believe that it is a monument of the most remote
antiquity. It must currently be covered in earth. Historical description of the ancient Province of Paraguay, by Mariano
A. Molas (page 33).
95-Tere– One of the most charming maidens of the region, whom Tumê made his wife.
96-Ita koty= Stone chamber. The cave of Cerro Santo Tomás in 'Paraguarí' has all the appearance of a sacred space or
hermitage. At its end where the cave narrows, a dark cave appears, accessible through a narrow opening.
97-Chõchi– Name of an old Guarani priest who prayed the kind of litany that is found in this poem, on the day of the
transfiguration of Tumê, in the cave of 'Paraguarí'.
The soul of this indigenous priest and hermit transformed into the bird that bears the same name, and since then it
listen to their melancholic and monotonous song in the mounds.
98-Tere noê –Tere: The wife of Tumê; and Noê (?), which refers to the same Tumê. According to many probabilities, the Guaraní people
They became aware that Noah was also saved from the universal flood, and for that reason, they compared Tumê to that character.
Biblical. There existed a people who prayed to Tupãla, a litany that appears in our poem, which is why the other tribes
They named it Terenoe.
Wisdom acquired from daily experience, in the observation of nature. Natural wisdom,
practice, theoretical extra, which sometimes has more effectiveness than the wisdom acquired from books through study.
100- 100. Jasy rãta guasu - Refers to the planet Mars, where the luminous spirit of the great Tumê went to dwell, who before
to die, he promised his loved ones that one distant day he would establish communication with them.
101-Urutau of Guaimingue - Nocturnal bird, whose song mimics the lament of a woman and has originated numerous legends.
6)
102-Guyraitaoguira tupin= Bellbird – One of the rarest birds in our forests. It is similar to a dove.
white with a cinderella tail. Its song has the same metallic vibration as a bell tolling for mourning.
103-Yga you me=Little Bottle (Etymology of the town of Igatimí).
104-Guaira oGuaírã–Guay– exchange, frog = future. Future heir. Taû, the Malevolent Genius, unable to take revenge on the great prophet.
You, due to the shield that made him immune, after his death, stalked his only son Guairí while he was still a child.
inexperienced, lost it and embarked on a little white boat (Ygatymi) to navigate the Paraná, but very soon a
The raging current dragged him to hell, that is, to the abyss of the great Leap that today bears his name.
105-Kujava manterei= Nomad. Moving often (Etymology of Cuyabá).
106-Japúra= The lie. (Etymology of a tributary river of the Amazon).
107-Karai avy=The man is not infallible. (Etymology of a Department, in the State of Amazonas).
108-Sypo or ysypo = Vines or lianas (population of the Department of Amazonas).
109-Kuri= Later (Etymology of a tributary river of the Amazon). (Today it would be written: Kurive jepe taipuru. N.E.D.)
110-Puru = To lend. (Another tributary of the Amazon).
111-Sapukái arosã = To shout, to call for help or assistance. (Etymology from a village along a branch of the Amazon River).
En el Paraguay también tenemos el pueblo de "Sapucay", lugar afamado por las numerosas anécdotas que solían relatar los
 travelers from times before the construction of the Railroad, being this the mandatory passage of the numerous carts that
they were coming from Villarica to the Capital, having to gather in caravans to cross those deserts populated by
fierce. The name Sapucay comes from the day a brave woman, fond of hunting, got lost in those
mountains and nothing more was known of its end. Since then, and especially when rain threatens, the travelers who had to
Crossing those lands at night, one could hear very clearly the traditional sapukáio, which is the desperate cry of a woman.
whose echoes reverberated through that jungle expanse, believed to be the wandering spirit of the lost huntress.
At that time, along the old road from Villarica to Asunción, strewn with stones, a constantly slid
caravan of wagons. The travelers who crossed those places had to listen at any hour to the
shouting of the drivers encouraging their oxen to get through the difficult passage. This reason led to it being called
that place 'tape sapukái' whose meaning is: 'Path of the shouts'.
112-"Cadaya" – A lake near Manaus.
113-Jamunda= To rob. Etymology of a branch of the Amazon River.
114-Forest spirit– (Tupí forest spirit) Vestige, monster or ghost of the mountains.
115-Ñakyra mbói (Jekyranamboia) Fabulous monster, a type of dragon, blind, transformed into Fulgóra by prayer of
Blood.
116-'Guayana' - Guaja: one of the sons ofAmaraso (Etymology of the Guayanas or lands of Guaja). It can also be Gua'i
Ana; Gua'iel, the firstborn of Tumêy. Ana = relative. The expeditionaries to the great "Pará" were relatives of Gua'i.
117- 117.Rupa nunu o nuni= The bed of the tremors. (Etym. of a river in British Guiana near Pirara, which also
It refers to the etymology of the Fulgóra, or Yekiranambóia, for its resemblance to the Karinambeo Karimbata, a fish. ('Karinambe' is the
name of another neighboring town of 'Pirara'.
118-Bra ha ma (BraoMbyra) Name of another son of Amaraso (Etymology of the islands Brahama, Brajama or Lucayas. Antilles).
119-Guanahani is...GuanayAnihijos deAmaraso. (Etymology of the island Guanahani, Watlin or San Salvador. Antilles). (See 122).
120-Itaysy=Sulfur.
Mercury
122-Pane= Failure. The island 'Guanahani' was also called 'Guanapane' because the last attempts had failed at that place.
efforts of Guanapo to discover the longed-for Atlantis. (See 119)
123-Jurumby'yî= Nosy. Recommended to the swallows that were gathering to cross the sea, that they should not reveal themselves on the other side.
the sacred place where Guana rested. However, they were the only bearers of the news that inspired Columbus
and he arrived in three caravels later, to the island "Guanahaní".
What shines on the water.
Tropical plankton – Dr. Diógenes Decoud, in his notable work titled "A Glory of the Sea," provides a lengthy description of
this phenomenon.
125-Amandareko= Cyclone, tornado, typhoon, hurricane with rain or waterspout. (Hurricanes vocabulary)
126-Paraguana– Degenerated into 'Paraguana' – A peninsula over the Caribbean Sea (Venezuela).
127-'Goajira' – Peninsula in the Gulf of Maracaibo (Colombia).
128-Paragua aipóaoParaguaipóa: Population in the peninsula of 'Goajira' (Colombia).
129-Perurima– Nickname of Toryjael, the famous comic or jester from Guarani legends.
130-Mborevisuomborevi guasu– Great beast of colossal forms, extinct species, used by the ancients
Guarani for their transportation. Several scattered fossils of that beast have been found, which are preserved in museums and
private houses. Lostatu ranaokarumbe ai (Megatherium and Glyptodon respectively) were used as elMborevisu
(Version 132).
131-Marandeko kuatia jára= Historian. Title given to Perurimapor for being the only survivor of the expedition to
"For" the Jhalante sea, discovering the end of the karaivepadres of the guaraní and tupí race, words that derive from
GuarasiavayTupina, respectively.
132-Karumbe and Tatu are Glyptodon and Megatherium respectively.
ElKarumbe ai, karumbe (tajasú): disgusting turtle, and (Tatu joguaha) similar to the tattoo.
133-Sounding thunder=Tres distant, consecutive, rumbling thunders. Refers to the three cannon shots with which one of the
Columbus's caravels will announce the discovery of the New World.
134-0jeharu– Upon stepping on the land of Rupavê, (now American), the Tupã ykua (the divine source) was as if profaned by the plants.
the de loskaraietey began to boil incessantly.
135-Opupu– ...A tradition tells that the spring continued bubbling, overflowing and threatening to flood the surface of the
land of Rupavê coinciding this fact with the arrival of a karai ete (Father Bolaños) who baptized and blessed it
thus conjuring the danger of flooding. But elMba'e vera guasu, the holy and mysterious city of the Guaraníes, the city
Mimbipára, with all its greatness, had already been buried forever in the muddy depths of the lake like Atlantis.
and now remaining as the own Mba'e vera guasuel lake Ykua karai or Ypakarai (baptized source) (See 18). The author of
this work, he firmly believed, he had found confirmation of that legend when he found the cemetery of the
ancient inhabitants of the 'Mba'e vera guasu' where a number of stood out on the surface of the black mud.
human skeletons buried in a vertical position, several specimens of which are preserved today in the Garden Museum
Botanical.
Regarding that same issue, Dr. Fiebrig wrote an extensive article titled 'Our Fossils.'
136-Ypy= Drowning - It also means origin: ÑandeYpy = our origin.
137-Yryvu mombe is a small mound located three kilometers from the town of Yvytymi, towards the west. In its
Contours, on peaceful summer afternoons and just moments before the sunset, scenes are observed that
we could call them kaleidoscopic or cinematic. It is a truly wonderful spectacle worthy of observation and of
study. Maybe it's a natural mirage.
The truth is that during the aforementioned hours, one can admire very interesting scenes: populous cities, convoys
very long, riders who run swiftly on their steeds, silhouettes of antediluvian animals that graze peacefully in the
meadows; parades of carriages, processions of fantastic shadows, white or black, that fade away and dissipate at
As one approaches them, they fade away with the shadows of the night.
Everyone can witness and admire that spectacle, for it is not merely a fantasy or hallucination of a mind.
feverish. The inhabitants of Yvytymillam call that phenomenon 'the appearances' and with good reason we could
give it the name The great cinematographer of the Ñande Ypy Kuéra.
138-Angusu= Ghost. It is especially used to refer to very tall, white, and misty people, in a figurative sense.