POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF EL SALVADOR

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
MEBLEC: Teaching Modality B-Learning Constructivist

SUMMARY

DC MACHINE STARTUP

Subject: CONVERSION OF ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY

NOTE
STUDENTS NOTEBOOK REPORT

1. SANTOS ANTONIO MUÑOZ AGUILAR MA201803

2. JOSE AARON PORTILLO MARXELLY PM201905
3.

MISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY

To train professionals with a strong critical and ethical sense with the capacity to
Self-training and with the required technical-scientific competencies for
solving problems through solutions focused on social development and
environmentally friendly.
INTRODUCTION.
Considering that the motors allow us to move the rotor, considering that to break
that inertia of lack of movement requires injecting a lot of energy into the engine, being this one of
Electric type requires supplied energy to enable movement; therefore, when considering
that amount of energy that must be temporarily injected, we perceive an increase in
the energy demand versus conventional operation, therefore the use of
protection devices and various devices to do that in the safest way.

Considering the above, various configurations and arrangements can be made so that the
the motor functions as efficiently as possible, likewise in this optimization of use it is possible to create the
suitable conditions to operate the engine easily for all operators
without greater electrical knowledge, one can simply start it and even better, the motor self-started,
so it only requires a notice of the need for operation in order to function and in the
worst case scenario, emergency strike or general strike.

General Objective.
Understand the various configurations of direct current motors with the
considerations of the different possible configurations to start the engine efficiently
and simple.

Specific objectives:
Understand the scope of direct current motors
Analyze the operation of startup with fixed time acceleration with different
devices
Use the various automatic motor control devices to be able to start them.
with a defined time
Use the various protection devices and knowledge for safe startup and
engine efficient

DC AUTOMATIC STARTERS.
4.1 GENERALITIES
Automatic starters are designed to perform the same functions as manual ones.
when they are controlled by one or more momentary contact push buttons or switches
manual starts, operated from a distance or locally. In general, it can be stated that the
starters, automatic ones overcome the limitations of manual ones in terms of:
 1. Automatic starters will not tire an operator during frequent cycles of
start-stop and, therefore, it will tend to stop the engine when it is not in service,
reducing the electrical load.

2. Automatic starters are not as limited in physical magnitude as they are.

manuals, due to the human strength required for handling them in the connection sequence.

Both the operator and the momentary contact control units can be
separated from the starter so that it is protected by intervening from a distance.

4. The small units of the button are more easily positioned in confined spaces.
more accessible than drum or lever starters.

There is less risk of internal rupture and less need for interior ventilation in the
automatic starters.

6. Human errors are eliminated and the engine can be started by an operator.
inexperienced in a minimal amount of time.

The open loop type DC automatic starters are classified as starters of

fixed time acceleration, and those of the closed-loop type such as acceleration starters by
limitation of the current. The space does not allow us a complete examination of all the various
principles or procedures employed in each type of operation.
4.2 FIXED TIME ACCELERATION ARRANGERS, OF C.C., THAT USES
DELAYED ACTION CONTACTORS
A delayed-action contactor is an ordinary inductive relay with a copper or brass sleeve.
inserted into its core. The effect of the antimagnetic sleeve causes the relay to function like a relay
instant magnetic under steady state conditions, but as an action relay
delayed, when a transient current flows through the coil of the delayed action relay, when
A transient current flows through the relay coil. Therefore, for the normally closed contacts.
from the relay in figure 4-1, an increasing current in the coil of the contactor will produce a delay in the
open contacts 1A, 2A, and 3A, respectively, and a decreasing current will produce a delay
when closing the same contacts. This delay is due to the creation of a force
counter-magnetomotive due to the eddy currents induced in the sleeve in the opposite direction
to the current increasing or decreasing, in accordance with Lenz's law.
The starter in the figure works as follows.
This starter uses a single starting unit and one stopping unit. Other units can be added.
remote start (this and all other starters of any kind) in parallel with the
start button, and other stop units can be included at distances in series with the button
stop at control line 1.l
4.3 FIXED TIME DC ACCELERATION STARTERS THAT USE RELAYS
Shock absorber

Another improvement on the fixed time acceleration starter for direct current, which uses relays of
damping, shown in figure 2-3, is the type of figure 4-2. This starter also uses
shock absorbers relays, but try to save the inconveniences of the large number of excited relays
during the marching period and provides adjustable delays during the startup sequence. The
The starter shown in figure 4-2 works as follows:
It is observed that, although 1Ay2A are not excited, the entire series resistance of the armature is
shunted by the 3 A contacts. At the same time, a fifth clarification contact is provided when the
contacts n.c. 3 A, in the terminals of the field rheostat, remain open. And the motor reaches its speed.
final established. The DC starter in figure 4-2 has the advantage that: the delay is adjustable
through the use of damper relays. All time delay relays are de-energized.
during the marching period and can be intermittently operated with a minimal number of
relay is energized during the operating period to save energy and reduce heating in the
interior of the starter.
The starters that use the same contact sequence as figure 4-2 are also feasible.
using relays that have escape mechanisms, lever, shock absorber or delay mechanisms,
pneumatic cameras, permanent magnets, etc., to enable the necessary acceleration delay in
fixed time.
4.4 TIME-FIXED ACCELERATOR FOR D.C., WHICH USES A
MOTORIZED TIMER OR A TIME MECHANISM.
A single timer relay or delay action relay that has multiple sequential contacts can
to be used to enable the fixed time acceleration sequence required to accelerate the engine.
The starter in figure 4-3 uses a motorized timer (a timed synchronous motor, of
low speed, which has secured time contacts even for an isolated drum) to close the
contacts TM1, TM2, and TM3 respectively, in a predetermined sequence.
These contacts exist in the control relays n. a. 1A, 2A, and 3A, respectively, in the same sequence.
with appropriate delays between each of them. Pendulums driven are also used
electrically, solenoids, lever and wheel escape mechanisms and timers
tires to perform a pre-set sequence of 1A, 2A, and 3A, in a similar manner.

4.5 TIME DELAY ACCELERATOR STARTER, DC, THAT USES

Inductive time constant of relay holding coils
Figure 4-4 shows a starter that uses differential relays consisting of two coils.
rolled into a common relay core. In addition to the main contact M, three relays are used, each
one with inductive winding HC (retention coil), which acts opposing the winding of the
AC closing coil that tends to close contacts 1A, 2A, and 3A, respectively. These coils of
Retention 1HC, 2HC, and 3HC tend to keep contacts n.a. 1A, 2A, and 3A in the open position.
as long as these coils remain excited.
4.6 ACCELERATOR STARTER BY LIMITATION OF DC CURRENT, WHICH
USE F.C.E.M. RELAYS (METHOD BY LIMITING SPEED)
The principle of closed-loop control lies in providing feedback from the circuit.
power or from the network to the control circuit. As shown in figure 4-5, this is done through
of <<sensitive>> relays V1, V2, V3 connected in parallel with the armature, whose n.a contacts V1,
V2, V3 control the sequence of the relays of command lines 2, 3, and 4 shown in Figure 4-5.
both the essential difference between the control method using a starter in open loop and in closed loop
closed is that the first uses a pre-set sequence of the circuit for control to introduce
variations in the power circuit.
4.7 STARTERS FOR ACCELERATION BY CURRENT LIMITATION, OF D.C., THAT
USE RETENTION COIL RELAYS
The coils of the relay designated by HC (holding coil) tend to hold the relay in position.
always open as long as the currents and f.m.ms. are large. The following acceleration starter by
DC current works as follows:

By pressing the start button, the contactors M and 3AC of the control stage and the relays are activated.
3HC, 1HC and 1A in the power circuit of the armature. The motor accelerates at full resistance of
start. As the armature current decreases and the motor accelerates, the current in 1HC
decreases compared to 1A. In such a way that the m.m.f. is sufficient to close the contacts
from 1A. At this moment, the armature current is diverted by the path of least resistance.
passing through 1A, 2A, and 2HC.

When the 1A contact closes, the motor accelerates. When the current is sufficient again
stable and decreased 2A closes its contacts. At this moment, the current takes a new path, the
of lower resistance of the relays 3HC and 3A.
When the speed and the motor produce enough back electromotive force to reduce the armature current.
At this moment, the 3A contact is being closed and provides the entire starting resistance network.
The AC coil is used to keep the normally open (n.a.) contact of 3A in a closed position. The normally closed (n.c.) contact of 3A is
They open and the engine accelerates to its final regulation value. The resistor R serves to provide
minimum voltage protection and weaken the 3AC coil so that it quickly returns to its position of
rest.
4.8 ACCELERATION STARTER LIMITER OF THE DC CURRENT, THAT USES
RELAY SERIES.
Fast-acting series relays can be used to sensitize the rush current of the armature.
in this way to accelerate the motor. The following figure shows a series relay starter, of direct current,
it works as follows:

When the start button is pressed, relay M powers the armature power circuit, furthermore
from the control lines, since the n.o. contacts of M close. The current passes through 1S. In this
At the moment the motor starts with the full resistance of the armature in series. After the current of
The start decreases to such an extent that the coil 1S deactivates, therefore, its contacts also do.
In control line 2, relay 1A is being powered through a 1S contact. The contacts
The n.a. of 1A is closed, thus allowing current to flow through the relay 2S and the contact 1A n.a.
the motor accelerates until the starting current can no longer keep the coil activated
relay 2S.
Control line 3 powered by the n.c. contacts of 2S and 1A n.a. activates relay 2A, closing its
Contact n.a. The starting current goes through relay 3S. The motor accelerates and the current decreases.
until it can no longer keep 3S active.
The control line 4 feeds relay 3A, short-circuiting the entire resistance in series to the armature, in
At this point, the engine accelerates to its normal speed and nominal load.
4.9 ACCELERATION STARTER LIMITATION OF THE DC CURRENT, WHICH USES
RETENTION COILS (ACCELERATION DUE TO VOLTAGE DROP).
The following figure shows a holding coil starter, of direct current. The operation of the
the starter is as follows:

By pressing the start button, the M contactor is activated, closing its auxiliary contacts and in this way
one way the current reaches the power stage, causing large voltage drops in the coils
1A, 2A, and 3A, and the motor acceleration.
As the current decreases, the voltage at relay HC1 becomes small causing the
coil 1A, close its contact. A part of the resistor is short-circuited and the motor accelerates to
higher speed.
As the current decreases, the voltage in the relay HC2 becomes small causing that
coil 2A, close its contact. A second part of the resistance is short-circuited and the motor
accelerate at a higher speed.

When the inrush current decreases, the voltage in the relay HC3 becomes small, causing the
coil 3A, close its contact. The motor accelerates to normal speed with an armature circuit to
full attention.
4.10 STARTER OF ACCELERATION LIMITER OF DIRECT CURRENT, WHICH USES
Retention coils and magnetic amplifier
Magnetic amplifiers are also used in starting and control circuits. In this way
the current impulses are amplified and supply the power to activate the differential relays.
The next figure shows the output voltage at the terminals of a shunt motor.

The starter works as follows:

The motor starts with the maximum resistance in series with the armature and the maximum current. A high
input voltage in the amplifier produces a high output voltage in coils 1A, 2A, and
3A, causing the contacts to remain open when the current decreases the coil of
1HC retention weakens causing relay 1A to close its contacts. When relay 1A is
activated, shorts a part of the resistor.
Causing the engine to accelerate and providing a high output voltage from the amplifier
magnetic coils 2HC and 3HC. As the current decreases, the voltage in 2A exceeds that in 3A.
so that relay 2A closes before 3A. The moment 2A closes, it creates a short circuit
another part of the resistance of the armature.

At this moment, the relays 1A and 2A are in parallel with the armature. Finally, when the current
when the induced value drops to a normal value, 3A activates, causing the motor to accelerate to its
normal speed with the armature at full voltage.
This starter works with all its closing relay coils, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd connected in parallel
to the induced. And all the HC coils in open circuit.
CONCLUSIONS
With the help of the knowledge of various control devices and other devices for
The management of electric energy makes it possible to connect the motor, making it work with a response.
assigned, the said response is given by the considerable configuration in the response of the circuit of
control; this circuit uses the multiple electrical devices used in the past for the
automation of processes and therefore they can be used in the best way to be able to have
various applications of covered engines, and all this is possible by respecting the considerations
basics for design standards.

The option to set the response times for engine start not only provides us with control
efficient of the engine, but it can also achieve the ability to make the set not require the
specialize greatly in order to activate the engine, so not only is the phase optimized
of control and its times, but also facilitates the work to be able to have an operator not
experienced with the certainty that it will be able to start the engine and best with the help of the devices
they added electrical protection for the motor, thus enhancing not only its efficiency but also
facilitating the control of the power circuits.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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