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 DIREC TIONS IN DE VELOPMENT
Human Development

Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion

Ramya Sundaram, Ulrich Hoerning, Natasha de Andrade Falcão,
Natalia Millán, Carla Tokman, and Michele Zini
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

Sundaram, Ramya, et al. Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion, World Bank Publications, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

Sundaram, Ramya, et al. Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion, World Bank Publications, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

Sundaram, Ramya, et al. Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion, World Bank Publications, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

Sundaram, Ramya, et al. Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion, World Bank Publications, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Direc tions in De velopment
Human Development

Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion

Ramya Sundaram, Ulrich Hoerning, Natasha de Andrade Falcão,
Natalia Millán, Carla Tokman, and Michele Zini
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

Sundaram, Ramya, et al. Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion, World Bank Publications, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 © 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433
Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org

Some rights reserved

1 2 3 4 18 17 16 15
This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpreta-
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Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Sundaram, Ramya, Ulrich Hoerning, Natasha de Andrade
Falcão, Natalia Millán, Carla Tokman, and Michele Zini. 2015. Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion.
Directions in Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0539-4.
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worldbank.org.
ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0539-4
ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0542-4
DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0539-4

Cover photo: © Dominic Chavez/World Bank. Further permission required for reuse.
Cover design: Debra Naylor, Naylor Design, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested.

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Sundaram, Ramya, et al. Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion, World Bank Publications, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Contents

Acknowledgments xv
About the Authors xix
Abbreviations xxi

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Why and What 1
Note 11

Chapter 2 Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion 13

General Economic Background 13
Stylized Issues Emerging from the Analysis 16
Selected Issues for Further Policy Dialogue 24
Broader Policy Issues 35
Notes 37
References 38

Chapter 3 Latent Class Analysis of the Out-of-Work Population

in Bulgaria, 2007–11 39
Background 39
Methodology: Latent Class Analysis 42
Main Findings 45
From Profiling to Activation 59
Notes 71
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

References 73

Chapter 4 Latent Class Analysis of the Out-of-Work Population

in Estonia, 2007–11 75
Background 75
Methodology: Latent Class Analysis 79
Main Findings 82
From Profiling to Activation 95
Notes 107
References 108

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 vi Contents

Chapter 5 Latent Class Analysis of the Out-of-Work Population

in Greece, 2007–11 111
Background 111
Methodology: Latent Class Analysis 114
Main Findings 117
From Profiling to Activation 131
Notes 140
References 142

Chapter 6 Latent Class Analysis of the Out-of-Work Population

in Hungary, 2007–11 143
Background 143
Methodology: Latent Class Analysis 147
Main Findings 149
From Profiling to Activation 168
Notes 180
References 182

Chapter 7 Latent Class Analysis of the Out-of-Work Population

in Lithuania, 2007–11 185
Background 185
Methodology: Latent Class Analysis 189
Main Findings 191
From Profiling to Activation 205
Notes 216
References 217

Chapter 8 Latent Class Analysis of the Out-of-Work Population

in Romania, 2008–11 219
Background 219
Methodology: Latent Class Analysis 222
Main Findings 225
From Profiling to Activation 243
Notes 252
References 254
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

Chapter 9 Proceedings of Workshop in Brussels 257

Greece 258
Lithuania 259
Estonia 260
Romania 260
Hungary 261
Bulgaria 263
Salient Points from the Plenary Discussions 263
External Experts’ Points of View 264

Appendix A Link to Online-Only Annexes 267

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 Contents vii

Boxes
1.1 Latent Class Analysis: A Sweet and Intuitive Example 4
1.2 The Statistical Basis behind Latent Class Analysis 5
1.3 Definition of Labor Market Status and Educational Levels Used
in This Report 6
1.4 Limitations of European Union Statistics of Income and Living
Conditions (EU-SILC) Data 9
2.1 At-Risk-of-Poverty Rate in the EU and in This Report 18
2.2 Back to Work: Growing with Jobs in Europe and Central Asia 25
3.1 Roma Population and Labor Market Exclusion in Bulgaria 56
6.1 Retirement-Income Systems in Hungary 175
6.2 Child Benefit Systems in Hungary 176
8.1 Roma Population and Labor Market Exclusion in Romania 242

Figures
1.1 Labor Market and Social Exclusion, Government Activities 3
2.1 Annual Real GDP Growth, 2003–13 14
2.2 Gender Gap in Unemployment Rates, 2003–13 14
2.3 Long-Term Unemployment as a Share of Total
Unemployment, 2003–13 15
2.4 Out-of-Work Population and Share of Total
Working-Age Population, 2007/2008 and 2011 16
2.5 Labor Force Participation among Youth Ages 15–24 Years,
European Countries, 2013 19
2.6 NEET Rates, European Countries, 2008 and 2013 20
2.7 Labor Force Participation as Share of Age Group, European
Countries, 2013 20
2.8 Labor Force Participation as a Percentage of the Total
Population Ages 15–64 Years by Gender, European
Countries, 2013 22
2.9 Formal Child Care as a Percentage of All Children Younger than
3 Years Old, European Countries, 2011 23
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

B2.2.1 Mutually Reinforcing Barriers to Employment for Younger and

Older Workers, Women, and Ethnic Minorities 26
2.10 Activation Types of Prioritized Clusters 29
3.1 Long-Term Unemployment as a Share of Total
Unemployment, 2003–13 40
3.2 Unemployment among 15- to 64-Year-Olds by Educational
Level in Bulgaria, 2003–13 41
3.3 Distribution of Out-of-Work Population in Bulgaria,
2008 and 2011 42
3.4 Classes of Out-of-Work Individuals in Bulgaria, 2011 45
3.5 Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Bulgaria, 2008–11,
Thousands of Individuals 51

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 viii Contents

3.6 Labor Force Participation among Youth Ages 15–24 Years,

European Countries, 2013 53
3.7 Expenditures on Disability Benefits as a Share of GDP in
Europe, 2008 and 2010 54
3.8 Demographic Change in Bulgaria 55
3.9 Labor Market Policy Spending in Bulgaria as a Share of GDP 61
3.10 Composition of Spending on Labor Market Policies
in Bulgaria, 2011 62
3.11 Activation Types of Prioritized Clusters, Bulgaria 65
4.1 Unemployment Rates by Age and Gender in Estonia, 2003–13 76
4.2 Long-Term Unemployment as a Share of Total Unemployment,
2003–13 77
4.3 Evolution of Out-of-Work Population in Estonia, 2007–11 78
4.4 Composition of Working-Age Population (Ages 16–64 Years)
by Labor Market Attachment in Estonia, 2007 and 2011 78
4.5 Distribution of Out-of-Work Population in Estonia,
2007 and 2011 79
4.6 Classes of Out-of-Work Individuals in Estonia, 2011 82
4.7 Classes of Out-of-Work Individuals in Estonia, 2007,
2009, and 2011 89
4.8 Labor Force Participation among Youth Ages 15–24 Years,
European Countries, 2013 91
4.9 Expenditures on Disability Benefits as a Share of GDP in
Europe, 2008 and 2010 92
4.10 Labor Market Policy Spending in Estonia as a Share of GDP 97
4.11 Labor Market Policy Beneficiaries in Estonia (Annual) 98
4.12 Composition of Spending on ALMPs in Estonia,
2008 and 2011 99
4.13 Activation Types of Prioritized Clusters in Estonia 101
5.1 Unemployment Rates by Age and Gender in Greece, 2007–13 112
5.2 Long-Term Unemployment as a Share of Total
Unemployment, 2003–13 113
5.3 Distribution of Working-Age Population (Ages 16–64 Years)
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

by Labor Market Attachment in Greece, 2007 and 2011 114

5.4 Classes of Out-of-Work Individuals in Greece, 2011 117
5.5 Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Greece, 2007,
2009, and 2011 124
5.6 Female Labor Force Participation Rate, Ages 55–64 Years, 2012 126
5.7 Labor Force Participation Rate, Ages 55–64 Years, 2013 127
5.8 Activation Types of Prioritized Clusters, Greece 135
6.1 Unemployment Rate by Age and Gender in Hungary, 2007–13 144
6.2 Long-Term Unemployment as a Share of Total
Unemployment, 2003–13 145
6.3 Distribution of Out-of-Work Population in Hungary,
2008 and 2011 146

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 Contents ix

6.4 Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Hungary, 2011 150

6.5 Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Hungary, 2008–11 159
6.6 Labor Force Participation Rate, Ages 15–24 Years,
European Countries, 2013 162
6.7 Labor Tax Wedges in Europe, 2008 and 2010 162
6.8 Labor Force Participation Rate, Ages 55–59 Years, European
Countries, 2013 163
6.9 Expenditures on Old-Age Benefits as a Share of GDP in
Europe, 2008 and 2010 164
6.10 Formal Child Care as a Percentage of All Children Younger
than 3 Years Old, European Countries, 2011 165
6.11 Percentage of Inactive Women Who Report Looking after
Children or Incapacitated Adults as the Main Reason for
Not Seeking Employment, European Countries, 2013 165
6.12 Labor Market Policy Spending in Hungary as a Share of GDP 169
6.13 Composition of Spending on ALMPs in Hungary, 2008 and 2011 171
6.14 Share of Participants in Training as an Active Labor Market
Tool, European Countries, 2011 171
6.15 Activation Types of Prioritized Clusters in Hungary 173
7.1 Unemployment Rates by Age and Gender in Lithuania, 2007–13 186
7.2 Long-Term Unemployment as a Share of Total
Unemployment, 2003–13 187
7.3 Evolution of Out-of-Work Population (Ages 16–64 Years)
in Lithuania, 2007, 2009, and 2011 188
7.4 Composition of Working-Age Population (Ages 16–64 Years)
by Labor Market Attachment in Lithuania, 2007 and 2011 188
7.5 Distribution of Out-of-Work Population in Lithuania, 2007
and 2011 189
7.6 Classes of Out-of-Work Individuals in Lithuania, 2011 192
7.7 Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Lithuania, 2007, 2009,
and 2010 199
7.8 Labor Force Participation Rate, Ages 15–24 Years, European
Countries, 2013 201
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

7.9 Expenditures on Disability Benefits as a Share of GDP in

Europe, 2008 and 2010 202
7.10 Labor Market Policy Spending in Lithuania as a Share of GDP 207
7.11 Labor Market Policy Beneficiaries in Lithuania, 2006–10 208
7.12 Composition of Spending on ALMPs in Lithuania,
2008 and 2011 208
7.13 Activation Types of Prioritized Clusters in Lithuania 210
8.1 Unemployment and NEET Rates in Romania, 2003–13 220
8.2 Unemployment Rates by Age and Gender in Romania,
2007–13 220
8.3 Long-Term Unemployment as a Share of Total
Unemployment, 2003–13 221

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 x Contents

8.4 Distribution of Out-of-Work Population in Romania,

2008 and 2011 223
8.5 Classes of Out-of-Work Individuals in Romania, 2011 226
8.6 Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Romania, 2008–11 233
8.7 Labor Force Participation (Ages 15–24 Years), European
Countries, 2013 236
8.8 Labor Force Participation (Ages 55–59 Years), European
Countries, 2013 237
8.9 Expenditures on Old-Age Benefits as a Share of GDP in
Europe, 2008 and 2010 237
8.10 Labor Force Participation among Women Ages 25–54 Years,
European Countries, 2013 238
8.11 Labor Market Policy Beneficiaries in Romania 244
8.12 Composition of Spending on ALMPs in Romania, 2008
and 2011 245
8.13 Labor Market Policy Spending in Romania as a Share of GDP 246
8.14 Activation Types of Prioritized Clusters in Romania 248
9.1 Greece: Highly Educated Youth Not in Employment,
Education, or Training 258
9.2 Lithuania: Youth Unemployment Reduction 259
9.3 Estonia: Reforming Incapacity for Work Scheme 260
9.4 Romania: The Reform of the Romanian Social
Assistance System 261
9.5 Hungary: Active Labor Market Programs—Good Practices
to Prevent Labor Market Exclusion 262
9.6 Bulgaria: Measures for Integration of Inactive and
Discouraged People 264

Tables
1.1 Key Statistics of Selected Countries, 2013 8
B2.1.1 Percentage of Population Below 60 Percent of Median Income,
by Country 18
2.1 Activation Priority: Overview of Inactive Clusters with
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

High and Medium Priority for Action 27

3.1 Number and Percentage of Working-Age Individuals
(Ages 16–64 Years) by Labor Market Attachment in
Bulgaria, 2008 and 2011 42
3.2 Summary Characteristics of Latent Classes of Out-of-Work
Population in Bulgaria, 2011 46
3.3 Latent Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Bulgaria:
Indicators, 2011 49
3.4 Latent Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Bulgaria:
Active Covariates, 2011 50
3.5 Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Bulgaria as a
Percentage of Total Out-of-Work Population, 2008–11 50

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 Contents xi

B3.1.1 Poverty Headcount Rate and Distribution 57

3.6 Longitudinal Analysis: Summary Characteristics of Latent
Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Bulgaria, 2010 58
3.7 Bulgaria: Composition of 2010 Clusters based on 2008
Labor Market Status (Column Percentages) 58
3.8 Bulgaria: Composition of 2010 Clusters Based on 2008
Labor Market Status (Row Percentages) 59
3.9 Activation Need and Potential of Different Clusters in Bulgaria 63
4.1 Summary Characteristics of Latent Classes of Out-of-Work
Population in Estonia, 2011 83
4.2 Latent Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Estonia:
Indicators, 2011 86
4.3 Latent Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Estonia: Active
Covariates, 2011 87
4.4 Classes of Out-of-Work Individuals in Estonia as
a Percentage of Total Out-of-Work Population,
2007, 2009, and 2011 88
4.5 Longitudinal Analysis: Summary Characteristics of Latent
Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Estonia, 2010 94
4.6 Estonia: Composition of 2010 Clusters Based on 2008
Labor Market Status (Column Percentages) 95
4.7 Estonia: Composition of 2010 Clusters Based on 2008
Labor Market Status (Row Percentages) 95
4.8 Activation Need and Potential of Different Clusters in Estonia 100
5.1 Number and Percentage of Working-Age Individuals
(Ages 16–64 Years) by Labor Market Attachment
in Greece, 2007 and 2011 114
5.2 Summary Characteristics of Latent Classes of Out-of-Work
Population in Greece, 2011 118
5.3 Latent Classes of Out-of-Work Population in
Greece: Indicators, 2011 121
5.4 Latent Classes of Out-of-Work Population in
Greece: Active Covariates, 2011 122
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

5.5 Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Greece,

as a Percentage of Total Out-of-Work Population, 2007,
2009, and 2011 123
5.6 Longitudinal Analysis: Summary Characteristics of Latent
Classes of the Out-of-Work Population in Greece, 2010 130
5.7 Greece: Composition of 2010 Clusters Based on 2008
Labor Market Status (Column Percentages) 131
5.8 Greece: Composition of 2010 Clusters Based on 2008 Labor
Market Status (Row Percentages) 131
5.9 Number of Beneficiaries and Budget of Selected ALMP
Interventions of OAED, 2013 132
5.10 Activation Need and Potential of Different Clusters in Greece 134

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 xii Contents

6.1 Number and Percentage of Working-Age Individuals

(Ages 16–64 Years) by Labor Market Attachment
in Hungary, 2008 and 2011 146
6.2 Summary Characteristics of Latent Classes of the
Out-of-Work Population in Hungary, 2011 150
6.3 Latent Classes of Out-of-Work Population in
Hungary: Indicators, 2011 156
6.4 Latent Classes of Out-of-Work Population in
Hungary: Active Covariates, 2011 157
6.5 Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Hungary, as a
Percentage of Total Out-of-Work Population, 2008–11 158
6.6 Longitudinal Analysis: Summary Characteristics of Latent
Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Hungary 166
6.7 Hungary: Composition of 2010 Clusters Based on 2008
Labor Market Status (Column Percentages) 168
6.8 Hungary: Composition of 2010 Clusters Based on 2008
Labor Market Status (Row Percentages) 168
6.9 Activation Need and Potential of Different Clusters in Hungary 172
7.1 Summary Characteristics of Latent Classes of the
Out-of-Work Population in Lithuania, 2011 193
7.2 Latent Classes of the Out-of-Work Population in
Lithuania: Indicators, 2011 196
7.3 Latent Classes of Out-of-Work Population in
Lithuania: Active Covariates, 2011 197
7.4 Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Lithuania as a Percentage
of Total Out-of-Work Population, 2007, 2009, and 2011 198
7.5 Longitudinal Analysis: Summary Characteristics of Latent
Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Lithuania, 2010 204
7.6 Lithuania: Composition of 2010 Clusters Based on 2008
Labor Market Status (Column Percentages) 205
7.7 Lithuania: Composition of 2010 Clusters Based on 2008
Labor Market Status (Row Percentages) 205
7.8 Activation Need and Potential of Different Clusters in Lithuania 209
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

8.1 Number and Percentage of Working-Age Individuals

(Ages 16–64 Years) by Labor Market Attachment in
Romania, 2008 and 2011 222
8.2 Summary Characteristics of Latent Classes of Out-of-Work
Population in Romania, 2011 226
8.3 Latent Classes of Out-of-Work Population in
Romania: Indicators, 2011 231
8.4 Latent Classes of Out-of-Work Population in
Romania: Active Covariates, 2011 232
8.5 Classes of Out-of-Work Population in Romania as a Percentage
of Total Out-of-Work Population, 2008–11 234

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 Contents xiii

8.6 Longitudinal Analysis: Summary Characteristics of Latent

Classes of Out-of-Work Individuals in Romania, 2010 240
8.7 Romania: Composition of 2010 Clusters Based on 2008
Labor Market Status (Column Percentages) 241
8.8 Romania: Composition of 2010 Clusters Based on 2008
Labor Market Status (Row Percentages) 241
8.9 Activation Need and Potential of Different Clusters in Romania 247
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

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Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

Sundaram, Ramya, et al. Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion, World Bank Publications, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Acknowledgments

This report was produced by a World Bank team co-led by Ramya Sundaram
(Senior Economist) and Ulrich Hoerning (Senior Social Protection Economist),
and included Natasha de Andrade Falcão (Consultant), Natalia Millán
(Consultant), Carla Tokman (Consultant), and Michele Zini (Social Protection
Economist). The team thanks Romain Falloux, Aylin Isik-Dikmelik,
Sandor Karacsony, Matteo Morgandi, Gady Saiovici, Victoria Strokova, and
Frieda Vandeninden for their contributions and advice. Carmen Laurente and
Sreypov Tep provided excellent assistance to the team.
This report is a joint World Bank and European Commission product and
would not have been possible without the financial and technical support of the
European Commission’s Directorate General of Employment, Social Affairs,
and Inclusion. Lieve Fransen (Director for Social Policy and Europe 2020),
Bérengère Steppé (Policy Officer, Social Services and Active Inclusion), and
Istvan Vanyolos (Policy Officer, Active Inclusion of Disadvantaged Groups,
Fight Against Poverty) led the efforts from the Directorate for Employment,
Social Affairs, and Inclusion’s side. From the European Social Funds Country
Units, the team thanks Marcia Kammitsi (F.3—Greece), Ventsislav Petrov
(F.5—Bulgaria), Laurent Sens (E.5—Lithuania), Ina Sesciliene (E.5—Lithuania),
Sirje Sepp (E.5—Estonia), Katalin Szatmari (E.5—Hungary), George Taskoudis
(F.3—Greece), and Dana Verbal (F.5—Romania) for comments and guidance.
From the Horizontal Units, the authors thank Nicholas Costello (D.1), Isabel
Engsted-Maquet (A.2), Kornelia Kozovska (D.1), Panagiota Stamatiou (D.2),
Céline Thevenot (A.2), and Valdis Zagorskis (D.3) for comments and guidance.
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

From the European Commission Representative Office, the authors thank

Ms. Katrin Hoovelson (European Union Representative Office, Talinn), and
Ms. Liliána Zúgó (European Union Representative Office, Budapest).
Overall guidance on the World Bank side was provided by Omar Arias
(Human Development Economics Sector Manager, Europe and Central Asia),
Elisabetta Campanelli (Country Manager for Hungary and Romania,
World Bank), Xavier Devictor (Country Manager for Poland, Latvia, Lithuania,
and Estonia), Kathy Lindert (former Social Protection Sector Manager, Europe
and Central Asia, and currently Sector Leader, Latin American and Caribbean
Region), Andrew Mason (Social Protection Sector Manager, Europe and
Central Asia), Mamta Murthi (Country Director for Central Europe and the

Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0539-4 xv  

Sundaram, Ramya, et al. Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion, World Bank Publications, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 xvi Acknowledgments

Baltic Countries), Ana Revenga (former Director of Human Development,

Europe and Central Asia), Dirk Reinermann (Program Manager for Southern
Europe Countries), Markus Repnik (Country Manager for Bulgaria,
Czech Republic, and Slovak Republic, World Bank), and Alberto Rodriguez
(Acting Director, Europe and Central Asia).
Peer-review comments were received at different stages from Zeljko Bogetic
(Lead Economist and Country Sector Coordinator for Western Balkans,
World Bank); Maria Davalos (Economist, World Bank), Doerte Doemeland
(Senior Economist, World Bank); Richard Florescu (Senior Operations Officer,
World Bank); Corina Grigore (Analyst, World Bank); Herwig Immervoll (Senior
Economist, Head of Employment-Oriented Social Policies, Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development); Roumeen Islam (Economic Advisor,
World Bank); Arvo Kuddo (Senior Labor Economist, World Bank); Kathy Lindert;
Edmundo Murrugarra (Senior Social Protection Economist, World Bank);
Dena Ringold (Lead Economist, World Bank); Francis Rowe (Senior Economist,
World Bank); and Bérengère Steppé. The editor was Elizabeth Schwinn.
The team benefitted from extensive interaction and guidance from officials
representing the governments of the countries covered in this study. In particular,
the team thanks the following counterparts:

• Government of Bulgaria. From the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy:

Elka Dimitrova (Director of Labour Market Policy and Labour Migration
Directorate), Natalia Efremova (Director General of the Managing Authority
of the Operational Program, Human Resources Development), Emil
Miroslavov (Director of Labour Law, Social Security, and Working Conditions),
and Eleonora Pachedzieva (Director of Policy for People with Disabilities,
Equal Opportunities and Social Assistance). From the National Employment
Agency, Asen Angelov (Executive Director). From the Ministry of Finance,
Marinela Petrova (Director of Economic and Financial Policy Directorate).

• Government of Estonia. Nele Gerberson (Ministry of Social Affairs);

Karin Kuum (Ministry of Social Affairs); Pille Liimal (Estonian Unemployment
Insurance Fund—Töötukassa); Ülle Marksoo (Ministry of Social Affairs);
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

Mariliis Niidla (Estonian Unemployment Insurance Fund—Töötukassa);

Elo Piksarv (Ministry of Finance); Merlin Tatrik (Ministry of Social Affairs); and
Kristi Villsaar (Estonian Unemployment Insurance Fund—Töötukassa).

• Government of Greece. Kostas Geormas (Deputy Head of Department of

Social Protection—Registry of Social Economy, Ministry of Labour, Social
Security and Welfare), Katerina Giantsiou (European Social Coordination
and Monitoring Authority, Ministry of Labour, Social Security and Welfare),
Stella Graikioti (Department of Social Protection—Registry of Social
Economy), Kalliopi Kastani (Head of the Social Protection and Social
Cohesion Directorate, Ministry of Labour, Social Security and Welfare),
Meropi Komninou (Head of Special Unit Planning and Management,

Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0539-4

Sundaram, Ramya, et al. Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion, World Bank Publications, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Acknowledgments xvii

Operational Programme Human Resources Development, Ministry of Labour,

Social Security and Welfare), Georgios Nerantzis (Deputy Head of the
Migrant’s Employment Unit—Employment Directorate, Ministry of Labour,
Social Security and Welfare), Panagiotis Oikonomakos (Head of the Managing
Authority of Operational Programme, Human Resources Development,
Ministry of Labour, Social Security and Welfare).

• Government of Hungary. Irén Busch (National Labour Office), Noémi Danajka

(Ministry for National Economy, Head of Department, Department for
Employment Programmes), Gábor Horváth (Ministry for National Economy),
Csilla Lajosné Sárközi (Ministry of Human Resources), Anna Marosi (Ministry
for National Economy), Zsolt Ruszkai (Ministry for National Economy),
Norbert Takács (Ministry of Human Resources), and Zsófia Tóth (Ministry of
Human Resources).

• Government of Lithuania. Evaldas Bacevičius (Head of European Union

Division, Ministry of Social Security and Labour), Lina Charašauskaite (Senior
Specialist, Equal Opportunity Division, Ministry of Social Security and
Labour), Inga Liubertė (Head of Labour Resources Division, Lithuanian
Labour Exchange), Alvydas Puodžiukas (Deputy Director, Lithuanian Labour
Exchange), Egle Radišauskienė (Deputy Director Labour Department,
Ministry of Social Security and Labour), Kristina Ščerbickaitė (Senior
Specialist, Labour Market Division, Ministry of Social Security and Labour),
and Daiva Zabarauskienė (Deputy Head, Equal Opportunity Division,
Ministry of Social Security and Labour).

• Government of Romania. Lăcrămioara Corcheş (Ministry of Labour, Family,

Social Protection, and the Elderly) and team, as well as several representatives
of the National Agency for Employment (Agentia Nationala pentru Ocuparé
Fortei de Munca).
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0539-4

Sundaram, Ramya, et al. Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion, World Bank Publications, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Copyright © 2015. World Bank Publications. All rights reserved.

Sundaram, Ramya, et al. Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion, World Bank Publications, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central,
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