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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TECHNOLOGY
IN THE 21ST CENTURY
 Second Edition

CRIMINAL JUSTICE
TECHNOLOGY IN
THE 21ST CENTURY

Edited by

LAURA J. MORIARTY
 Published and Distributed Throughout the World by

CHARLES C THOMAS • PUBLISHER, LTD.

2600 South First Street
Springfield, Illinois 62704

This book is protected by copyright. No part of

it may be reproduced in any manner without written
permission from the publisher. All rights reserved.

©2005 by CHARLES C THOMAS • PUBLISHER, LTD.

ISBN 0-398-07559-X (hard)

ISBN 0-398-07560-3 (paper)

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004059825

With THOMAS BOOKS careful attention is given to all details of man-

ufacturing and design. It is the Publisher’s desire to present books that are sat-
isfactory as to their physical qualities and artistic possibilities and appropri-
ate for their particular use. THOMAS BOOKS will be true to those laws
of quality that assure a good name and good will.

Printed in the United States of America

CR-R-3

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Criminal justice technology in the 21st century / edited by Laura J.
Moriarty.-- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-398-07559-X -- ISBN 0-398-07560-3 (pbk.)
1. Criminal justice, Administration of--United States--Data
processing. 2. Criminal justice, Administration of--United States--
Computer assisted instruction. 3. Criminal justice, Administration
of--Study and teaching (Higher)--United States--Data processing.
I. Moriarty, Laura J.

HV9950.C76 2005
364.973--dc22
2004059825
 CONTRIBUTORS

Ryan Baggett holds a Master of Science degree in Criminal Justice

(with a concentration in Police Administration) from Eastern Kentucky
University’s (EKU) College of Justice and Safety and a Bachelor of
Science degree in Criminal Justice from Murray State University.
Baggett is currently the Deputy Director for Technology and
Administrative Services within the EKU Justice and Safety Center
( JSC), an organization that manages federal and state grants to con-
duct research/development, assessments/evaluations, and training/
technical assistance on various aspects of public safety and security. In
his current capacity at the Justice and Safety Center, Baggett manages
the technical aspects of a project’s life cycle for several JSC projects
including the evaluation of an advanced firearm simulation system
(PRISim™), the research and development of an advanced surveil-
lance system for covert and overt applications, and the evaluation of a
technology integration project in eastern Kentucky. Additionally,
Baggett supports the National Rural Law Enforcement Technology
Center (RULETC) in Hazard, Kentucky, and serves as an Adjunct
Instructor for the EKU Department of Criminal Justice and Police
Studies as well as the Department of Loss Prevention and Safety.

Marialina Bello is a faculty research assistant at the University of

Maryland’s Bureau of Governmental Research (BGR). For the past 5
years, she has been involved in various projects implementing the
“what works” principles into the supervision field. While working with
the Maryland Division of Parole and Probation (MDPP), she assisted
in the design and implementation of training sessions to over 600
MDPP staff on their new model of supervision; Proactive Community
Supervision (PCS). The training curriculums include Motivational

v
vi Criminal Justice Technology in the 21st Century

Interviewing (MI) for Offender Change and “Sizing Up.” She also cre-
ated various interactive tools such as the Break the Cycle (BTC) and
PCS flowcharts and training games, Jeopardy and screen savers. She
manages the production of the Maryland Offender Case Planning
Software for Empowerment (MOCSE), which assists MDPP agents in
supervising intensive offenders. She is involved in various projects
such as creating “Tools of the Trade” for the National Institute of
Corrections and maintains Websites.

Christine E. Bryce is a Senior Computer Forensic Examiner for the

Virginia State Police Computer Evidence Recovery Unit. She also reg-
ularly instructs a variety of topics at the Virginia State Police Training
Academy. Bryce frequently guest lectures and presents information
around Virginia regarding “Parenting the Internet,” “Identity Theft,”
“Internet Safety,” and other related topics. Bryce has a Master of
Liberal Arts in American Studies (2002) from University of Richmond
and a Bachelor of Social Work (1997) from Virginia Commonwealth
University, and she is currently working toward a Ph.D. in Public
Policy from Virginia Commonwealth University. Her research areas
include computer forensics, judicial review, 1st Amendment interpre-
tations, 2nd Amendment interpretations, 5th Amendment interpreta-
tions, state and local policy making, and other areas that capture her
interest. Bryce has written and published over 40 training and proce-
dural manuals in topics including computers, technical skills, writing
and grammar, medical billing and procedures, and computer foren-
sics. Bryce has also published several musical and poetry composi-
tions.

David L. Carter (Ph.D., Sam Houston State University) is a Professor

in the school of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University. He also
serves as the Director of the National Center for Community Policing
and Director of the Criminal Justice Study Abroad Program. He has
written numerous books and articles and served as a trainer and con-
sultant to law enforcement agencies throughout the United States and
several foreign countries.

Pamela A. Collins is the Director of the Justice and Safety Center,

housed in the College of Justice and Safety at Eastern Kentucky
University in Richmond, Kentucky. She has also held the position of
Acting Dean of Graduate School, Department Chairman of Loss
Prevention and Safety, and is a Professor of both undergraduate and
 Contributions vii

graduate studies in the Loss Prevention and Safety Department. Dr.

Collins holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Security and Public
Safety, a Master of Science degree in Criminal Justice from Eastern
Kentucky University, and a Doctorate in Higher Education with an
emphasis in Educational Policy Studies from the University of
Kentucky. She is a Certified Fraud Examiner (C.F.E.). Prior to coming
to Eastern in 1986, she worked as an Industrial Security Specialist for
General Electric, Aircraft Engine Business Group Division, and as a
Fire and Safety Engineer for Industrial Risk Insurers.

Ann Marie Cordner (Ph.D., University of Maryland) is a senior

research associate and project co-director in the Justice and Safety
Center at Eastern Kentucky University, where she also teaches part-
time in the Department of Criminal Justice and Police Studies. She has
held faculty positions at Temple University and Niagara University
and worked as a researcher/planner for the Kentucky Criminal Justice
Council. Her research interests include the death penalty, prosecutor-
ial decision-making, hate crime, and community policing.

Gary Cordner is Dean of the College of Justice and Safety (formerly

the College of Law Enforcement) at Eastern Kentucky University,
where he is also a Professor of Police Studies and Director of the
Regional Community Policing Institute. He received his Ph.D. from
Michigan State University and served as a police officer and police
chief in Maryland. Cordner has co-authored textbooks on police
administration and criminal justice planning and co-edited several
anthologies on policing. He edited the American Journal of Police
from 1987 to 1992, co-edited Police Computer Review from 1992 to 1995,
and now edits Police Quarterly. Cordner is past president of the
Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, the country’s largest associa-
tion of criminal justice educators and researchers, and founder and for-
mer chair of that organization’s Police Section. In recent years, he has
worked with Abt Associates, the Police Executive Research Forum,
and the Institute for Law and Justice on community policing and infor-
mation technology projects, taught regularly for the Law Enforcement
Management Institute of Texas, and served as a research consultant to
the San Diego Police Department.

Jill A. Gordon is an Associate Professor in the School of Government

and Public Affairs at Virginia Commonwealth University. She
received her Ph.D. and Master of Science in Criminal Justice from the
viii Criminal Justice Technology in the 21st Century

University of Cincinnati, and a Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice

from Bowling Green State University. Her primary research interests
focus on evaluative studies concerning correctional policy. In addition,
she examines the attitudes held among those who work with correc-
tional clients. She has been awarded several federal, state, and local
grants and is published in a variety of journals including Criminal
Justice and Behavior, the Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, the
American Journal of Criminal Justice, the Prison Journal, the Journal of
Juvenile Justice and Detention Services, and the Journal of Quantitative
Criminology.

Robert C. Haas (M.A., Rutgers University) is the Chief of Police for

the Westwood Police Department in Massachusetts. Prior to accepting
his current position, he served fifteen years as a police officer in Morris
Township Police Department in New Jersey, where he rose to the rank
of lieutenant. While serving as a police officer in New Jersey, he also
taught extensively at the Morris County Police Academy as a certified
police instructor in a variety of topical areas and served on the Board
of Directors for the New Jersey Battered Women’s Services.

Janet Hutchinson is an Associate Professor and Coordinator of the

Public Administration Program in the L. Douglas Wilder School of
Government and Public Affairs, Virginia Commonwealth University.
Her research and publications follow two threads: issues in child and
family policy and feminist theory particularly in relation to public pol-
icy, and organization behavior and development. She also has a
research interest in the sociology of knowledge use. She teaches cours-
es in research methods and statistics, and women and family policy,
and is affiliated with the Women’s Studies program at VCU. Dr.
Hutchinson received her undergraduate degree in sociology from the
University of Maryland, her Master of Public Administration from
American University, and her Ph.D. in Public Policy from the
Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of
Pittsburgh.

Janice O. Joseph is a Professor of Criminal Justice at the Richard

Stockton College of New Jersey. She received her Ph.D. from York
University (Canada). Her research interests include juvenile justice,
criminology and deviance, minorities and crime, women and criminal
justice, and corrections.
 Contributions ix

Andra J. Katz (Bannister) (Ph.D., Michigan State University) is an

Associate Professor and Graduate Coordinator, Criminal Justice and
Assistant Director at the School of Community Affairs at Wichita State
University. Her research interests include computer crime, communi-
ty policing, and international organized crime issues.

Robyn Diehl Lacks is an Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice in

the School of Government and Public Affairs, College of Humanities
and Sciences at Virginia Commonwealth University. She earned her
Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology (2003) and her Masters degree in
Criminal Justice (2000) from Virginia Commonwealth University and
her Bachelors in Psychology (1998) from Randolph-Macon College.
Her research areas include the impact of violence exposure on aggres-
sive and delinquent acts, violent crime scene analysis and community-
based program evaluation. She has published articles on DNA analy-
sis and federal and state victim resources. She currently has articles
under review on the impact of crowd behavior at homicide scenes and
the impact of violence exposure on adolescent adjustment. She also
has published several encyclopedia entries and community-based
evaluation reports.

Dr. James E. Mays is an Associate Professor of Statistics in the

Department of Statistical Sciences and Operations Research at
Virginia Commonwealth University. His research interests include
nonparametric and semiparametric regression techniques, with
emphasis on smoothing considerations and the development of
model-robust techniques. Dr. Mays is also involved in the develop-
ment of introductory level (general education) statistics courses,
including the implementation of interactive multimedia techniques in
instruction and the development of supplement manuals to accompa-
ny numerous introductory statistics textbooks.

Lorraine Green Mazerolle (Ph.D., Rutgers University) is an

Associate Professor at Griffith University in the Key Centre for Ethics,
Law, Justice and Governance. Her research interests include crime
prevention, policing and crime control, technology and policing,
research methods.

Laura J. Moriarty is a Professor of Criminal Justice in the School of

Government and Public Affairs and Associate Dean, Academic
Affairs, College of Humanities and Sciences at Virginia Common-
x Criminal Justice Technology in the 21st Century

wealth University. Her earned degrees include the Ph.D., Sam

Houston State University (1988), the Master of Criminal Justice (1985),
and Bachelor of Criminal Justice (1984) from Louisiana State
University. Her research areas include victims of crime, victimology,
fear of crime, and violent crime. She is the author, co-author, or co-
editor of six books: Victims of Crime (with Robert Jerin, Nelson-Hall,
1998), American Prisons: An Annotated Bibliography (with Elizabeth
McConnell, Greenwood Press, 1998), Current Issues in Victimology
Research (with Robert Jerin, Carolina Academic Press, 1998), Criminal
Justice Technology in the 21st Century (with David Carter, Charles C.
Thomas, 1998), Policing and Victims (Prentice/Hall, 2002), and
Controversies in Victimology (Anderson Publishing Company, 2003). She
also has published over 45 scholarly articles, book chapters, and non-
refereed articles.

Larry J. Myers is President of Justice Communications Incorporated

( JCI), a software application development firm located in The
Woodlands, Texas. JCI specializes in criminal justice education and
training, as well as the development of Web-based and wireless com-
munication systems for improving community justice. He received his
Ph.D. in Educational Human Resource Development from Texas
A&M University in College Station. In addition, he received his
Masters in Criminology from Florida State University. His research
interests include community justice, high technology crime investiga-
tion, instructional technology, criminal justice education, and training
and development. Recent publications include two articles on teach-
ing about computer crime in the Journal of Criminal Justice Education.

Laura B. Myers is Professor of Juvenile Justice in the College of

Juvenile Justice and Psychology at Prairie View A&M University,
Prairie View, Texas. Her doctorate degree in criminology is from
Florida State University. Her publication areas include criminal justice
education, criminal courts, criminal justice ethics, cultural diversity,
and criminal justice administration. Recent publications include two
articles on teaching about computer crime in the Journal of Criminal
Justice Education, an article on substance abuse treatment for minority
females in the Prison Journal, an article in the Prison Journal on cultural
diversity awareness for correctional personnel, and two editions of a
book on teaching criminal justice professors how to teach. She is cur-
rently writing a book on criminal justice ethics that will be published
in 2005.
 Contributions xi

Samuel Nunn is a Professor of Criminal Justice in the School of

Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University-Purdue
University, Indianapolis, and research director of the Center for
Urban Policy and the Environment. He has been a consultant for,
among other clients, the Indiana State Police and the Indiana Counter
Terrorism and Security Council. His research focuses on criminal jus-
tice technologies and their impacts, with criminal justice-related pub-
lications in the Public Administration Review, Journal of Policy Analysis and
Management, Journal of Urban Technology, Policing: An International Journal
of Police Strategies and Management, Police Practice and Research, and
Evaluation Review.

Timothy J. Potts has a Bachelor of Science degree in Visual

Communications Technology from Bowling Green State University.
He has worked in the audiovisual field for over a decade. He is cur-
rently the Senior Systems Engineer for Virginia Commonwealth
University’s Media Support Services department where he is in charge
of the technological installations for the university. His work encom-
passes multimedia platforms, videoconferencing, and distance educa-
tion.

Kathryn E. Scarborough is an Associate Professor at Eastern

Kentucky University. She earned her Ph.D. in Criminal Justice from
Sam Houston State University. She also has a Master of Arts in
Applied Sociology with a Certificate in Women’s Studies from Old
Dominion and Norfolk State Universities, and a Bachelor of Science in
Criminal Justice from the University of Southern Mississippi. Dr.
Scarborough is the Director for Research and Evaluation for the
Justice and Safety Center. Prior to her teaching at Eastern Kentucky
University, she was a police officer in Portsmouth, Virginia, a United
States Navy Hospital Corpsman/Emergency Medical Technician, and
a chemical dependency technician. Her current teaching and research
interests include criminal investigation, law enforcement technology,
community policing, and police administration.

Eric Shepardson is a Research Assistant at the University of

Maryland’s Bureau of Governmental Research. For the past 5 years,
he has been working extensively with the Maryland Division of Parole
and Probation to assist them in implementing their “Proactive
Community Supervision” initiative, which has represented a signifi-
xii Criminal Justice Technology in the 21st Century

cant change in their organizational culture and structure. Included in

this work has been the development and delivery of training curricu-
la that included the Proactive Community Supervision I Training,
which focused on Motivational Interviewing as a brief intervention,
and the “Sizing Up” training that introduced a new assessment
process. Along with the development of the curricula, he has been
extensively involved in the development and deployment of various
interactive training tools that have been designed to assist staff in their
understanding and use of these various new concepts. Some of the
tools are the “Break the Cycle CD-ROM,” “Nuts and Bolts of PCS,”
“Proactive Community Supervision CD-ROM,” and “Tools of the
Trade.”

Irina R. Soderstrom is an Associate Professor in the Department of

Corrections and Juvenile Justice Studies at Eastern Kentucky
University. She received her Bachelor of Arts in Sociology/Pre-Law at
the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in 1987. She received
her Master of Science in Administration of Justice in 1990, and her
Ph.D. in Educational Psychology/Statistics and Measurement in 1997
from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Her primary teach-
ing interests include statistics, research methods, and research seminar
courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Her primary
research focus is in program evaluation and she has conducted con-
siderable evaluative research on parole programs, boot camps, cor-
rectional industries, teen courts, and school safety.

Faye S. Taxman is a Professor in the Wilder School of Government

and Public Affairs at Virginia Commonwealth University. Dr.
Taxman’s work is in corrections, sentencing, and program evaluation.
She is currently the principal investigator evaluating the implementa-
tion of the 12 sites in the treatment and criminal justice component of
the Washington/Baltimore HIDTA program and two evaluations of
substance abuse treatment programs. She is also the co-principal
investigator (with James Byrne) for the grant entitled “Evaluation of
Prison Culture,” sponsored by the National Institute of Corrections.
Dr. Taxman has published in the areas of corrections, treatment, and
evaluation.
 To My Godchild
Haleigh Madison Moriarty
 PREFACE

T his new edition of Criminal Justice Technology in the 21st Century is

the result of many individuals inquiring about the book being
updated. Apparently, there are many universities and colleges that
now offer courses in criminal justice that focus on technology. I find
this very interesting as my institution is only just thinking about such
a course for our program. Nonetheless, many of the individuals who
have used the original book found it to be very useful in their classes,
but as with all technology resources, it quickly became outdated. Thus,
the impetus for the second edition stems from a push to update it by
those who regularly used the book.
Many of those who contacted me about updating the book are cur-
rent contributors to the second edition. It only seems natural that those
who are teaching, developing, and researching criminal justice tech-
nologies should be included in the text.
The text still has 14 chapters with 9 new chapters written specifical-
ly for this edition, one chapter has been updated, one chapter is a
reprint, and 3 chapters remain as they were in the first edition. What
I like about the second edition is the appropriate mixture of “knowl-
edge” or information about specific types of technology with empiri-
cal studies (i.e., evaluations) of certain technology used in various sub-
components of the criminal justice system. Students, educators, and
practitioners will find this edition useful as it provides practical knowl-
edge about different technology that is useful on many levels.
The book is arranged in the same format as the first edition.
However, there are three introductory chapters, one that is the intro-
duction written by Samuel Nunn, and two others, one that introduces
Law Enforcement Technology written by Kathryn Scarborough and
Gary Cordner, and the other introduces Prison Technology, written by
Janice Joseph. These three chapters provide an excellent overview of
xv
xvi Criminal Justice Technology in the 21st Century

technology in criminal justice. Professor Nunn begins by defining tech-

nology, which is a very interesting discussion, and then he moves into
explaining specific criminal justice technologies (as he labels it).
Professors Scarborough and Cordner focus on law enforcement tech-
nologies while Professor Joseph focuses on prisons. They make a
skilled presentation of all the technology available to date in their
respective areas. The chapters do not overlap; they complement each
other. Both the neophyte and the techno “geek” will find these chap-
ters informative and instructive.
The education section of the text has been increased from three
chapters in the previous edition to four chapters. Three of the four
chapters are new additions while the third chapter has been updated.
The section has been expanded to include training in this section with
two of the new chapters addressing specific training opportunities. The
Taxman, Bello, and Shepardson chapter actually describes how to
train individuals using interactive technology tools. The beauty of this
system is that any type of training can be conducted using the interac-
tive technology tools. The authors provide Websites and specific
instruction for anyone interested in training in this manner. The
Baggett, Collins, and Cordner (AnnMarie this time, not Gary) chapter
provides an evaluation of a computer-based training for DNA evi-
dence collection. The focus is not on the DNA evidence collection
training, rather it is on the application or protocol used to provide the
training. In this case the authors compare traditionally delivered train-
ing with training delivered via technology. The authors point out that
if both strategies are successful in training individuals, then considera-
tion should be given to what type of delivery system works best for an
agency given time constraints, budget restrictions, willingness to be
trained, and so on.
In that same section, Laura and Larry Myers describe the evolution
of the criminal justice discipline to produce cyber competent criminal
justice practitioners and researchers. Their work lays the foundation
for a new chapter entitled “Computer Forensics” that is presented later
in the book. The point emphasized by the Myers is that we are oblig-
ated as scholars and professors to prepare the future practitioners to
respond appropriately to cybercrime. And in doing so we must con-
tinue to conduct research in this area or we will neglect our funda-
mental charge as academicians and the discipline will become stag-
nant and be nonresponsive to societal changes.
 Preface xvii

The chapter by Hutchinson, Mays, and Moriarty is updated and

presents technological aids that can be used in statistics courses. The
authors are still developing a CD-ROM to facilitate the understanding
of statistics in all courses but to date they have not completed the pro-
ject. In the meantime, many other products have been published since
the first chapter was written, and the authors do a very nice job at
updating the readers.
The next section of the book entitled “Law Enforcement Technolo-
gy” has three new chapters while one remains as it appeared in the
first edition. As you will see, my colleagues at Eastern Kentucky
University have been very involved in research focusing on technolo-
gy. I have already discussed the Scarborough and Cordner chapter
that provides an excellent update on law enforcement technology, and
as you will see, Kay and Gary have also been busy conducting a
national survey on technology and training needs of rural law enforce-
ment. Their chapter with their co-authors, Pamela Collins and Irina
Soderstrom, reports the results of the national study. Rural law
enforcement is often ignored when we focus on policing, especially
when we narrow the focus to training and technological needs. Thus,
the goal of the chapter is to describe the technological capabilities and
technology-related training needs of small and rural law enforcement
agencies. You will find the results of their study very interesting.
The other chapters in this section focus on specific law enforcement
technologies with an evaluation of them. The problem-solver chapter
was in the first edition. Mazerolle and Haas provide an excellent
explanation of a system used to support problem-oriented policing.
The new chapter by Baggett and Cordner (AnnMarie) is an evaluation
of a mobile firearm simulation system. Both chapters discuss two very
important technologies that are very helpful to law enforcement.
The next section focuses on courtroom and corrections technology.
The first chapter written by Gordon, Moriarty, and Potts is an evalua-
tion of videoconferencing in one jurisdiction. The authors survey
courtroom personnel to determine their attitudes and opinions about
this technology. It is an interesting chapter, especially when one thinks
about the average age of the respondents, what the literature suggests
about age and technological savvy, and the conclusions made by the
authors that the respondents would like to see the technology used in
more court-related procedures and/or settings.
The second chapter in this section is entitled “Technoprison:
Technology and Prisons.” It is a reprinted chapter that describes all the
xviii Criminal Justice Technology in the 21st Century

possible technology that can be used in prisons. It is a great overview

just like the chapters written by Sam Nunn and Kay Scarborough and
Gary Cordner. Professor Joseph discusses the specific technology used
in prisons, the potential for increasing that technology, and identifying
new types of technology that can be used while not losing sight of the
fact that some of these technologies might violate prisoners’ rights. It
is a fascinating chapter—especially when you consider how little
knowledge the public really has about the potential to use technology
in a prison setting.
The last section is entitled “Criminality and Technology.” One new
chapter is presented, “Computer Forensics,” and two chapters from
the first edition are included. This section is compiled as it is to help
with the “evolution of the discipline.” In responding to the Myers’
admonishment that we must “prepare the future practitioners to
respond appropriately to cybercrime,” this section provides a founda-
tion for beginning to do so. Robyn Lacks and Christine Bryce fully
support the Myers’ warning and provide their own justification for
their chapter that parallels what Laura and Larry are advocating: With
“the increase in computer-related crimes it is imperative that law
enforcement agencies and prosecutors gain the technology, skills, and
abilities to obtain electronic evidence stored in computers (Lacks &
Bryce, Chapter 12).” With that goal in mind, the authors present an
overview of computer forensics including definitions, aspects, and
activities of it. They also explore the legal aspects governing informa-
tion technology in the criminal justice system, major computer crimes,
and they conclude with a case study from the Virginia State Police’s
Computer Crime Unit.
The two chapters written by Katz and Carter and Carter and Katz
provide an excellent overview of computer crime victimization in the
United States, and computer applications by international organized
crime groups. The three chapters together add to the cybercrime liter-
ature, providing material for instructors and others to use when study-
ing such behavior.
The second edition developed into what I think is an excellent read-
er/text that allows both the neophyte and the expert to learn some-
thing. As this book goes to print, we will continue to investigate cur-
rent criminal justice technologies, because one thing is clear; technol-
ogy development, no matter where the arena, waits for no one.

L. J. M.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T he second edition of this text would not have been possible with-
out the extraordinary contributions of the many contributors to
this volume. I am especially indebted to Kay Scarborough who con-
tacted me long ago to provide feedback about the first edition. We
talked and she informed me that she and her colleagues at Eastern
Kentucky University were very involved in projects focusing on tech-
nology. I was intrigued and we talked more. Kay graciously volun-
teered to coordinate the EKU effort, making sure that all the chapters
were turned in on time and that all the necessary information was cor-
rect. I am honored to publish their work in this volume, and I appre-
ciate everyone at EKU being so willing to submit a chapter for the
cause.
Other contributors in this volume were contacted directly by me,
and none of them shied away from the request. I met Sam Nunn when
he interviewed for a position at VCU, and immediately felt very com-
fortable with him. We discussed our mutual interest in technology,
where he expanded on some of his recent work in the area. I asked
him to write the introduction chapter to the book, and he agreed. He
did a fantastic job, and I think it really sets the stage for the remainder
of the text. I thank you, Sam, for your fine work.
Jill Gordon, Robyn Diehl, Christine Bryce, Janet Hutchinson, James
Mays, and Faye Taxman are all colleagues of mine at VCU. They got
the “call” from me asking for either an update of a chapter or for a new
contribution to the book. Their work is excellent and I thank them all
for responding—some on very short notice—and for the quality of their
work.
Laura Myers always comes through for me and I thank her! I saw
her at the ACJS conference and asked her to update the chapter. I did
not expect to get a completely revised chapter, as I know her plate is

xix
xx Criminal Justice Technology in the 21st Century

full, but that is exactly what Laura and Larry provided. Without her
knowing, by writing a completely new chapter, she provided a perfect
lead in for the last section of the book.
I must thank Janice Joseph and Roz Muraskin for allowing me to
reprint Janice’s chapter from Roz’s book. We were discussing the chap-
ter at the ACJS meeting in Las Vegas and I immediately knew that I
wanted it for this book. Both Janice and Roz immediately agreed to let
me publish it in my volume. What I did not know was how to go about
getting permission from Pearson/Prentice-Hall to do so. When I found
out there was a financial charge for doing so, I did not know if I would
be able to get the chapter. Our new Interim Dean and the Director of
the Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs, Dr. Robert
Holsworth, graciously agreed to pay the fee to reprint the chapter. I
always knew Bob supported scholarship and this generous gesture
reinforced that idea in my mind. Thank you, Bob!
I would also like to thank the Dean’s Office staff, especially India
Urbach who is so helpful with everything I need. She has an incredi-
ble amount of knowledge about the university and knows how to get
anything accomplished. Eventually, I guess, I would figure it out, but
honestly I am not sure that this is an accurate statement.
I would also like to thank Dr. Patricia Grant. Her technological skills
are phenomenal! She was a tremendous help as I tried to prepare
Janice’s chapter to be reprinted. Pat is my computer wiz and I am
proud to call her my colleague and friend.
I would also like to thank Charles C Thomas Publisher, especially
my editor, Michael Thomas. Michael has always been very responsive
and supportive of this project.
Lastly, I have to thank my family. They have always supported me
no matter what I decided to do.
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