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 A new understanding of Athanasius
and the Trinity—

Hill
Athanasius of Alexandria wrote over seven dozen works, the majority of which
contain at least one reference to the Holy Spirit. Yet, previous studies have primar-
ily concentrated on Athanasius’s Letters to Serapion on the Holy Spirit (ca. 359–361),
leaving a lacuna in our knowledge of Athanasius’s prior pneumatology. By explor-
ing the period from Athanasius’s election as bishop (328) to the completion of the
third Oration against the Arians (ca. 345), this book seeks to help fill this gap.

Part I of this work argues that by the mid-330s, Athanasius had begun to establish
core pneumatological perspectives that he would maintain for the rest of his career.
Part II examines Athanasius’s three Orations, giving particular attention to Ora-
tions 1–2. To Athanasius, the Holy Spirit is eternal, uncreated, united to the Son,
Athanasius and the Holy Spirit

Athanasius and the Holy Spirit

worthy of worship, and essential for salvation. These points laid the foundation
for what was to come in Serapion. Without the pneumatological perspectives that The Development of His Early
he established in the 330s and 340s, Athanasius would not have been prepared to Pneumatology
take the next steps of confessing the Holy Spirit’s divine nature and role in creating
the world.

Praise for Athanasius and the Holy Spirit

“Adding to the small but growing number of monographs on patristic pneumatol-
ogy, Kevin Douglas Hill greatly helps us with this contribution on the Holy Spirit
in Athanasius. He rightly shows the integrated nature of Athanasius’s theological
and pastoral corpus, demonstrating how the Spirit does indeed play a key role
throughout his career, even if not in every work. Hill does not, however, limit his
discussion to the Spirit; rather, he expertly establishes how Athanasius’s pneuma-
tology integrates with his Christological and Trinitarian thought.”

Ben C. Blackwell | Houston Baptist University

Kevin Douglas Hill earned a PhD in theology from Durham University. This vol-
ume is based on a thesis completed at Durham under the supervision of Andrew
Louth and Lewis Ayres.
Kevin Douglas Hill
Religion / History of Christianity

e m e r g i n g s c h o l a r s
Athanasius and the Holy Spirit
Athanasius and the
Holy Spirit
The Development of His Early Pneumatology

Kevin Douglas Hill

Fortress Press
Minneapolis
ATHANASIUS AND THE HOLY SPIRIT

The Development of His Early Pneumatology

Copyright © 2016 Fortress Press. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations
in critical articles or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner
without prior written permission from the publisher. Visit
http://www.augsburgfortress.org/copyrights/ or write to Permissions, Augsburg
Fortress, Box 1209, Minneapolis, MN 55440.

Cover design: Alisha Lofgren

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Print ISBN: 978-1-5064-1668-7

eBook ISBN: 978-1-5064-1669-4

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
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Manufactured in the U.S.A.

This book was produced using Pressbooks.com, and PDF rendering was done by
PrinceXML.
 Contents

Abbreviations vii
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction xiii

Part I. Athanasius’s Pastoral Works

1. The Problem of Pneumatological Reticence in 3

Against the Pagans–On the Incarnation

2. Pneumatology in the Early Pastoral Works 35

3. Pneumatology in the Later Pastoral Works 73

Part II. The Orations against the Arians

4. A Foundational Pneumatology: 103

The Holy Spirit in Athanasius’s
Trinitarian Arguments

5. Essential for Salvation: Psalm 45:7 and 151

Christ’s Reception of the Holy Spirit

6. Participation in the Holy Spirit: Principles 181

and Pneumatological Implications

7. The Spirit of the Son: The Holy Spirit’s 215

Union with the Son
Conclusion 251
Appendix A: The Holy Spirit in 255
Athanasius’s Works
Appendix B: The Son’s Participation in 259
the Father
Appendix C: Thematic Developments in 263
Athanasius’s Pneumatology
Bibliography: Primary Sources 265
Bibliography: Secondary Sources 273
Index 285
 Abbreviations

Abbreviations for Athanasius’s works are listed in appendix A and the

bibliography. Other patristic abbreviations are based on G. W. H.
Lampe, ed., A Patristic Greek Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon, 1961) and Albert
Blaise, ed., Dictionnaire latin-français des auteurs chrétiens (Turnhout:
Brepols, 1954). Unless noted, all references to the Old Testament follow
the standard Masoretic Text numbering. References to the Septuagint
follow the numbering of Alfred Rahlfs, Septuaginta (Stuttgart:
Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1935).

1. General

BE Benedictine Edition of Athanasius’s Letters to Serapion on the Holy Spirit

(reprinted in PG 26:529A–676C)
ET English Translation
LXX Septuagint
TLG Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
TM Translation modified

vii
 ATHANASIUS AND THE HOLY SPIRIT

2. Periodicals

JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies

JThS Journal of Theological Studies (New Series)
SP Studia Patristica
SJTh Scottish Journal of Theology
VC Vigiliae Christianae
ZAC Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum

3. Series

ANF Ante-Nicene Fathers

AW Athanasius Werke
NPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series Two
PG Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca
PPS Popular Patristics Series
SC Sources chrétiennes

A Note on Style

Following the growing scholarly consensus on the matter, I regard

“Arianism” as a polemical construct devised by Athanasius and
Marcellus of Ancyra. Consequently, unless otherwise noted, I intend
for “Arian,” “Arians,” and “Arianism” to refer to Athanasius’s depiction
of this construct.1

1. On the problems associated with these terms and related categories, see Rowan Williams, review
of “The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God,” by R. P. C. Hanson, SJTh 45 (1992): 101–2, who
observes that “the time has probably come to relegate the term ‘Arianism’ at best to inverted
commas, and preferably to oblivion—with all its refinements of early, late, neo or semi.”

viii
 ABBREVIATIONS

In those instances where I quote from NPNF, I have replaced archaic

words with contemporary English equivalents. Also, unless required
by grammar, divine pronouns and certain words that were sometimes
capitalized for the sake of piety, such as “Baptism,” now occur in the
lower case. The bibliography lists the critical editions and translations
of primary sources used. On the rare occasion where passages from
Scripture are quoted independently of particular patristic writings,
these follow the New Revised Standard Version.

ix
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 Acknowledgments

This project began as a doctoral thesis at Durham University under

the supervision of Professor Andrew Louth. Professor Louth offered
wisdom, support, and an unsurpassable knowledge of the field.
Following Professor Louth’s retirement, Professor Lewis Ayres
graciously took over as supervisor. Professor Ayres provided
exceptional supervision, and I am grateful for his perceptive comments
on drafts, commitment to my personal and academic well-being, and
help with seeing the project through to completion.
My thanks are also due to Dr. Krastu Banev, the administrative staff
at the Department of Theology and Religion, and the other staff at
Durham University. The department also provided the Van Mildert
Scholarship and a travel bursary to support my participation in the
International Patristics Conference. Further, I am grateful to my
examiners, Professor J. Warren Smith and Dr. Matthew Crawford,
whose questions and feedback improved the work in multiple ways.
I would also like to thank Dr. Mark Mealey, who inspired my interest
in patristics and theological studies, Dr. Ben Blackwell, who warmly
welcomed Ashley and me to Durham and commented on drafts of
various chapters, and the friends I made while working in the crowded
office at 37 North Bailey, Durham. I also wish to thank my friends in
Calgary, who gave us meals, babysitting, kitchen tables to write at, and
emotional support along the way. Thanks also to Michael Gibson and
the other staff at Fortress Press, who have been a pleasure to work
with.

xi
ATHANASIUS AND THE HOLY SPIRIT

My greatest debt is to my family. My parents provided love,

encouragement, and assistance in every way imaginable. They are also
models of exemplary parenting, which I can only hope to imitate. My
in-laws, Roger and Arlene, also helped us through the entire journey,
and I am grateful for them. Additionally, my brother, Keith, gave much-
appreciated encouragement. Further, I wish to thank my aunts and
uncles who supplied meals, babysitting, and other help along the way.
Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Ashley, who blesses me on a daily
basis with love and friendship. I am eternally grateful for her. During
the final stages of this project, she gave birth to our children, Piper,
Winnie, and Hattie—who fill our lives with joy, laughter, and the
wonderful new meaning that comes from being a parent.
Δόξα Πατρὶ καὶ Υἱῷ καὶ Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, καὶ νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ εἰς τοὺς
αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.

xii
 Introduction

On the night of February 8, 356, five thousand soldiers under imperial

orders invaded the Alexandrian Church of Theonas and seized
Athanasius, the current bishop of Alexandria.1 Overwhelmed by the
situation, Athanasius went into shock and collapsed to the church
floor—Athanasius was dead.
At least, this was how the soldiers surrounding Athanasius initially
interpreted his collapse. To them, Athanasius’s motionless body
indicated the absence of life. The reality, however, was quite different.
Athanasius was playing dead and planning his escape. At the
opportune moment, he arose and fled into the night, beginning his
third exile.2 This story highlights how greatly perception can differ
from reality.
This book seeks to fill a gap in current scholarship by exploring the
development of Athanasius’s early theology of the Holy Spirit, which I
regard as the period from Athanasius’s election as bishop of Alexandria
(328) to the completion of his Orations against the Arians (ca. 345).
One of the central claims in the book is that the pneumatology
of Athanasius’s early works has commonly been misinterpreted.3

1. The Church of Theonas, located near the western outskirts of the city, appears to have been
Athanasius’s church of choice until the centrally located temple, the Caesarion, was donated by
Constantius II and converted into a cathedral. On the early churches in Alexandria, including the
Church of Theonas, see Christopher Haas, Alexandria in Late Antiquity: Topography and Social Conflict
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 206–12.
2. The account of events here follows the fanciful narrative provided in Athanasius’s History of the
Arians 81, combined with details from Defense of His Flight 24.
3. It should be noted that I consider “pneumatology” to encompass all discussions about the Holy

xiii
 ATHANASIUS AND THE HOLY SPIRIT

Although this misperception is neither as extreme nor as dramatic as

the misperception about Athanasius’s body in the Church of Theonas,
there are some similarities. Both misperceptions interpret quietness
on Athanasius’s part as a sign of something negative. To the guards,
Athanasius’s silence indicated that his body lacked life. Yet
Athanasius’s body was, of course, completely alive. To many modern
readers of Athanasius’s works, Athanasius’s limited remarks about the
Spirit in works before the Letters to Serapion on the Holy Spirit,
particularly in his most famous works, Against the Pagans–On the
Incarnation and the Life of Antony, suggest that he essentially lacked a
theology of the Holy Spirit before Serapion (ca. 359–361). However, in
this monograph I argue that, from at least 329 onward, Athanasius’s
thought was not devoid of pneumatological reflection. Moreover, by
the early 340s, Athanasius had developed the core or foundation of the
“mature” pneumatology that he would articulate in Serapion.
My argument challenges the commonly accepted narrative that
Athanasius’s understanding of the Holy Spirit did not truly develop
until the late 350s, when he was faced with the pneumatological
questions raised by the “Tropikoi.”4 The most common form of this
narrative suggests that Athanasius previously gave little thought to
the Spirit because he, like his contemporaries, was focused on matters
related to Christ.5 This narrative is often accompanied by the
assumption that scholarly inquiry into Athanasius’s understanding of
the Holy Spirit should focus on the question of the Spirit’s divinity.
This “late-development narrative” frequently appears in general
and specialized studies. Numerous books on Christian history and
theology reflect this narrative.6 Moreover, studies specifically on

Spirit. This goes against the tendency in modern scholarship to delimit “pneumatology” to
inquiry into the Spirit’s nature and relationship to the Father and Son. Therefore, the book uses
the language of “pneumatology” and “theology of the Holy Spirit” interchangeably.
4. On the “Tropikoi” and the context of Serapion, see below, 132–35.
5. A particularly bold example of this occurs in Adolf Harnack, History of Dogma, trans. Neil Buchanan
(Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1898), 4:112: “The fact that Athanasius did not in the first instance
think of the Spirit at all, regarding which also nothing was fixed at Nicaea, is simply a proof of his
intense interest in his doctrine of the Son.”
6. For example: Myk Habets, The Anointed Son: A Trinitarian Spirit Christology (Eugene, OR: Pickwick,
2010), 70; Justo L. González, A History of Christian Thought: From the Beginnings to the Council of
Chalcedon (Nashville, TN: Abingdon , 1987), 299; Bernhard Lohse, A Short History of Christian Doctrine:

xiv
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Definition: Key terms and definitions
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[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 64: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 8: Critical analysis and evaluation
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 75: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 76: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 79: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 79: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
References 9: Key terms and definitions
Example 80: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 83: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 85: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 89: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 10: Historical development and evolution
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 92: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 95: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 11: Interdisciplinary approaches
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 103: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 107: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 110: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Discussion 12: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 111: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 113: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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