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 George Bennet™_
Chris Millar

: {HODDER ~
: a EDUCATION
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2022 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation

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Practice in
hysics
fourth edition

Tim Akrill
George Bennet
Chris Millar

DDER
TUCATION
K COMPANY
Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and
made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are
expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.

Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone:
(44) 01235 827720. Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Lines are open 9.00-17.00, Monday to Saturday, with
a 24-hour message answering service. Visit out website at www.hoddereducation.co.uk

© 1979, 1994, 2000, 2011 Tim Akrill, George Bennet, Chris Millar

First published in 2011 by

Hodder Education
An Hachette UK Company,
Carmelite House, 50 Victoria Embankment,
London EC4Y 0DZ

Impression number 13
Year 2019

All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage
and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from
the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic
reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House,
6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.

Cover photo © Martin Bond/Science Photo Library

Typeset in 10.5/12pt Minion Pro by Fakenham Prepress Solutions, Fakenham, Norfolk NR21 8NN
Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CRO 4YY

A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library

ISBN 978 1 444 121254

 Contents
About this book vi

Mechanics: linear motion

1.1 Speed and velocity
1.2 Acceleration along a line
1.3 Free fall and projectile motion

Balanced and unbalanced forces

2.1 Forces in equilibrium
2.2 Forces and moments
2.3 Forces causing acceleration

Work and energy

3.1 Work
3.2 Power
3.3 Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy

Electricity: charge and energy

4.1 Electric current
4.2 Currents in solids and fluids
4.3 Electric cells and e.m.f.
4.4 Electrical energy and potential difference
4.5 Electrical power

Electrical resistance
5.1 Resistance
5.2 Resistivity
5.3 Internal resistance

Electrical circuits
6.1 Circuit calculations
6.2 Circuits for measurement and sensing
6.3 Meters and oscilloscopes

Physics of materials
7.1 Density, pressure and flow
7.2 Materials in tension and compression
7.3 Energy stored in stretched materials

Waves
8.1 Wave properties
8.2 Refraction
8.3 Two-source interference patterns
8.4 Stationary wave patterns
8.5 Diffraction patterns

Photons and electrons

9.1 Energy of photons and electrons
9.2 Energy levels
9.3 Waves and particles 101

10 Practising calculations 106

10.1 Numbers 106
10.2 Units and equations 107
Practice in Physics

10.3. Graphs and relationships 109

10.4 Sines, cosines and tangents 3
10.5 Angles 115
10.6 Sinusoidal oscillations 117
10.7. Exponentially varying quantities 118

11 Thermal physics 122

11.1. =Thermal energy 22
11.2 Heating solids and liquids 125
11.3. The ideal gas 129

12 Linear momentum 133

12.1. Conservation of linear momentum 133
12.2 Force and rate of change of momentum NSW

13 Circular motion and gravitation 142

13.1. Describing circular motion 142
13.2 Centripetal forces 144
13.3 Gravitational forces and fields 147
13.4 Satellite motion 151

14 Oscillations 154
14.1. Simple harmonic oscillators 154
14.2 Pendulums and mass-spring oscillators Wey
14.3. Energy transfer and resonance in oscillators 160

15 Radioactivity 163
15.1. The nuclear atom 163
15.2 Unstable nuclei 165
15.3 Properties of a, B and y radiations 168
15.4 Radioactive decay WA
15.5 Nuclear medicine 7s

16 Nuclear physics 176

16.1. Mass and energy 176
16.2 Nuclear power 181
16.3 Particle physics 185

17 Astrophysics 192
17.1. Astronomical numbers and units 2
17.2 Observing the Universe 194
17.3. Cosmology 201

18 Electric fields 208

18.1 Electrical forces 208
18.2 Uniform electric fields 210
18.3 Radial electric fields 213
19 Capacitance 216
19.1. Charge and capacitance 216
19.2 Energy and capacitors 220
19.3 Capacitor discharge 223
20 Electromagnetism 228
20.1. Magnetic forces 228
20.2 Magnetic field patterns 234
20.3 = Electromagnetic induction 235
20.4 ~The transformer 241
Answers 245
 About this book ...

About this book ...

This is a book of questions to help you understand Physics during the two years
before you go to University or College, perhaps while following an AS or A Level
Physics course or preparing for other examinations such as the Pre-U or the
IB. None of the questions are from previous examination papers; questions in
examination papers are meant to test you at the end of your course or module.
What you need during the course is to do questions which will help you to check
whether you have understood what you are being taught. That is why we have
called this book Practice in Physics.

The first edition of this book was originally published in 1979 and it has been
in print ever since. We have revised it to take account of the new specifications
(syllabuses) for Advanced Level courses that started in September 2008. Some of
the questions test whether you have understood the principles, and a few should
make you think quite hard. Questions indicated by an asterisk (*) are designed to
give you practice at answering questions about How Science Works; for example,
appreciating the tentative nature of scientific knowledge or interpreting data
presented in a variety of forms.

We have included a chapter of questions (Chapter 10) which will help you
elsewhere in the book when you need certain mathematical techniques. Some of
these are very general — others will help you with particular chapters. There are
also a few questions suggesting that you search the web for information to learn
more about an up-to-date application of physics or to illustrate an historical
breakthrough. Specific references are not given as these tend to change rapidly
year by year.

At the end of the book there are answers to nearly all the questions. You will not
need to do them all! But we hope you enjoy doing most of them because part of
the pleasure of doing Physics is to discover that you can get the right answers,
showing that you understand the ideas. Throughout the book answers are given
to the same number (usually 2) of significant figures as the data in the question,
but when answers to the later parts of a question depend on the answers to
earlier parts, you should use the unrounded figures for the later parts.

Tim Akrill and Chris Millar

June 2011
Photo Credits
p.7 TRL LTD./SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p.8 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Publishing Company, Printed with permission; p.14 Neil Tingle/Action Plus;
p.21 Neil Tingle/Action Plus; p.25 Imagestate Media; p.37 © manfredxy -
Fotolia.com; p.46 Sascha Wilsrecht — Fotolia; p.67 HATTIE YOUNG/SCIENCE
PHOTO LIBRARY; p.75 Kallista Images/Getty Images; p.83 r Darren Brode
— Fotolia; p.87 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, Printed
with permission; r © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, Printed
with permission; p.88 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company,
Printed with permission; p.89 © IOP Publishing Ltd , Printed with permission;
p-96 | Reprinted from Advances in Biological and Medical Physics, Vol. 5 no. 211,
A. Rose, “Quantum effects in human vision’, pp.211-242, Copyright 1957/
Reprinted with permission by Elsevier, r Reprinted from Advances in Biological
and Medical Physics, Vol. 5 no. 211, A. Rose, “Quantum effects in human vision’,
pp.211-242, Copyright 1957/Reprinted with permission by Elsevier; p.103 1 ©
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, Printed with permission,
r © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, Printed with permission;
p.129 Betsie Van der Meer/Stone/Getty Images; p.151 NASA; p.153 NASA;
p.158 NASA; p.159 © MBI/Alamy; p.168 © Science Museum/Science & Society
Picture Library; p.180 LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY/
SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p.190 LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY/
SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; p.201 NASA/JPL/California Institute of
Technology, p. 233 © Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library.
 Mechanics:
linear motion
free fall acceleration at the Earth’s surface g = 9.81 ms”
1 mile = 1.6km
speed of sound in air = 340ms"!
speed oflight in a vacuum c = 3.00 x 108’ms"!
EE SS SRST NLR NE LE RES DT TN DIS PR SST TSI ES I SSE LS EIB OE ERE LITCIES(ELLE ERIE,

Speed and velocity

In this section you will need to

use the equation average velocity= As/At

understand that displacement and velocity are vector ee
remember how to measure speed
understand that the gradient of a displacement-time graph is the velocity
understand that the area between a velocity-time graph and the time axis represents
the displacement.

1.1 Starting from home, a jogger runs 4.0km (about 2.5 miles). She returns home after
20 minutes. What is (a) her average speed (b) her average velocity?

1.2 The diagram shows the oil spots

left on a road by a motorbike with |
a leaky sump as the bike travels LAE rad
from A to G. Describe the journey, a B eli:
assuming that the drips come at
regular time intervals.

1.3 The diagram shows the observed movement ofa smoke particle in a Brownian motion
experiment.
(a) Use a ruler to find (i) the total distance moved by B
the smoke particle in going from A to B (ii) the
displacement AB. A
(b) If it took 1.20s to travel from A to B, calculate (i) the
average speed (ii) the average velocity of the smoke
particle. 0.01 mm

1.4 What is the change of velocity when

(a) +6.0ms"! becomes +15ms" (b) +6.0ms' becomes -15ms"!
(c) +6.0ms-! becomes -6.0ms"! (d) 5.0ms' east becomes 15ms"! west?
Practice in Physics

1.5 A skier moves at 11.0ms~! down a 16° slope. What is the skier’s (a) vertical velocity
(b) horizontal velocity?

1.6 The European Space Agency's Giotto spacecraft encountered Halley’s comet in March
1986, when the comet was 93 million kilometres from Earth. How long did it take radio
signals (travelling at the speed of light) to reach Earth from Giotto? [Use data.]

1.7 The graph shows the forward

motion of a swimmer who dives in
and swims a length in a 50-m pool. a
(a) What is the swimmer’s average a
speed during (i) the first 10s
(ii) from 20s to 35s (iii) the 40
last 10s?
Suggest why the average
30
speeds are different.
(b) At 20s, at what speed is the
swimmer moving? 20

10

| | | 2 i | |

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 tls

1.8* When races are timed manually, timers start their watches when they see the smoke
from the starting gun rather than when they hear the gun. How much error is
introduced in timing a 100-m race if the watch is started on the sound rather than on the
smoke? [Use data.]

19° (a) Show that 25 m.p.h. is equivalent to about 11 ms~'. [Use data.]
(b) In an emergency, you have a reaction time of 0.60s. Calculate how far you would
travel in this time on a bicycle moving at 25 m.p.h.

The diagram has been drawn after studying a

stroboscopic photograph of a golf swing. The
stroboscope was flashing 50 times per second.
(a) Sketch a graph showing how the speed of the head
of the golf club varies with time from A to D.
(b) Using the scale from the 1.00m ruler at the
bottom of the diagram, estimate the speed of the
club-head from (i) B to C (ii) P to Q.
(c) Estimate the speed of the golf ball between X
and Y.

———
SU =

Approaching Terminal 3 at Heathrow Airport, passenger P uses the walkway and, having
heavy luggage, allows it to take him along. Passenger Q walks alongside the walkway and
passenger R walks on it, both walking briskly at 1.2ms". The walkway is 40m long and
moves at 0.80ms".
 1 Mechanics: linear motion

(a) Calculate how long it takes P, Q and R to reach the other end of the walkway.
Suppose a small boy on the walkway moved across it from one side to the other at a
speed of 0.6ms"!.
(b) Draw a vector diagram illustrating the boy’s motion and calculate his resultant
velocity.

1.12 Show that 50m.p.h. is only 1% larger than 80kmh~'. [Use data.]

1.13 A speed skier registers an average speed of 233.7 kmh over a distance of exactly one
kilometre.
(a) How long did he take to cover the kilometre?
(b) Express his average speed in ms".

1.14 The graph shows the motion of a stone thrown vertically upward. Calculate the
maximum height reached by the stone
(a) by first finding the average velocity of the stone
(b) by finding the area under the graph.
vins' 12

1.15 A snooker ball is rolled to strike the side cushion of a full-sized snooker table at right
angles, so that it bounces across the table several times.
The graph shows how its velocity changes during its first three crossings (assuming it
loses speed only when it bounces).
(a) Carefully describe the motion of the snooker ball.
(b) Do two separate calculations to determine the width of the snooker table.

1.16 Draw a velocity-time graph for a tennis ball which is being volleyed backwards and
forwards by two players close to the net. Assume that the ball travels horizontally and
perpendicular to the net but that the players hit it so that it travels at a variety of speeds.
Practice in Physics

1.17 An ultrasonic displacement sensor is used to study the motion of a trolley sliding down
a ramp in the laboratory. The displacement oe ie
against time data is presented on-screen as a
graph and then converted to a velocity-time = ie
graph as shown. 8 E
(a) Which graph is s-t and which is v-#? a) rs 0 5
(b) Explain the relationship between the two = ©
graphs.
(c) Verify that the computer software has 05 : ea Hee
drawn the v-t graph correctly at t = 2s. finials

Use a scale diagram

(a) to adda displacement of 5.6km north to a displacement of 3.5 km north-west
(b) to add a velocity of 32 ms" south-west to a velocity of 18 ms! 20° west of north.

Acceleration along a line

In this section you will need to

use the equation: average acceleration = Av/At

understand that the gradient of a velocity-time graph is the acceleration
remember how to measure acceleration
understand how to draw graphs for displacement, velocity or acceleration against time
when given only one of them
use the following equations for uniform acceleration: v = u + at, s = 4(u + v)/t and
(when u = 0) s= sat

1.19 A baby buggy rolls down a ramp which is 15m long. It starts from rest, accelerates
uniformly, and takes 5.0s to reach the bottom.
(a) Calculate its average velocity as it moves down the ramp.
(b) What is its velocity at the bottom of the ramp?
(c) What is its acceleration down the ramp?

1.20 A man, John L. Stapp, travelling in a rocket-powered sledge, accelerated from 0 to

284ms” (about 630 m.p.h.) in 5.0s and then came to a stop in only 1.5s. Calculate his
acceleration
(a) while he is speeding up
(b) while he is slowing down.

1.21 The graph shows, in idealised form, a velocity-time graph for a typical short journey.
(a) Calculate the acceleration at each stage of the journey and display your answers on
an acceleration-time graph.
(b) Sketch a displacement-time graph for this journey.
 1 Mechanics: linear motion

vims~' 30

20

10

0 10 20 30 40 tls

1.22 One type of aeroplane has a maximum acceleration on the ground of 3.5ms~”.
(a) For how many seconds must it accelerate along a runway at this value in order to
reach its take-off speed of 115ms7!?
(b) What is the minimum length of runway needed to reach this speed?

1.23 Sketch a displacement-time curve, a velocity-time curve and an acceleration-time curve

for an electrically powered milk trolley moving from one house to another on a straight
road. Use the same time axes for all three graphs. [Hint: Start with the v-t graph.]

1.24 The graph shows the horizontal speed vims 1c

of a long jumper from the start of his BREE CEE
run-up to the moment when he takes off.
(a) What is his maximum acceleration?
(b) Estimate the distance he runs before
he takes off.
(c) Sketch the general shape of his
acceleration against time.
t/s

1.25 A particle moves in a straight line. Its motion can be described as follows:
att=0,v=0
U<f< 10ss0=40ms7
10s <f< 20s, a=-40ms~.
Sketch the velocity-time graph and use it to find the change of displacement of the
particle between t = 0 and t = 20s.

1.26* The UK Highway Code has a table of “Typical Stopping Distances’ on straight roads in
dry conditions. The diagram is based on this information.
Seuss PUsne eReSeeaaeaees
Practice in Physics

The shaded arrows represent the ‘thinking distance, the unshaded part the ‘braking
distance’ and the whole arrow the ‘stopping distance.
(a) Make a table of the thinking distances d,,, and sketch a graph of d,,..,. (y-axis)
against speed v (x-axis) from v = 0 to v= 70m.p.h.
(b) Deduce a relation between these two variables.
(c) Predict the thinking distance for a police car travelling at 90 m.p.h.
(d) Do you think that the driver's consumption of alcohol would affect the stopping
distances? Explain your answer.

rarfi (a) Using the Highway Code data from the previous question, make a table of the
braking distances d,_.. and sketch a graph of d,_,, (in metres on the y-axis) against
speed v (in m.p.h. on the x-axis), from v = 0 to v= 70m.p.h.
(b) The relationship here is that d,_.. = ku’, where k is a constant. Test this statement by
calculating k for three numerical values of d,_,, and v.
(c) Use the data to calculate the acceleration when braking from (i) 50 m.p.h.
(ii) 70 m.p.h.

1.28* In France the motorways have different speed limits depending on the road condition.
They are:
when dry 130kmh
when wet 110kmh !
Using the data translate these into m.p.h. and comment on the French system.

1.29 (a) Slow motion photography shows that a jumping flea pushes against the ground
for about 0.001 s during which time it accelerates upwards to a maximum speed of
0.8ms-'. What is its upward acceleration during this ‘take-off’?
(b) It then moves upwards with an acceleration of -12 ms~. (This is assumed to be
constant and includes the effect of air resistance.) Calculate (i) how long it takes
from leaving the ground to the top of its jump (ii) how high it jumps.

1.30 Electrons in a particle accelerator are moving at 8.0 x 10°ms"! and are then
accelerated to 6.5 x 10°msin 6.3 x 10°’s.
(a) What is their acceleration in the tube?
(b) How far do they move during this time?

1.31 The graph shows the result of studying a wins

sprint start.
(a) What was the maximum
velocity reached? [Use data.]
(b) Estimate the acceleration of the sprinter
(i) as she leaves her blocks (ii) after 2.0s.

1.32 Use the two equations for uniform acceleration at the beginning of this chapter to
produce
(a) an equation linking u, v, a and s
(b) an equation linking s, u, a and t.
 1 Mechanics: linear motion

1.33 A gazelle accelerates at 4.1 ms~ from rest for a distance of 55m in order to outrun a
predator. What is its final speed?

1.34* A person who is properly held } $333 gece

by a seat belt has a good chance = SSeess | 333333 %
of surviving a car collision if the g
deceleration does not exceed 30g.
Assuming uniform deceleration at
this rate, calculate the distance that
the front section of the car must
‘crumple’ if a crash occurs at 65kmh"!
(40 m.p.h.).

1.35 The best throwers in the world are baseball pitchers. They can release a ball travelling at
40ms“‘. In so doing they accelerate the baseball through a distance of 3.6m. Calculate
the average acceleration of the ball.

1.36 The graph describes the motion of a train moving in a speed-restricted area and then
accelerating as it clears the area. You are to calculate the total distance travelled by the
train in the 40s shown in three different ways.
(a) Use the average velocity of the train during each 20s interval to calculate two
separate distances and add them together.
(b) Use equation (b) from question 1.32.
(c) Find the number of squares under the graph and the distance represented by one
square.
vim s"' “|

Oi

0 10 20 30 40 tls

Free fall and projectile motion

In this section you will need to

remember that the free fall acceleration at the Earth’s surface is 9.8ms~
remember how to measure the free fall acceleration in the laboratory
use the equations v’ = 2gs and s = 3g?’ for free fall from rest
understand that when an object is falling freely its vertical motion is independent of
its horizontal motion
remember that velocity vectors can be resolved into two perpendicular components,
v, = vcos6 and v, = vsin@, where 0 is the angle between v and the x-axis.

1.37. A ball is thrown vertically upwards at 19.6ms".

(a) Make a table showing its velocity after 1.0s, 2.0s, 3.0s and 4.0s.
Practice in Physics

(b) What is its displacement after 2.0s and 4.0s?

(c) How far does it travel in the first 4.0 s?

1.38 (a) Ignoring air resistance, how long does an object take to fall from rest a distance of
(i) 1.0 m (ii) 2.0m?
(b) Why is the answer to (ii) not twice the answer to (i)?

1.39* (a) Explain how the apparatus shown electromagnet

can be used to measure g.
(b) What sources of error are there
likely to be in such an experiment? steel _-- ©
two-way
switch

to
timing
device

hinged trapdoor

1.40 In an experiment with the above apparatus a steel sphere is found to fall a distance
456mm in 301 ms. Calculate
(a) the average velocity of the sphere as it falls
(b) the velocity with which the steel sphere hits the trap door
(c) the acceleration of the steel sphere.

1.41 Parachutists hit the ground at about 6ms”’. How high a platform is needed for them to
jump off in order to give them practice at hitting the ground at this speed?

1.42 In a cartoon two characters are standing by a well. One drops a stone down the well
and starts to count. He stops counting when he hears the stone hit the water. He then
announces proudly, “Your well is exactly three seconds deep. How deep is the well really?

1.43 A salmon moving upstream to its breeding grounds jumps a waterfall 2.5m high. With
what minimum speed must it leave the water below to reach the top level?

1.44 The photograph shows two golf balls,

one released from rest and the other
projected horizontally at the same
moment.
(a) How does the photograph
confirm that vertical motion
in free fall is independent of
horizontal motion?
(b) How would you use the diagram
to confirm that the horizontal
velocity of the projected ball
remains constant as it falls?
 1 Mechanics: linear motion

1.45 A bullet is fired horizontally at a speed of 200 ms” at a target which is 100m away.
(a) Ignoring air resistance, calculate (i) how far the bullet has fallen when it hits the
target (ii) the bullet’s vertical velocity as it hits the target.
(b) What is the angle it then makes with the horizontal?

1.46 The diagram shows a velocity-time graph for a ball bouncing vertically on a hard
surface.
(a) Explain the shape of the graph.
(b) Use the graph to calculate three separate values for the acceleration of free fall.
(c) Use the graph to calculate the height from which the ball was dropped and the
height to which it bounced on (i) its first bounce (ii) its second bounce.

vims7! 4

ok

1.47. The Olympic flame at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics was lit by a flaming arrow that
followed the trajectory shown in the diagram.
(a) The arrow was at the peak of its trajectory when it lit the flame. Show that it took
2.2s to rise 24m after being fired. Ignore air resistance.
(b) Hence calculate (i) the horizontal speed and (ii) the initial vertical speed of the
arrow and confirm that it was fired at about 40° to the horizontal.

arrow uae
trajectory _-
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1.48 You drop a heavy stone from a high suspension bridge and one second later you drop a
second stone.
(a) Draw two v-t graphs for the two stones on the same graph axes.
(b) Explain how the distance between the two stones changes as they fall towards the
water.

1.49 You throw a stone vertically upwards and catch it as it comes down.
How could you best describe the motion of the stone to another person who is also
studying physics?
Practice in Physics

1.50 The long jumper in the diagram is shown at the instant he leaves the ground, at three
positions during his flight and at the instant he first touches the sand. His long jump
measures 7.5m and he is recorded as being in the air for 0.80s. His centre of gravity falls
0.95 m between his take-off and landing.
(a) Calculate his horizontal velocity at take-off.
(b) Use the equation s = ut + Sat’, developed in question 1.32, to show that the vertical
velocity u of the long jumper at take-off is 2.7(4) ms". (Be careful with the signs
of quantities in this equation: if upwards is positive, both s and g will have negative
values.)
(c) Hence calculate the angle at which he projects himself at take-off.

1.51* The men’s long jump world record went up from 7.61 m in 1901 (Peter O'Connor, GB) to
8.13m in 1935 (Jesse Owens, US) to 8.95m in 1991 (Mike Powell, US).
(a) Show that these roughly represent a steady rise during the 20" century.
(b) Bob Beamon (US) broke the world record in 1968. Use the data to predict what his
record might have been.
(c) In fact Beamon jumped 8.90m in Mexico City at the 1968 Olympic Games. Suggest
why his record was much more than your prediction.
 Balanced and
unbalanced forces
gravitational field strength g = 9.81 Nkg™ (3s.f.),g= 9.8Nkg" (2s.f.)
You will need to use one of these values for g in many of the questions in this chapter.
Choose the one that has the same number of significant figures as the data in the question.

Forces in equilibrium

In this section you will need to

understand that all forces are pushes or pulls of one body on another
use the phrase ‘the push (or pull) of A on B’ when describing any particular force
understand the meaning of the words weight and tension and of frictional and normal
contact forces
« draw free-body force diagrams when analysing problems about bodies which are in
equilibrium
2 understand that when a body is in equilibrium the sum of the forces acting on it,
resolved in any direction, is zero
= understand that forces occur in pairs which act on different bodies and that the push
or pull ofA on B is always equal in size to the push or pull of Bon A
: understand how to resolve forces into two mutually perpendicular components and
how to add two forces which are perpendicular to one another.

2.1 A new-born baby is said to be a healthy 7.8 pounds (Ib). What is the baby’s weight in
newtons? Take 2.2lb = 1.0kg.

2.2 The bodies shown in each of the following free-body force diagrams are in equilibrium.

270 N 45°7\ iS:

420 N

(a) Write down the value of the unknown force in each diagram.
(b) For the hanging picture, draw a closed vector triangle to confirm that the body is in
equilibrium.

11
Practice in Physics

2.3 A child sits at rest on a swing. The figure shows free-body force diagrams for (i) the child
(ii) the swing seat.
(a) For each of the forces P, W, T, w and P’, identify the body which is producing the
force. [P’ is not produced by the Earth.]
(b Write a phrase describing each force as the push or pull of the identified body on
(i) the child (ii) the seat.
(c) In this situation P = W, T = w + P’ and P = P’. Explain each equation in terms of
Newton's laws.
r

(ii) P’

2.4 A child learning to swim is supported in a harness by her instructor who stands on the
side of the pool. The forces acting on the child are:
the pull W ofthe Earth on the child, 300N
the pull P of the harness on the child
the push U of the water on the child, 250N.
(a) Draw a free-body force diagram for the child. How big is P?
(b) Newton's third law tells us that there are other forces equal in size to W, P and U. On
which bodies do each of these forces act?
(c) Draw a free-body force diagram for the instructor who weighs 800 N. Deduce the
normal contact push of the floor on him.

2.5 The diagram shows two skaters.

At the moment shown the
woman (left) is exerting a
horizontal pull on the man who
is moving at a constant velocity.
(a) Draw a free-body force
diagram for the man.
(b) Ifthe man weighs 700N and
his partner’s horizontal pull
on him is 100N, what are
(i) the upward push of the
ice on the man
(ii) the horizontal frictional force of the ice on the man?
(c) Calculate the total force of the ice on the man.

2.6 A racing car is shown in the diagram together with a free-body force diagram describing
the forces acting on it.
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