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 Wideband Microwave
Materials Characterization

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 For a listing of recent titles in the
Artech House Microwave Library,
turn to the back of this book.

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 Wideband Microwave
Materials Characterization

John W. Schultz

artechhouse.com

7055_Schultz_V3.indd 3 1/11/23 7:05 PM

 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN-13: 978-1-63081-946-0

Cover design by Mark Bergeron

© 2023 Artech House

685 Canton St.
Norwood, MA

All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this
book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks
have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this
information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity
of any trademark or service mark.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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 To Becky, who patiently
taught me how to throw stars

6x9 FM.indd v 1/12/2023 11:55:08 AM

7055_Schultz_V3.indd 6 1/11/23 7:05 PM
 Contents

Preface xiii

1 Introduction to Electromagnetic Materials

Properties 1

1.1 Dielectric Properties 1

1.2 Magnetic Properties 5
1.3 Dispersion 9
1.4 Anisotropy 15
1.5 Engineered Materials 17
References 23

2 Free-Space Methods 25

2.1 Historical Perspective 25

2.2 Calibration 31
2.2.1 One-Parameter Calibration 31
2.2.2 Four-Parameter Calibration 33

vii

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 viii Wideband Microwave Materials Characterization

2.3 Time-Domain Processing 35

2.4 Inverting Intrinsic Properties 38
2.4.1 Microwave Network Analysis 38
2.4.2 Nicolson-Ross-Weir Algorithm 42
2.4.3 Iterative Algorithm: S11 or S21 44
2.4.4 Iterative Algorithm: S11 and S21 47
2.4.5 Iterative Algorithm: Shorted S11 48
2.4.6 Iterative Algorithm: Shorted S11 and S21 49
2.4.7 Iterative Algorithm: Four-Parameter 50
2.4.8 Inverting Sheet Impedance 51
2.5 Advanced Material Inversions 53
2.5.1 N-Layer Inversion 53
2.5.2 Two-Thickness Inversion 55
2.5.3 Model-Based Inversion 56
2.6 Absorber Characterization 60
References 65

3 Microwave Nondestructive Evaluation 69

3.1 Sensors/Antennas 69
3.2 Dealing with RF Cables 75
3.3 Thickness Inversions 83
3.4 Thickness and Property Inversion 89
3.5 Defect Detection 92
References 100

4 Focused-Beam Methods 103

4.1 Focused-Beam System Design 103

4.1.1 Gaussian Beam Basics 105
4.1.2 Lens Design 108
4.1.3 ABCD Matrix Design 112
4.1.4 Lens System Construction 118

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 Contents ix

4.2 Focused-Beam Measurement Examples 120

4.2.1 Dielectric Measurements 120
4.2.2 Magneto-Dielectric Measurements 126
4.3 Measurement Uncertainties 131
4.3.1 Transmission Line Errors 132
4.3.2 Focusing Error 135
4.3.3 Beam-Shift Error 140
4.3.4 Specimen Position 142
4.3.5 Other Errors: Network Analyzer and Specimen 143
4.4 Apertures 149
References 156

5 Transmission Line Methods 159

5.1 Waveguides 159

5.1.1 Waveguide Calibration 162
5.1.2 Waveguide Property Inversion 164
5.1.3 Waveguide Air-Gap Correction 166
5.2 Coaxial Air Lines 174
5.2.1 Coaxial Calibration and Material Inversion 175
5.2.2 Air Gap Corrections in Coaxial Airlines 180
5.2.3 Wrapped-Coaxial Airline Method 184
5.2.4 Square Coaxial Airline 186
5.3 Stripline Methods 188
5.4 Other Transmission Line Methods 191
References 192

6 Scatter and Surface Waves 197

6.1 Diffuse Scatter 197

6.1.1 RCS 200
6.1.2 Scattering Coefficient Measurement 202
6.1.3 Examples of Scattering-Coefficient Measurement 207

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 x Wideband Microwave Materials Characterization

6.1.4 Echo-Width Measurement 211

6.1.5 Examples of Echo-Width Measurement 213
6.1.6 Cross-Polarized Scatter 215
6.2 Near-Field Probe Measurements 220
6.3 Surface-Traveling Wave 226
6.3.1 Surface-Wave Attenuation 227
6.3.2 Surface-Wave Attenuation Measurement 229
6.3.3 Surface-Wave Backscatter 234
References 236

7 CEM-Based Methods 239

7.1 CEM 239
7.2 CEM Inversion of Broadband Materials 242
7.3 CEM Inversion Example: RF Capacitor 244
7.3.1 RF Capacitor Design 246
7.3.2 RF Capacitor Uncertainty 250
7.3.3 Example Measurements 252
7.4 CEM-Inversion Example: Nondestructive
Measurement Probes 257
7.4.1 Epsilon Measurement Probe 258
7.4.2 Mu Measurement Probe 261
7.5 CEM Inversion Example: Slotted Rectangular
Coaxial Line 264
References 269

8 Impedance Analysis and Related Methods 271

8.1 Impedance Analysis 271

8.2 Dielectric Spectroscopy 271
8.2.1 Dielectric Parameters 274
8.2.2 Electrode Fixtures 277
8.2.3 Error Sources 279
8.3 Dielectric Spectroscopy Applications 284

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 Contents xi

8.3.1 Polymer Physics 286

8.3.2 Cure and Process Monitoring 290
8.3.3 Film Formation and Environmental Effects 292
8.3.4 High-Frequency Dielectric Analyses 293
8.4 Permeameter Methods 294
References 300

About the Author 305

Index 307

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7055_Schultz_V3.indd 12 1/11/23 7:05 PM
 Preface

It has been 10 years since the predecessor to this book, Focused Beam Methods,
was published. Shortly after publishing that book, I switched from academic
researcher to chief scientist of a small engineering company. The academic
environment provides many opportunities for working on difficult engineering
problems and is a rigorous and challenging setting. However, my transition
to the engineering business world led to a discovery that the task of turning
research into useful products is significantly more demanding than the world
of academic research. In the business environment it is not enough to publish
research results in journals or to present them at conferences. Instead, research
that we conduct in the business environment isn’t complete until it has become
a product that can be used by someone else. Success is measured not by a peer
reviewer or two, but by customers who see the merit in a product, and then
commit their own money to purchase that product.
Engineers and scientists in the business world need resources to help them
do their job not only in conducting fundamental research, but in transitioning
that research into a widget that someone else will want. This book is intended
to be such a resource. It can certainly be used in an academic setting either for
learning or for guiding fundamental research. However, it is also intended to
go beyond that by providing practical information for conducting wideband
material measurements, whether in support of new product development or
manufacturing quality assurance.

xiii

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 xiv Wideband Microwave Materials Characterization

Determining intrinsic radio frequency properties or extrinsic perfor-

mance of materials is important for a variety of applications such as wireless
propagation, antenna and microwave circuit design, remote sensing, electro-
magnetic interference mitigation, material state awareness, and defect detec-
tion. Measuring electromagnetic material properties has traditionally happened
in the laboratory. However, modern technology and manufacturing applica-
tions are driving an increased need to adapt these measurement methods for
in-line quality assurance, in-situ process control, or even field inspection of
materials and components. Therefore, this book is intended to be a practi-
cal guide to electromagnetic material measurements for both laboratory and
manufacturing/field environments. Its target audience includes scientists or
engineers with an undergraduate understanding of calculus and basic electri-
cal engineering principles.
A number of methods exist for characterizing materials at RF and micro-
wave frequencies, including both resonant and wide-bandwidth techniques.
These different techniques are like tools in a toolbox, and each has its advan-
tages and disadvantages. However, this book focuses on the wideband, non-
resonant methods as they are applicable to the widest range of materials and
are often more practical to use in nonlaboratory environments. The most
versatile of the wideband material measurement methods are the free-space
techniques. Chapter 2 describes not only the various configurations for free-
space measurements, but also provides guidance on calibration methods and
signal processing. Chapter 2 also covers the different methods for extracting
dielectric and magnetic properties, including the necessary equations for
implementing these methods. Next, Chapter 3 explains the use of microwave
nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods including probe design. Chapter
3 also gives an in-depth look into applications such as thickness determina-
tion or defect detection.
The interaction of electromagnetic waves in real-world applications often
includes concepts around scatter. Chapter 6 is devoted to free-space methods
for characterizing scatter whether from inhomogeneous materials or structures.
Related to electromagnetic scatter is the concept of surface-traveling waves,
which is a phenomenon related to the propagation of energy around a body
or component. Understanding surface-traveling waves is necessary in the field
of radar detection and cross-section reduction. The theory of traveling wave
phenomena along with methods and techniques for evaluating traveling wave
effects on materials are also discussed in Chapter 6.
Chapter 5 covers wideband guided-wave methods such as rectangu-
lar waveguide, coaxial airline, and stripline transmission line fixtures. The
calibration and inversion methods are described for these techniques, and

7055_Schultz_V3.indd 14 1/11/23 7:05 PM

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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 86: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 88: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 10: Critical analysis and evaluation
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 91: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 93: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 94: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 95: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 96: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 98: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 11: Experimental procedures and results
Example 100: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 102: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 102: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 12: Literature review and discussion
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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