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T H E P H I L O S O P HE R

OF PALO ALTO
 The
Philosopher
of
Palo Alto
MARK WEISER, XEROX PARC,

AND THE ORIGINAL

INTERNET OF THINGS

JOHN TINNELL

The University of Chicago Press

Chicago and London
The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637
The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London
© 2023 by John Tinnell
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or repro-
duced in any manner whatsoever without written permission,
except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and
reviews. For more information, contact the University of
Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637.
Published 2023
Printed in the United States of America

32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 1 2 3 4 5

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-75720-9 (cloth)

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-75734-6 (e-book)
DOI: https://doi.org /10.7208/chicago/9780226757346.001.0001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Tinnell, John, author.

Title: The philosopher of Palo Alto : Mark Weiser, Xerox PARC,
and the original Internet of things / John Tinnell.
Description: Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 2023. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022045649 | ISBN 9780226757209 (cloth) |
ISBN 9780226757346 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Weiser, Mark. | Xerox PARC (Firm) |
Internet—Social aspects. | Digital communications—
United States—Biography. | Computer software industry—
United States—Biography.
Classification: LCC HD9696.63.U62 W4585 2023 | DDC
338.7/610053092 [B]–dc23/eng/20220923
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022045649

♾ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-

1992 (Permanence of Paper).
for my parents
 CONTENTS

PR O LO G U E 1

IN TR O D U C T IO N Googleville 5

C H A P TER 1 Messy Systems 19

C H A P TER 2 The Innovator as a Young Seeker 43

C H A P TER 3 Asymmetrical Encounters 77

C H A P TER 4 Tabs, Pads, and Boards 109

C H A P TER 5 One Hundred Computers per Room 141

C H A P TER 6 Retreat 1 67

C H A P TER 7 Tacit Inc. 19 3

C H A P TER 8 The Dangling String 215

C H A P TER 9 Smarter Ways to Make Things Smart 243

C H A P TER 1 0 A Form of Worship 267

EPILO G U E 2 8 5

Acknowledgments 295

Notes 299

Bibliography 3 19

Index 333
 PROLOGUE

head of the storied Media Lab at the Massachu-

NIC H O L A S N EG R O P O N TE,

setts Institute of Technology and patron saint of Wired magazine, is

lecturing about the future of technology to an auditorium packed with
computing’s brightest minds. An actor dressed in a butler costume
stands near Negroponte on stage, pantomiming his remarks. The gim-
mick is meant to illustrate Negroponte’s belief that the next wave of
computers should be like butlers— artificially intelligent aides ready
to take our orders and serve up whatever information we wish. Known
as “interface agents” in technical circles, these digital assistants will
eventually recognize human speech and respond in kind, Negroponte
tells the crowd. They have gathered here together for the world’s first
symposium on interface agents. It is October 20, 1992. In the coming
years, Negroponte will soon write an influential bestseller and later
spearhead an initiative aiming to give every kid in the world a laptop,
all while running one of the most lucrative research laboratories in the
history of academia.
Not far from Negroponte and the butler, waiting for his turn to
speak, sits a balding man in his forties wearing red suspenders over
a baggy dress shirt, a look that is no more fashionable in 1992 than it
would be today. His name is Mark Weiser. Despite his rumpled appear-
ance, he exerts a considerable influence, too, and his star is rising. Tech-
nology reporters have begun flocking to visit Weiser’s office in the Com-
puter Science Lab at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), eager
for a sneak peek at the twenty-first century. Upon seeing the devices

1
2 P R O LO G U E

on display there and hearing Weiser talk about them, one reporter will
conclude that “Mark Weiser might rearrange society as thoroughly as
Thomas Edison did when he electrified the cities.”1 Years later, another
reporter, charmed by Weiser’s philosophical motivations, will deem
him “the soul and conscience of Silicon Valley.”2
Weiser has made this trip to MIT knowing that the day’s sympo-
sium might not go well for him. For one thing, he disagrees with Negro-
ponte. He also disagrees with Alan Kay, the computing icon who held
court on stage before Negroponte. In fact, he largely disagrees with
each of the other eight speakers with whom he’s been invited to share
the podium. Once it’s his turn, Weiser intends to challenge the very
idea that the symposium is meant to advance. He plans to argue that
interface agents— the digital assistants personified by Negroponte’s
butler— represent a massive step in the wrong direction.
Up until the previous year, many of the symposium’s six hundred
attendees had likely never heard of Mark Weiser. That changed, almost
overnight, when an article he wrote for Scientific American appeared in
the magazine’s September 1991 issue, alongside pieces by Negroponte
and Kay. Weiser’s article— “The Computer for the 21st Century”— went
viral, in the way things went viral before social media. Bill Gates read it
and immediately dashed off a memo to his Microsoft executives insist-
ing that “everyone should read” it.3 Postcards from computer scientists
around the world poured into Weiser’s office, each asking him to have
Xerox mail them a free copy. Soon the New York Times and Washington
Post lent more hype to the big idea his article had put forth: the next
great leap in the evolution of computers, Weiser suggested, will be their
disappearance. Desktops and laptops will gradually be overshadowed
by billions of smaller devices, and these won’t look like computers at all.
The power of computing will be built into all kinds of familiar objects:
clocks, coffeepots, pens, doors, windows, car windshields, and many
more. Everyday things around the home, the workplace, and urban
spaces will become seamlessly infused with connectivity.
The broad strokes of this vision— Weiser calls it “ubiquitous
computing”— have landed him speaking roles at many venues like the
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 P R O LO G U E 3

MIT auditorium he is sitting in. And now that he’s part of these conver-
sations, it’s the details that concern him most. He tells his colleagues
that computers must be rethought and rebuilt— piece by piece— if
they are to truly “fit the human environment instead of forcing humans
to enter theirs.”4 Personal computers like desktops and laptops exist,
Weiser says, “largely in a world of [their] own.”5 It is a world he knows
well. Ever since he learned to program on punch cards at age fifteen,
Weiser has been captivated by the machines he spent his life master-
ing. He knows exactly what Steve Jobs means when he says the com-
puter is a bicycle for our minds that “can amplify a certain part of
our inherent intelligence.”6 Still, Weiser harbors mixed feelings about
computers. For all the ways PCs augment our thinking, he worries that
they hold our bodies captive, that they demand too much of our atten-
tion and ultimately weaken our connection with the wider world off
screen. He believes that adding interface agents to the mix— those
chatty, watchful digital assistants that Negroponte and the others are
championing— could actually make matters worse.
Back at Xerox PARC, Weiser and his colleagues have created a slew
of handheld gadgets that connect wirelessly to one another throughout
their building. They have crafted mobile software that automatically
displays content related to their location and shares their whereabouts
with friends in real time. Other applications sync with the building’s
energy systems to precisely adjust each room’s lighting and tempera-
ture as the staff comes and goes. But even these inventions already feel
to him like stepping-stones on the path to something else— they are
“phase I,” he says.7 He’s searching, from one experiment to the next,
for a more graceful means of weaving digital information into our sur-
roundings, of mobilizing computational resources to “increase our abil-
ity for informed action” as we move about the world.8 The metaphors
he uses to describe the human-computer interactions he craves are
hard to sell and hard to build. “Our computers should be like our child-
hood,” he thinks: “an invisible foundation that is quickly forgotten but
always with us, and effortlessly used throughout our lives.”9 He knows
that his loftiest goals are moon shots, but he maintains that continued
4 P R O LO G U E

technical advances will render them viable someday. Developing a phi-

losophy to guide the technology’s design has become his chief obses-
sion. He estimates that his vision— “ubiquitous computing”— will be
“a twenty-year quest.”10
Inside the MIT auditorium, it is now his turn to address the crowd.
The butler introduces Weiser and calls him to the stage. Thumbing his
suspenders, Weiser takes the podium.
This is the fourth year of his twenty-year quest. The future he imag-
ines for technology— for himself— will not unfold as planned.
 INTRODUCTION

Googleville

Do we really think that everything in the world would be better if it

were smarter? Smart Cappuccino? Smart Park? The “Smart House”
of 2005 will have computers in every room. But what will they do?

Mark Weiser, “Open House,” 1996

are expected to be connected

M O R E T H A N O N E H U N D R E D BILLIO N T HIN G S

to the internet by 2030.1 Among them are thermostats that learn and
remember, cars that navigate and intervene, doorbells that observe
and alert, and mattresses that calculate and self-adjust. Ever since cell
phones became smartphones, technologists and consumers in high-
tech societies have come to embrace all manner of smart objects with
astonishing speed. Connectivity has spread rapidly from personal com-
puters into parking lots, toilets, eyeglasses, and kitchens. Roughly ten
thousand websites were online in 1994; soon, appliance manufacturers
expect to sell two million Wi-Fi-enabled refrigerators per year.2
Over the past fifty years, this once-eccentric longing to animate the
inanimate has become a global enterprise. Computer scientists have
progressed quickly from the first bona fide “connected device” in 1970
to twenty-first-century designs for wholly connected “smart cities.”
Technologists often trace the Internet of Things’ humblest beginnings
to a Carnegie Mellon University soda machine, which had been rewired
by professors who wished to monitor its exact contents from their
offices. Carnegie Mellon’s Computer Science Department reportedly
drank “120 bottles of Coca-Cola products each day” in 1970; too often,

5
6 I N T R O D U C T IO N

the faculty found themselves ascending the stairs to their building’s

third floor only to find the soda machine empty.3 It is hardly a stretch to
see a reflection of that empty soda machine in the problems that more
recent Internet of Things devices aim to solve. Many so-called smart
products hitting the market remain devoted to tackling life’s trivial
irritations. In his 2015 Atlantic essay “The Internet of Things You Don’t
Really Need,” Ian Bogost lampooned his pet case in point: a mobile
app-sensor system called “Smart GasWatch” that leveraged Bluetooth
technology to allow its customers to check the level of their grill’s pro-
pane tank using their smartphones, rather than a mechanical gauge or
several other cheaper means. “Today,” Bogost wryly observed, “the rel-
evance of any consumer product requires the addition of superfluous
computing.”4 Household gadgets have traded largely on our eagerness
to be always within a glance of digital metrics that help us feel more in
command, even when eyeing this data makes little difference.
But the race to render everything smart— sensor laden, data rich,
instantly adjustable— has moved far beyond the stuff of backyards and
bedrooms. The most ambitious North American plan to date surfaced
in October 2017, in Toronto, where city officials launched a partner-
ship with Google’s Sidewalk Labs to create a city-within-the-city “built
from the Internet up,” on a languishing industrial stretch of waterfront
called Quayside.5 Sidewalk Labs’ proposal laid out a thoroughgoing
merger between urban infrastructure and new tech. Enhanced side-
walks would instantly heat away snow while also gathering informa-
tion about everybody who traversed them. An AI-driven electrical grid
and autonomous transit system would give off 89 percent fewer green-
house gas emissions than Toronto’s existing neighborhoods. Nothing
would go unmeasured or unmonitored. Inefficiency, waste, and discom-
fort would be minimized with religious zeal. Google cofounder Larry
Page and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau both insisted that
an omniscient city could radically boost its residents’ quality of life.
Trudeau was especially bullish, stating at the project’s onset: “I have
no doubt Quayside will become a model for cities around the world.”6
Improvements across all municipal services that might otherwise take
 G O O G L E V ILL E 7

months or years to discuss and implement would roll out swiftly and
continuously thanks to the new wellsprings of citizen data that Side-
walk Labs pledged to unearth and analyze.
Unsurprisingly, the project’s announcement raised concerns from a
slew of critics worried about the fate of human agency in such an envi-
ronment. As urbanists, academics, and journalists combed through the
proposal, they developed a bleak perspective on the big picture. At the
same time, Google began to make greater demands. The twelve-acre
Quayside parcel that it initially agreed on suddenly appeared too small.
Sidewalk Labs, with Google’s backing, pushed to expand the foot-
print to 165 acres, giving them room to build a new Canadian Google
headquarters and reason enough to allocate Can$1.3 billion. Much of
Toronto interpreted the move as an act of aggression, and the critics
aired their objections to receptive ears. “In Sidewalk Labs’ scheme, res-
idents provide (unpaid) feedback about the products they use— but
without gaining any political agency in return,” noted the architec-
ture professor T. F. Tierney. “There is no consideration of context, no
opportunity for expression or deliberation or debate. Data decides.”7 If
closed-door calculations were to take the place of public discussion, the
resident inhabiting Toronto’s Googleville would no longer be a citizen
with a voice. Instead of using advocacy and dialogue, she would repre-
sent herself by allowing the bulk of her existence to be tracked by tiny
sensors and computer-vision-powered cameras. It would be her civic
duty to be a good human dataset, allowing each of her activities to be
tabulated and processed by the appointed algorithms entrusted with
making the place better, or at least more efficient.
Some of the plan’s more disconcerting aspects were not entirely
futuristic. For several years already, advances in “insurtech” had bro-
kered a data-driven relationship with insurance policyholders that
predated Googleville’s envisioned social contract. In 2014, the New
York Times ran a story about “subprime” borrowers who consented to
have a “starter interrupt device” installed on their vehicles in order
to retain their auto insurance.8 This gadget enabled insurers to keep
tabs on the borrower’s vehicle at all times, even granting them power
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 History - Cheat Sheet
Summer 2023 - Center

Prepared by: Teacher Davis

Date: July 28, 2025

Section 1: Assessment criteria and rubrics

Learning Objective 1: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 9: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Exercise 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Practice Problem 10: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 12: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 15: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 19: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 3: Practical applications and examples
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 21: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 22: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 23: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 25: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 28: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 29: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice 4: Key terms and definitions
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 31: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 33: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 36: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Section 5: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 48: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Methodology 6: Case studies and real-world applications
Example 50: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Background 7: Fundamental concepts and principles
Practice Problem 60: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 63: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 64: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 65: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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