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 Practical Aspects of
Rape Investigation
A Multidisciplinary Approach
Fourth Edition

65041.indb 1 5/23/08 5:14:32 AM

 CRC SERIES IN
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL
AND FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS
VERNON J. GEBERTH, BBA, MPS, FBINA Series Editor

Practical Homicide Investigation: Tactics, Procedures, and Forensic Techniques,

Fourth Edition
Vernon J. Geberth
The Counterterrorism Handbook: Tactics, Procedures, and Techniques,
Third Edition
Frank Bolz, Jr., Kenneth J. Dudonis, and David P. Schulz
Forensic Pathology, Second Edition
Dominick J. Di Maio and Vincent J. M. Di Maio
Interpretation of Bloodstain Evidence at Crime Scenes, Second Edition
William G. Eckert and Stuart H. James
Tire Imprint Evidence
Peter McDonald
Practical Drug Enforcement, Third Edition
Michael D. Lyman
Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation: A Multidisciplinary Approach,
Fourth Edition
Robert R. Hazelwood and Ann Wolbert Burgess
The Sexual Exploitation of Children: A Practical Guide to Assessment,
Investigation, and Intervention, Second Edition
Seth L. Goldstein
Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic
Techniques, Second Edition
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Friction Ridge Skin: Comparison and Identification of Fingerprints
James F. Cowger
Footwear Impression Evidence: Detection, Recovery and Examination,
Second Edition
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Principles of Kinesic Interview and Interrogation, Second Edition
Stan Walters
Practical Fire and Arson Investigation, Second Edition
David R. Redsicker and John J. O’Connor
The Practical Methodology of Forensic Photography, Second Edition
David R. Redsicker
Practical Aspects of Interview and Interrogation, Second Edition
David E. Zulawski and Douglas E. Wicklander

65041.indb 2 5/23/08 5:14:33 AM

 Investigating Computer Crime
Franklin Clark and Ken Diliberto
Practical Homicide Investigation Checklist and Field Guide
Vernon J. Geberth
Practical Aspects of Munchausen by Proxy and Munchausen Syndrome
Investigation
Kathryn Artingstall
Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and
Advanced Ridgeology
David R. Ashbaugh
Practical Criminal Investigations in Correctional Facilities
William R. Bell
Officer-Involved Shootings and Use of Force: Practical Investigative Techniques,
Second Edition
David E. Hatch
Sex-Related Homicide and Death Investigation: Practical and
Clinical Perspectives
Vernon J. Geberth
Global Drug Enforcement: Practical Investigative Techniques
Gregory D. Lee
Practical Investigation of Sex Crimes: A Strategic and Operational Approach
Thomas P. Carney
Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and Practice
Stuart James, Paul Kish, and T. Paulette Sutton
Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques
Richard H. Walton
Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation
Ross M. Gardner
Practical Bomb Scene Investigation
James T. Thurman
Practical Analysis and Reconstruction of Shooting Incidents
Edward E. Hueske
Tire Tread and Tire Track Evidence: Recovery and Forensic Examination
William J. Bodziak
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: With an Introduction to Crime Scene
Reconstruction, Third Edition
Tom Bevel and Ross M. Gardner

65041.indb 3 5/23/08 5:14:34 AM

65041.indb 4 5/23/08 5:14:34 AM
 Practical Aspects of
Rape Investigation
A Multidisciplinary Approach
Fourth Edition
Edited by
Robert R. Hazelwood
Ann Wolbert Burgess

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

65041.indb 5 5/23/08 5:14:34 AM

 CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487‑2742
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Practical aspects of rape investigation : a multidisciplinary approach / editor(s) Robert R. Hazelwood,

Ann Wolbert Burgess. ‑‑ 4th ed.
p. cm. ‑‑ (Practical aspects of criminal and forensic investigations ; 47)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978‑1‑4200‑6504‑6 (hardback : alk. paper)
1. Rape‑‑Investigation. 2. Rape‑‑United States‑‑Investigation. I. Hazelwood, Robert R. II. Burgess,
Ann Wolbert. III. Title. IV. Series.

HV8079.R35P7 2008
363.25’9532‑‑dc22 2008013457

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and the CRC Press Web site at
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65041.indb 6 5/23/08 5:14:34 AM

 Series Editor’s Note

ἀ is book is part of a series entitled Practical Aspects of Criminal and Forensic Investiga-
tion. ἀ is series was created by Vernon J. Geberth, a retired New York City Police Depart-
ment lieutenant commander, who is an author, educator, and consultant on homicide
and forensic investigations. Written by authors who are nationally recognized experts in
their respective fields, this series has been designed to provide contemporary, compre-
hensive, and pragmatic information to the practitioner involved in criminal and forensic
investigations.

vii

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65041.indb 8 5/23/08 5:14:35 AM
 Preface

One of the most startling aspects of sex crimes is how many go unreported. ἀ e most common
reasons given by women for not reporting these crimes are the beliefs that they are private or
personal matters and fears of reprisal from the assailant. ἀ e FBI estimates that only 37% of all
rapes are reported to the police. U.S. Justice Department statistics are even lower, indicating
that only 26% of all rapes or attempted rapes are reported to law enforcement officials.
ἀ ese figures become even more critical when we realize that, despite the increased
focus on criminal investigation of rape and sexual assault crimes, only slightly more than
half of the reported cases result in the arrest of a suspect—a figure that has not changed
over the past four decades. An overwhelming majority of rape victim service agencies
believes that public education about rape, as well as expanded counseling and advocacy
services for rape victims, would be effective in increasing the willingness of victims to
report rapes to the police.
Concurrent with the numbers of victims and suspects arrested, there has been a bur-
geoning of research into myriad factors interwoven with sexual violence and its aftermath.
Substantial contributions have been made to advancing the state of knowledge for law enforce-
ment agents, health professionals, rape crisis staffs, and criminal justice professionals.
Although most people working with sexual crimes see either the victim or offender,
the investigator and prosecutor frequently encounter both the victims and offenders of
sexual assault. ἀ us, it becomes crucial that these two groups have the benefit of research
results in the fields of victimology, criminology, behavioral sciences, forensic sciences, and
criminal justice. Such information can substantially impact the effectiveness of the inves-
tigative interview, the collection of forensic evidence, and the prosecution of cases.
ἀ e aim of this fourth edition of Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation is to present
current research findings and new forensic techniques and to acquaint the reader with cur-
rent information about special populations of victims and offenders.
ἀ e book is divided into four sections. Section I includes three chapters specific to the
victims of rape and sexual assault. In the first chapter, Burgess and Marchetti review con-
temporary issues in the field of sexual violence. In the second chapter, Amar and Burgess
outline the short- and long-term consequences of rape and sexual assault. Victim care
services, including history and the SANE and SART programs, comprise the third chapter
by Burgess, Lewis-O’Connor, Nugent-Borakove, and Fanflick.
Section II includes 10 chapters on the investigation of rape and sexual assault cases.
Chapter 4, by Hazelwood and Warren, addresses the relevance of fantasy in serial sexual
crime investigations, proposing that fantasy is the link between the underlying motivation
for sexual assaults and the behavior exhibited during the crime. In chapter 5, Hazelwood
and Warren contrast impulsive and ritualistic behavior in the sexually violent offender and
illustrate with case examples. Chapter 6 deals with the behavioral-oriented interview of
rape victims, and Hazelwood and Burgess describe interviewing the victim to determine
the verbal, physical, and sexual behavior exhibited by the offender during the commission

ix

65041.indb 9 5/23/08 5:14:35 AM

  Preface

of the crime. In chapter 7, Hazelwood describes his process for analyzing rape and presents
such an analysis via an extensive case history.
ἀ ere are several new chapters in this edition, one of which is Napier’s chapter 8 on
interviewing the rapist. He presents basic steps and techniques of the interview process, tak-
ing into account the type of rapist being interviewed. Chapter 9 by Rossmo describes geo-
graphic profiling as an investigative method that uses the locations of a series of crimes to
determine the most probable area of offender residence. In chapter 10, Hazelwood and War-
ren demonstrate how analyzing and comparing behavior in a series of crimes can be used to
determine the likelihood that the same offender is responsible for the crimes in question.
One of the thorniest problems in rape investigation is a false allegation. An inher-
ent conflict arises between the investigator’s obligation to accept the victim’s complaint
as legitimate and his duty to develop the facts of the case. Chapter 11, by Hazelwood and
Burgess, reviews the literature on rape allegations and proposes a model to understand
the concept. ἀ is chapter includes a discussion on motivation and red flags for false alle-
gations. In chapter 12, Hazelwood and Lanning define the concept of collateral material
in sexual crimes and identify the various types of such material. Chapter 13 is written by
criminologist attorney Richard Leo, who has studied how and why innocent people con-
fess to crimes that carry potentially lengthy sentences; he describes how law enforcement
may avoid such situations.
Section III deals with forensics and the court. In chapters 14 and 15 on physical evi-
dence in sexual assault investigations and evidence recovery consideration, Spalding and
Bigbee provide a solid background and framework for recovering and processing physical
evidence in rape and sexual assault cases. ἀ e forensic scientists discuss the collection and
observation of physical and trace evidence of the victim, the offender, and the scene of the
crime, and the presentation of evidence in court. Chapter 16 by Taroli is new and pres-
ents the methodology of complicated medical examinations of sexually abused children.
Brown and Sommers, in chapter 17, present the injury research and forensic examination
of the adult victim. Medical treatment for the victim is also outlined. Chapter 18, by Bur-
gess and Hazelwood, presents rapist categories derived from decades of research. Chapter
19 by Scalzo is a new chapter on the prosecution of rape and sexual assault cases.
Section IV deals with special populations. In chapter 20, Lanning describes a typology
of offenders who assault children. ἀ e relatively new area of cyberstalking by pedophiles is
included in the typology as well as incest offenders and offenders with psychopathic disor-
ders. In chapter 21, forensic psychologist John Hunter writes on the sexual crimes of juve-
niles and provides insights on juvenile sex offenders and their classifications. Chapter 22,
by Warren and Hislop, concerns female sex offenders and presents relevant information
on a little understood population of women who sexually offend. Chapter 23, written by
forensic psychiatrist Michael Welner and forensic nurse Barbara Welner, is new and pres-
ents current findings and insights on the serious problem of drug-facilitated rape. Chapter
24, by Hazelwood, Dietz, and Warren, deals with the criminal sexual sadist and contains
findings from their study of 30 men who sadistically raped and/or murdered their victims.
In chapter 25, Hazelwood discusses findings from his interviews of the female partners of
sexual sadists. In chapter 26, Burgess and Morgenbesser provide insightful information on
the sexual abuse of elderly victims. Chapter 27, by Burgess, Prentky, and Safarik, follows up
on the topic of elder sexual abuse by discussing a study and classification system of those
who offend against the elderly. Chapter 28, written by forensic psychiatrist James Knoll

65041.indb 10 5/23/08 5:14:35 AM

 Preface xi

is about educator sexual misconduct and discusses the patterns of female educators who
“groom” their students for sexual abuse.
ἀ is book represents a major commitment by its authors to present the most current
knowledge for the investigation and prosecution of rape and other sexual assault cases.

65041.indb 11 5/23/08 5:14:35 AM

65041.indb 12 5/23/08 5:14:35 AM
 Acknowledgments

We wish to thank the many people who helped in the first, second, third, and latest edi-
tions of this text. We especially wish to thank the following individuals, without whose
efforts this book would not have been possible.
For their encouragement and support: Peggy Hazelwood, Allen G. Burgess, Retired
Assistant Director James D. McKenzie (FBI), Retired Deputy Assistant Director James A.
O’Connor (FBI), and Retired Unit Chief Roger L. Depue (FBI).
Others deserving special thanks are Retired Supervisory Special Agent Howard D.
Teten (FBI) and Professor Emeritus Carol R. Hartman (Boston College) for their insight
and professional advice over the years.
A special word of thanks to Taylor & Francis editor Becky Masterman and project edi-
tor Judith Simon for their patience and scrupulous attention to detail.

xiii

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65041.indb 14 5/23/08 5:14:36 AM
65041.indb 40 5/23/08 5:14:44 AM
 Contributors

Angela F. Amar, PhD, is a graduate of Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
and received her PhD from the University of Pennsylvania. She has been on faculty at
Louisiana State University and Georgetown University. She currently is an assistant pro-
fessor at the William F. Connell School of Nursing at Boston College. She is a member of
the International Association of Forensic Nurses and is on the editorial board for the Jour-
nal of Forensic Nursing. Her research is on intimate partner violence in young women and
mental health responses to trauma.

P. David Bigbee is a retired supervisory special agent of the Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion currently serving as the Crime Stoppers coordinator for the Texarkana, Arkansas;
Texarkana, Texas; and Miller (Arkansas) and Bowie (Texas) counties’ sheriff’s depart-
ments. He earned an associate of science degree from New Mexico Junior College, and BS
and MS degrees from Eastern New Mexico University. Before joining the FBI in 1980, he
spent 9 years as an officer in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve and 5 years as a professor of
biology at New Mexico Junior College. While in the FBI, he served as a criminal investiga-
tor in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Fort Myers, Florida. He was promoted to a supervi-
sor as a serology examiner in the FBI Laboratory. Bigbee taught forensic science at the FBI
Academy and then was promoted to the chief of the DNA Analysis Unit in the laboratory.
While in that capacity, he received the U.S. Attorney General’s Award for Excellence in
Law Enforcement, and the University of Virginia–Jefferson Award for Excellence in Law
Enforcement Education. Bigbee was the supervisor of the Violent Crimes/Fugitive Task
Force of South Florida and the Caribbean, as well of the Miami Evidence Response Team.
He served in the FBI’s office in Dallas, Texas, until he retired in 2000.

Kathleen P. Brown, RN, NP, PhD, is a practice assistant professor and nurse practitio-
ner in women’s health in the School of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania. She is
the director of the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Program at the university’s School of
Nursing and coordinates the forensic science courses. Educated at the University of Penn-
sylvania, Dr. Brown’s clinical work and her research focus on victims of sexual assault. She
consults with law enforcement and health care professionals regarding effective responses
to hands-on sex crimes and has testified in courtrooms throughout the country. She has
published her research on domestic violence, forensic interview, and evidence collection.

Ann Wolbert Burgess, DNSc, APRN, BC, is professor of psychiatric nursing at Boston
College Connell School of Nursing. Educated at Boston University and the University of
Maryland, she and Lynda Lytle Holmstrom cofounded one of the first hospital-based crisis
intervention programs for rape victims at Boston City Hospital. Dr. Burgess has been prin-
cipal investigator on 14 funded research projects and has published over 140 articles on
crime victims and their offenders. She maintains a private clinical practice and also serves
as an expert witness in criminal and civil cases. She has testified before congressional
xv

65041.indb 15 5/23/08 5:14:36 AM

 xvi Contributors

committees and served on the U.S. Attorney General’s Task Force on Family Violence. She
was elected to the Institute of Medicine in 1994 and chaired the 1996 National Research
Council’s Task Force on Violence against Women.

Park Elliot Dietz, MD, MPH, PhD, is clinical professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral
sciences at the UCLA School of Medicine. Dr. Dietz is the founder and head of ἀ reat
Assessment Group, Inc. and the forensic consulting firm of Park Dietz & Associates, Inc.,
both of which are headquartered in Newport Beach, California.

Patricia Fanἀick is currently a PhD student in family science at the University of Mary-
land, College Park. Her research interests include the interface of law and the family,
post and secondary traumatic stress following sexual victimization, and family violence.
Before coming to the University of Maryland, she worked as deputy director of the
Office of Research and Evaluation at the National District Attorneys Association/Ameri-
can Prosecutors Research Institute. She also has specialized training as a marriage and
family therapist.

Robert R. Hazelwood, MS, is a retired supervisory special agent of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation and is currently affiliated with the Academy Group, Inc., of Manassas, Vir-
ginia. He holds a BS in sociology, an MS in counseling, and attended a 1-year fellowship
in forensic medicine at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology while serving as a major
in the U.S. Army Military Police Corps. Hazelwood has coauthored four books, published
more than 45 articles in peer-reviewed journals, contributed 10 chapters to books, and cur-
rently serves on the editorial review board of four journals. He has testified as an expert
witness in city, county, state, and federal courts as well as appearing before the U.S. House
and Senate Armed Services Committees.

Julia Hislop, PhD, is the author of Female Sex Oἀenders: What Therapists, Law Enforcement
and Child Protective Services Need to Know (Idyll Arbor Press) and the coauthor of Female
Sexual Abusers: Three Views (Safer Society Press). Dr. Hislop has lectured nationally and
internationally and is a clinical psychologist associated with the Virginia Department of
Juvenile Justice and Clinical Associates of Tidewater, a private practice in Norfolk, Virginia.

John A. Hunter, PhD, is a research associate professor in the Department of Psychology

at the University of Virginia. He is well known for his clinical study of the etiology, assess-
ment, and treatment of juvenile sexual aggression. He has published over 40 articles or
book chapters on the subject of juvenile sexual offending and/or sexual trauma and has
been the recipient of seven federal research grants. Most recently, he received a career
development award from the National Institute of Mental Health to further his study of
subtypes of sexually aggressive youth and their differential developmental trajectories. Dr.
Hunter has directed both community-based and residential treatment programs for juve-
nile sexual offenders and is a former member of the board of directors for the Association
for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (ATSA). He currently serves on the Kempe Center’s
National Task Force on Juvenile Sexual Offending, the University of Oklahoma National
Center on Sexual Behavior of Youth’s National Advisory Committee, and the Center for
Sex Offender Management’s National Resource Group.

65041.indb 16 5/23/08 5:14:36 AM

 Contributors xvii

James Knoll, MD, is associate professor of psychiatry and director of forensic psychiatry at
SUNY Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, New York. He has worked as a forensic eval-
uator for the courts, corrections, and the private sector. He has collaborated with the FBI to
publish guidelines for reducing workplace violence and has published in the areas of stalk-
ing, suicide, serial offenders, and correctional mental health. Dr. Knoll has special interest in
forensic psycholinguistics and is the coeditor of the Correctional Mental Health Report.

Kenneth V. Lanning is currently a consultant in the area of crimes against children.

Before retiring in 2000, he was a special agent with the FBI for more than 30 years. He
was assigned to the FBI Behavioral Science Unit and the National Center for the Analysis
of Violent Crime at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, for 20 of those years. He is a
founding member of the board of directors of the American Professional Society on the
Abuse of Children (APSAC) and is a former member of the APSAC advisory board. He
is a current member of the advisory board of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual
Abusers (ATSA). Lanning is the 1996 recipient of the professional award from APSAC for
outstanding contributions to the field of child maltreatment investigation and the 1997
recipient of the FBI director’s annual award for special achievement for his career accom-
plishments in connection with missing and exploited children. He has lectured before and
trained thousands of police officers and criminal justice professionals.

Richard A. Leo, PhD, JD, is an associate professor of law at the University of San Fran-
cisco and the author of Police Interrogation and American Justice (Harvard University
Press, 2008). He has served as a consultant and/or testified as an expert witness in hun-
dreds of criminal and civil cases involving disputed interrogations and confessions; he
regularly lectures to criminal defense attorneys, judges, police, prosecutors, and forensic
psychologists across the United States and occasionally in other countries. His research is
often featured in the nation’s print and electronic media. He has won awards for research
excellence and distinction from many organizations, including the American Society of
Criminology, the American Psychological Association, and the American Academy of
Forensic Psychology.

Annie Lewis-O’Connor, PhD, MPH, APRN, is a board-certified pediatric and ob-gyn

nurse practitioner and a certified pediatric and adult sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE).
She is an assistant professor at Boston University Medical School, where she works as a
nurse practitioner on the child protection team. Dr. Lewis-O’Connor has also worked as
a SANE for the past 11 years, caring for both adult and pediatric sexual assault victims.
She received an MSN from Simmons College in Boston and received her master’s degree in
public health (maternal child health) from Boston University. She received her PhD from
Boston College. Her dissertation addressed screening mothers for domestic abuse during
their children’s pediatric visits.

Carol Harvey Marchetti, RN, MS, received her education at the University of Massa-
chusetts/Boston and Boston College and is a doctoral student at Boston College Connell
School of Nursing. She is a sexual assault nurse examiner and has worked at the Floating
Hospital for Children at New England Medical Center. Her dissertation is in the area of
decision-making and police reporting among victims of sexual assault.

65041.indb 17 5/23/08 5:14:37 AM

 xviii Contributors

Leonard I. Morgenbesser, PhD, is an adjunct faculty member at Empire State College

SUNY (State University of New York) in the MA Social Policy Degree Program and pre-
viously taught criminal justice at ἀ e College of Saint Rose in Albany, New York. As a
program research specialist III, he is in his 33rd year at the State of New York Depart-
ment of Correctional Services’ Albany headquarters, where he is active in various research,
planning, and federal grant development activities. Dr. Morgenbesser conducted the origi-
nal test validation studies for his department’s statutory pre-employment psychological
screening program for correctional peace officer applicants beginning in 1984. He received
his BA degree (psychology) from Queens College CUNY in 1971, his master’s degree in
psychology from SUNY (Binghamton, New York) in 1975, and his MA and PhD degrees in
criminal justice in 1973 and 1992, respectively, from the University at Albany SUNY. He is
on the editorial boards of various journals, including the Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. Dr.
Morgenbesser’s correctional psychology research interests include assessment and treat-
ment of the adult sexual offender, teachers’ sexual abuse of students, media coverage of
sexual assault, occupational stress of correctional personnel, and leadership development.

Michael R. Napier, BS, retired from the Federal Bureau of Investigation as a supervisory
special agent after nearly 28 years of service. At the time of his retirement he was assigned
to the Critical Incident Response Group and the National Center for the Analysis of Vio-
lent Crime, both at the FBI Academy. He is currently a vice president and violent crime
consultant for the Academy Group of Manassas, Virginia. Napier was an FBI-certified
polygraph examiner and graduated from the Department of Defense Polygraph Institute.
He has specialized in the study of interviewing and interrogation and the analysis of vio-
lent and sexually violent crimes.

M. Elaine Nugent-Borakove, MA, is a senior project director with the Justice Manage-
ment Institute (JMI) and has more than 18 years of experience conducting quantitative
and qualitative research of criminal and juvenile justice issues. Prior to joining JMI, she
was the director of the Office of Research and Evaluation at the American Prosecutors
Research Institute. For the past 10 years, she has focused her research efforts on local pros-
ecution policy and practice. ἀ is research includes assessments of prosecutors’ responses
to violence against women, elder abuse, hate crimes, terrorism and homeland security,
and community prosecution. Her focus also includes performance measurement and evi-
dence-based practices in the justice system. Nugent-Borakove is the author of numerous
technical reports, monographs, and journal articles, as well as a book on the changing
nature of prosecution. She received an MA in sociology with a concentration in crime,
delinquency, and corrections from George Mason University.

Robert A. Prentky, PhD, teaches in the Department of Psychology at Fairleigh Dickinson

University and is director of the MA program in forensic psychology. He has practiced
as a forensic psychologist for the past 25 years, and, in that capacity, he has assessed or
supervised the assessment of over 2,000 sexual offenders and paraphilics. He has been the
principal or coprincipal investigator on 14 state and federal grants and served as an ad hoc
reviewer for 17 professional journals. He has chaired two conferences on sexual offenders
for the New York Academy of Sciences (1988 and 2002). He has given presentations several
hundred times in the United States, Europe, Canada, and Israel, and he has published 80+

65041.indb 18 5/23/08 5:14:37 AM

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