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 Sustainable Practices in Surface and 2
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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF MicroCAD
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University, Miami, USA; was a Lecturer/Research Assistant at Haryana
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Volume 4: Management, Performance, and Applications of Micro Irrigation
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SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN
SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE
MICRO IRRIGATION
This page intentionally left blank
 Research Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation
VOLUME 2

SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN
SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE
MICRO IRRIGATION

Edited by
Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE

Apple Academic Press

TORONTO NEW JERSEY
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way
Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Waretown, NJ 08758
Canada USA

©2015 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.

Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-017-6 (Hardcover)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the
authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to pub-
lish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility
for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
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Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and
identification without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014941332

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Sustainable practices in surface and subsurface micro irrigation/edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD,
PE.
(Research advances in sustainable micro irrigation; volume 2)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-77188-017-6 (bound)
1. Microirrigation. 2. Microirrigation--Management.
3. Sustainable agriculture. I. Goyal, Megh Raj, editor
II. Series: Research advances in sustainable micro irrigation ; v. 2

S619.T74S996 2014 631.5'87 C2014-903543-8

Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products,
visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com
CONTENTS

List of Contributors............................................................................................ vii

List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................... ix
List of Symbols.....................................................................................................xv
Preface................................................................................................................xix
Foreword by Gajendra Singh ......................................................................... xxiii
Foreword by Miguel Muñoz-Muñoz................................................................xxvii
Foreword by R. K. Sivanappan.........................................................................xxxi
Foreword by Marvin J. Jensen.......................................................................xxxiii
Book Series: Research Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation........... xxxv
About the Senior Editor-in-Chief................................................................... xxxvii
Warning/Disclaimer........................................................................................ xxxix

PART I: SUBSURFACE MICRO IRRIGATION

1. Subsurface Drip Irrigation: Wetting Pattern Simulation—
Part I: Model Development .............................................................................. 1
M. N. El-nesr, S. M. Ismail, T. K. Zien El-Abedin, and M. A. Wassif

2. Subsurface Drip Irrigation: Wetting Pattern Simulation—

Part II: Model Validation................................................................................. 25
M. N. El-nesr, S. M. Ismail, T. K. Zien El-Abedin, and M. A. Wassif

3. Micro Irrigation in Egyptian Sandy Soil: Hydraulic Barrier

Technique ......................................................................................................... 55
M. N. El-nesr, S. M. Ismail, T. K. Zien El-Abedin, and M. A. Wassif

4. Micro Irrigation Design using MicroCAD .................................................... 69

M. N. El-nesr, S. M. Ismail, T. K. Zien El-Abedin, and M. A. Wassif

PART II: MICRO IRRIGATION RESEARCH ADVANCES AND

APPLICATIONS
5. Subsurface Drip Irrigation in Australia: Vegetables .................................... 89
Viola Devasirvatham

6. Mechanics of Clogging in Micro Irrigation System ................................... 169

Vishal keshavrao Chavan, P. Balakrishnan, Santosh Deshmukh, and M. B. Nagdeve
vi Contents

7. Water Movement in Drip Irrigated Sandy Soils ......................................... 183

Eric Simonne, Aparna Gazula, Robert Hochmuth, and Jim DeValerio

8. Crop Coefficients: Trickle Irrigated Common Beans .................................211

Victor H. Ramirez Builes, Eric W. Harmsen, and Timothy G. Porch

9. Water Requirements for Papaya on a Mollisol Soil ................................... 239

Ricardo Goenaga, Edmundo Rivera, and Carlos Almodovar

10. Water Requirements for Tanier (Xanthosoma spp.) ................................... 249

Ricardo Goenaga

11. Water Requirements for Tanier (Xanthosoma spp.) on a Mollisol Soil .... 261
Ricardo Goenaga

12. Water Requirements for Banana on a Mollisol Soil ................................... 271

Ricardo Goenaga and Heber Irizarry

13. Water Requirements for Banana on an Oxisol Soil .................................... 283

Ricardo Goenaga and Heber Irizarry

14. Water Requirements for Plantains on a Mollisol Soil ................................ 293

Ricardo Goenaga, Heber Irizarry, and Eladio Gonzalez

15. Drip Irrigation Management: Plantain and Banana ................................. 303

Ricardo Goenaga, Heber Irizarry, Bruce Coleman, and Eulalio Ortiz

16. Biometric Response of Eggplant under Sustainable Micro Irrigation

with Municipal Wastewater .......................................................................... 319
Vinod Kumar Tripathi, T. B. S. Rajput, Neelam Patel, and Pradeep Kumar

Appendices........................................................................................................ 331
Index ................................................................................................................ 345
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Abedin, El
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shatby, Alexandria, 21545
Egypt

Almodovar, Carlos
Research Associate, Fortuna Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez
Campus, Juana Diaz, PR

Chavan, Vishal Keshavao

Assistant Professor and Senior Research Fellow in SWE, Agriculture University, Akola, Maharashtra,
Website: www.pdkv.ac.in; Email: [email protected]

Coleman, Bruce
BECA Irrigation Supplier, Inc., Coamo, Puerto Rico

DeValerio, Jim
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Bradford County Extension Service, 2266
N Temple Ave, Starke, FL 32091, USA

Devasirvatham, Viola
Lecturer, University of Sydney, School of Natural Sciences, Sydney, AU; and Postgraduate student, School
of Natural Sciences, University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia

El-nesr, Mohammad A B
Assistant Professor, Water and Irrigation Systems Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering,
College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460 Riyadh 11451, Email:
[email protected]

Gazula, Aparna
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Alachua County Extension Service, 2800
NE 39th Ave, Gainesville, FL 32609, USA

Goenaga, Ricardo
Research Plant Physiologist and Research Leader, USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station, 2200
P.A. Campos Ave., Suite 201, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680-5470, Tel.: 787-831-3435 ext. 226, Fax: 787-
831-3386, E-mail: [email protected]

Gonzalez, Eladio
Associate Professor, Mountain College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Utuado
Campus, Utuado, PR. Email: [email protected]

Goyal, Megh R.
Retired Professor in Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez
Campus, PO Box 86, Rincon, PR, 00677; and Senior Acquisitions Editor and Senior Editor-in-Chief, Apple
Academic Press Inc., New Jersey. Email: [email protected]
Harmsen, Eric W.
Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Puerto Rico. Mayagüez,
PR 00681, USA. Email: [email protected]

Hochmuth, Robert
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Florida Cooperative Extension Service,
Suwannee Valley Agricultural Extension Center, 7580 CR 136, Live Oak, FL 32060-7434, USA
viii List of Contributors

Irizarry, Heber
Research Horticulturist, USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station, 2200 P.A. Campos Ave., Suite
201, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680-5470

Ismail, Samir M.
Professor of Irrigation Systems, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Dept., Faculty of Agriculture,
Shatby, Alexandria, 21545 Egypt, Fax: (+203) 5922780, Mobile: (+203) 01001281641, Email: drsamir.
[email protected]

Jensen, Marvin E.
Retired Research Leader USDA-ARS, 1207 Springwood Drive, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, Email: mjen-
[email protected]

Kumar, Pradeep
Scientist, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India

Muñoz-Muñoz, Miguel A.
Ex-President of University of Puerto Rico, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, College of Agri-
culture Sciences, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR. 00681-9000. Tel. 787-265-3871, Email: miguel.munoz3@
upr.edu

Ortiz, Eulalio
Certified Public Accountant and Professor, College of Business Administration, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico

Patel, Neelam
Senior Scientist, Water Technology Centre (WTC), Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New
Delhi, Delhi 110012, India, Email: [email protected]

Porch, Timothy G.
Genetics Researcher, USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station, 2200 P.A. Campos Ave., Suite
201, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680-5470. Email: [email protected]

Rajput, T.B.S.
Principal Scientist, Water Technology Centre (WTC), Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New
Delhi, Delhi 110012, India, Email: [email protected]

Ramirez Builes, Victor H.

Agroclimatology and Crop Science Researcher, National Coffee Research Center (Cenicafe), Chinchina
(Caldas, Colombia). Email: [email protected]

Rivera, Edmundo
Agronomist, USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station, 2200 P.A. Campos Ave., Suite 201, Mayaguez,
Puerto Rico 00680-5470.

Simonne, Eric
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Horticultural Sciences Department, 1052
McCarty Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611-0220, USA

Singh, Gajendra
Former Vice President, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. C-86, Millennium Apartments, Plot E-10A,
Sector 61, NOIDA U.P. – 201301, INDIA, Mobile: (011)-(91)-997-108-7591, Email: prof.gsingh@gmail.
com

Sivanappan, R. K.
Former Dean and Professor, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; and
Consultant, 14, Bharathi Park, 4th Cross Road, Coimbatore – 641 043, India. Email: sivanappan@hotmail.
com
List of Contributors ix

Tripathi, Vinod Kumar

Assistant Professor, Centre for Water Engineering and Management, Central University of Jharkhand,
Ranchi, India, E mail: [email protected]

Wassif, M. A.
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shatby, Alexandria, 21545
Egypt

Zien, T. K.
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shatby, Alexandria, 21545
Egypt
This page intentionally left blank
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AALCS Australian Agricultural Land Classification System

AAP Apple Academic Press Inc.
AC-FT acre foot
ANOVA analysis of variance
ASABE American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
ASW available soil water
AWC available water content
B-C Blaney-Criddle
CDGG cumulative degree days
cfs cubic feet per second
cfsm water depth, cubic feet per second per square mile
CGDD cumulative growing degree days
CPFDR capacitance probe/frequency domain reflectometer
CRCIF Cooperative Research Center for Irrigation Futures – Australia
CRZI capillary root zone irrigation system
CU coefficient of uniformity
CWSI crop water stress index
DAP days after planting
DAT days after transplanting
DOY day of the year
Dr root zone depletion
DTPA diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
DU distribution uniformity
EDTA ethylene­diaminetetraacetic acid
EPAN pan evaporation
ET evapotranspiration
ETc crop evapotranspiration
ETr reference evapotranspiration
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome
FC field capacity
fc fraction of the soil covered by vegetation
FDR frequency domain reflectometer
gph gallons per hour
gpm gallons per minute
HRG Hargreaves
ICAR Indian Council of Agriculture Research
ISAE Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers
Kc crop coefficient
Kcb transpiration coefficient
xii List of Abbreviations

Ke evaporation coefficient
KISSS™ Kapillary Irrigation Subsurface System
Kp pan coefficient
Ks drought stress coefficient
KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
LAI leaf area index
LAR leaf appearance rate
LEPA low energy pressure irrigation system
lps liters per second
MAD maximum allowable depletion
MSL mean sea level
NSW New South Wales
PC plant crop
PE potential evapotranspiration
PET potential evapotranspiration
pH acidity/alkalinity measurement scale
PM Penman-Monteith
ppb one part per billion
ppm one part per million
psi pounds per square inch
PVC poly vinyl chloride
PWP permanent wilting point
R1 first ratoon (crop)
R2 second ratoon (crop)
R3 third ratoon crop
RA extraterrestrial radiation
RH relative humidity
RMAX maximum relative humidity
RMIN minimum relative humidity
RMSE root mean squared error
RS solar radiation
SAR sodium absorption rate
SCS-BC SCS Blaney-Criddle
SDI subsurface drip irrigation
SPAC soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
SWB soil water balance
SWP soil water potential
TDR time domain reflectometer
TE transpiration efficiency
TEW total evaporable water
TMAX maximum temperature
TMIN minimum temperature
TR temperature range
TUE transpiration use efficiency
USDA US Department of Agriculture
List of Abbreviations xiii

USDA-SCS US Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service

UWS University of Western Sydney
VPD vapor pressure deficit
VSWC volumetric soil water content
VWC volumetric water content
WATBAL water balance
WISP wind speed
WS weather Stations
WSEE weighed standard error of estimate
WUE water use efficiency
YTD yield threshold depletion
μg/g micrograms per gram
μg/L micrograms per liter
This page intentionally left blank
LIST OF SYMBOLS

ℜi(n ) error matrix

ℜi(n ) Jacobian matrix
θ moisture content
ϒ pore-connectivity
θd desired soil moisture content
τj time-step
θr residual water content
∆ slope of saturation vapor pressure curve
a emitter spacing
b maximum monolayer adsorption
c residual solution metal concentration
Cd denominator constant
Cn numerator constant
Cp specific heat of air
D diffusivity
d zero displacement height
Dr root zone depletion
E evaporation
ea actual vapor pressure
es saturation vapor pressure
ETc crop evapotranspiration
ETo standardized reference crop
ETos evapotranspiration for short
fc function of vegetation
few irrigation
G soil heat flux density
λ grid spacing
gs saturated grid length
h canopy height
H heat flux
h pressure head
Ii irrigation depth
j time counter
k affinity
K soil hydraulic conductivity
Kbc basal crop coefficient
Kc dev development period
Kc crop coefficient
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