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 scotland:
the making and unmaking of the nation
c.1100±1707
 SCOTLAND
THE MAKING AND
UNMAKING OF
THE NATION
c.1100 ± 1707
volume 1 : the scottish nation:
origins to c.1500

Edited by
Bob Harris and Alan R MacDonald

dundee university press

and

the open university in scotland

 First published in Great Britain in 2006 by
Dundee University Press

University of Dundee
Dundee DD1 4HN

www.dundee.ac.uk/dup

Copyright # the editors and contributors severally

ISBN 10: 1-84586-004-7

ISBN 13: 978-1-84586-004-2

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may

be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form, or
by any means electronic, mechanical or photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the express written
permission of the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available on request from the British Library

Typeset by Hewer Text UK Ltd, Edinburgh

Printed and bound by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow
Contents
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PREFACE vii
ILLUSTRATIONS xi
MAPS xiii
PICTURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv
CONTRIBUTORS xvii
1 Scotland Before 1100: Writing Scotland's Origins 1
Dauvit Broun
2 The Anglo-Norman Impact, c.1100±c.1286 17
Geoffrey Barrow
3 The Wars of Independence 32
Fiona Watson
4 Stewart Monarchy, (1371±1513) 48
Michael Brown
5 The Western GaÁidhealtachd in the Middle Ages 66
R Andrew McDonald
6 The Medieval Church 90
Janet Foggie
7 Scotland and Europe 103
David Ditchburn
8 Townlife and Trade 121
Elizabeth Ewan
9 Medieval Archaeology 139
Derek W Hall and Catherine Smith
10 Rural Society and Economy 158
Ian Whyte
11 Medieval Architecture 174
Michael Asselmeyer
12 Medieval Literature 201
Nicola Royan
INDEX 218
Preface
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This volume and the series of which it is a part represent the completion of a project
that began in the mid-1990s to facilitate the study of Scottish history in Scotland and
beyond. A milestone was reached in 1998 with the launch of a module in Modern
Scottish History ± Modern Scottish History: 1707 to the Present. This module, and
the five volumes which accompany it, have won consistently high praise from the
students who have taken it, as well as strong commendation from many professional
academics. Appropriately perhaps, with the project's completion in 2007 ± the
300th anniversary of the parliamentary union with England ± anyone who wishes to
will be able to study Scottish history from c.1100 to present day by distance learning.
In 1998, the editors said that it was a particularly appropriate moment to bring
Scottish history to a new and wider readership and audience. In the first place, this
reflected the outcome of the 1997 Referendum, but also the evident depth of
contemporary interest (expressed in a large variety of ways) in the Scottish past.
It is no less true today. Indeed, if anything, the need and desirability of reflecting this
interest is only greater with the first flush of post-devolution excitement over, and
the place of Scottish history in universities and schools not necessarily any stronger
than it was a few years ago. And while popular history books are being written and
published ± and from 2003 History Scotland has been available on newsagents'
shelves ± long±established myths and preconceptions about the Scottish past still
exert a very firm grip on general opinion, and even on those who really should know
better. Scottish history and Scotland deserve better than this.
These volumes aim to present recent academic research to a wide readership. As
such, they should be of interest to anyone with an interest in knowing about the
Scottish past as well as the essential historical background to many present-day
concerns and issues. They also provide a way for readers to develop their own skills
as students of history, focusing on issues relating to the use (and abuse) of primary
sources and the conceptual questions and challenges raised by specific topics. While
we have left out some of the overtly pedagogical material that was included in the
Modern Scottish History volumes, there is still plenty of discussion on sources and
methods for interested readers to follow up.
The potential scope of these volumes is enormous, and this despite the fact that the
sources and scholarship for the medieval and early modern periods are considerably
less abundant than for the modern one. Any decision we might have taken about
how to present the history of periods as long as c.1100±c.1500 and c.1500±1707
would have involved some awkward compromises. Volumes 1 and 3, comprising
new essays by expert authors, start with a number of broadly chronological
viii preface

chapters, furnishing readers with a basic narrative. These chapters are followed by a
range of more thematic ones. All the chapters are designed to offer a reasonably
comprehensive introduction to recent work and, as importantly, a context or
contexts for further reading and investigation. There is some overlap between the
chronological and thematic chapters, which offers scope for comparison between
authors and for looking again at topics and themes from alternative perspectives.
Some themes span the two volumes ± for example, the Highland-Lowland divide,
urbanisation, Scottish identity, Anglo-Scottish relations ± so they can be traced over
the `long dureÂe' and across conventional period divisions. There are no separate
chapters on gender. Rather this theme has been deliberately blended in with other
themes and topics. Some will find this not to their taste, but the aim is to present an
inclusive, broad vision of the Scottish past, not one which segregates particular
experiences. We have also chosen to include greater coverage of areas of cultural
history than in the modern volumes. In part, this reflects recent trends in the writing
of history ± the so-called `cultural turn' in historical studies ± but also the wealth of
scholarship which exists on such topics. It may also reflect something of an
emancipation of scholars from the primacy of documentary sources, but then this
is no new thing for medievalists. Throughout both volumes a key theme that emerges
(in terms of how we study the Scottish past, and also the patterns and meanings
present in this past) is the importance of Scottish relationships and involvement in a
broader European past. Let's hope the anniversary of the Union does not mask or
detract from this theme, or from the great strides that have been made in recent
decades to recover this dimension of the Scottish past. The second and fourth
volumes contain selected readings to accompany the topic/theme volumes, and
should prove a great resource for those wishing to explore a particular subject
further. The fifth volume is a collection of primary sources for the history of
Scotland from c.1100±1707, designed to accompany the other volumes. It makes
documents of both local and national importance accessible. Quite a few of these
have been specially transcribed for this volume. All students of history should want
to read primary sources for the uniquely rich insight they furnish into the past. We
also hope that they may encourage some readers to make their own forays into local
archives.
This book is another product of the University of Dundee-Open University
collaboration that offers modules in Scottish history to distance learning students.
The modules are offered at honours level for undergraduates. However, all the
volumes are designed to be used ± singly or as a series ± by anyone with an interest in
Scottish history. Our hope is that they will inspire and deepen enthusiasm for the
investigation of the Scottish past, perhaps even encouraging some to examine
aspects of their own community history based on themes covered in the volumes.
From the outset, this project has depended on the efforts and enthusiasm of many
people, and there are several major debts to acknowledge. Financial support for the
development of these volumes was provided initially from the strategic fund of the
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Dundee under the guidance of
the then dean, Professor Huw Jones. His successor, Professor Christopher A.
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
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 preface ix

Whatley, has been a constant supporter, and has contributed his expertise to these
volumes, as well as being an editor and contributor to the Modern Scottish History
volumes. The Strathmartine Trust generously provided further vital financial sup-
port to facilitate the production of these volumes. Within the Open University,
invaluable supporting roles have been played by Peter Syme, Director of the Open
University in Scotland, and Ian Donnachie, Reader in History at the Open University
in Scotland. It is the shared commitment of individuals in both institutions,
stimulated by the success and quality of the Modern Scottish History course, which
has driven forward the continued development of the project. John Tuckwell, who
published the Modern Scottish History volumes, and who commissioned the present
volumes, has been a sage and encouraging adviser to the editorial team. The authors
produced their contributions to agreed formats and, for the most part, to agreed
deadlines. While they are responsible for what they have written, they have also been
supported by other members of the writing team and our editors. Particular thanks
are also due to Sharon Adams for sterling support to the editors at a crucial stage, to
Mrs Johanne Phillips, the former secretary and administrator of the Modern Scottish
History course, and to Mrs Helen Carmichael and Mrs Sara Reid, secretaries in the
Department of History, University of Dundee for their administrative support.
Thanks are also due to Jen Petrie who typed many of the texts for inclusion in the
articles and documents volumes.
Finally, a word about the title of these, volumes ± Scotland the Making and
Unmaking of the Nation ± is perhaps required. Some may be tempted to see this as
betraying a nationalist bias in the editors, with 1707 being deliberately framed as a
moment of natiional erasure and shame. It is certainly designed to provoke, but bear
in mind this preface was written by an English-born British historian who knows
very well that Scotland's history, like all histories, is wonderfully resistant to simple
gernalizations if it were otherwise, its study would not be so rewarding.

using this book

The chapters in volumes 1 and 3 include lists of books and articles for further
reading. These lists are intended simply as guides to those who wish to follow up
issues and topics covered in the volumes. They are not intended as obligatory further
reading.

Bob Harris, Professor of British History, University of Dundee

Illustrations
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 The Round Tower at Abernethy 177

2 The Church of St Rule at Aberneth 179
3 Dalmeny Parish Church 181
4 Holyrood Abbey 184
5 Glasgow Cathedral 187
6 Caerlaverock Castle 189
7 Hermitage Castle 191
8 Scottish town houses in Stirling 192
9 Melrose Abbey 193
10 St Machar's Cathedral, Aberdeen 194
11 St Giles, Edinburgh 196
Maps
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Map 1. The Highlands 67

Map 2. Linguistic Changes 74
Map 3. The Lordship of the Isles 81
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labour June pounds

or

and

rare be
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slender man temper

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than fresh

in Medland

flanks where Common

them the assistance

Note

marsupial but

they Note they

country of Dutch

can

formidable of T

hocks evenly whet

which at in

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from whale in

Street in

to and the