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426-H (13102)
 J. J. Keller’s
Tractor-Trailer
Driver Training
Manual

2nd Edition
Based upon the FHWA Model Curriculum
Follows PTDI's required curriculum for PTDI-certified schools

Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

 ©2012

J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

3003 Breezewood Lane
P.O. Box 368
Neenah, Wisconsin 54957-0368
Phone: (800) 327-6868
Fax: (800) 727-7516
jjkeller.com

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007940996

ISBN: 978-1-60287-276-9

Canadian Goods and Services Tax (GST) Number: R123-317687

Second edition, December 2012

All rights reserved. Neither the publication nor any part thereof may
be reproduced in any manner without written permission of the Pub-
lisher.
Due to the constantly changing nature of government regulations, it is
impossible to guarantee absolute accuracy of the material contained
herein. The Publisher and Editors, therefore, cannot assume any re-
sponsibility for omissions, errors, misprinting, or ambiguity contained
within this publication and shall not be held liable in any degree for
any loss or injury caused by such omission, error, misprinting or ambi-
guity presented in this publication.
This publication is designed to provide reasonably accurate and au-
thoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is
sold with the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in
rendering legal, accounting, or other professional service. If legal ad-
vice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent
professional person should be sought.
The Editorial Staff is available to provide information generally asso-
ciated with this publication to a normal and reasonable extent, and at
the option of, and as a courtesy of, the Publisher.
Printed in the U.S.A.

ii

Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

 Acknowledgements

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The development of this publication would not have been possible
without the contributions of many individuals and organizations.
Thanks goes to Eaton Corporation and to Holland Group Incorpo-
rated for their images. Our thanks also goes to Eaton Corporation
and Dana Corporation for providing the Roadranger images
(Roadranger is a marketing partnership between Eaton and Dana
Corporations). In addition, thanks goes to Sara M. Dougherty Noe
and Badger Federal Services Inc for allowing us the use of their
equipment for various pictures seen throughout the manual.

A special thanks goes to Bob Loughan, Chippewa Valley Technical

College, for his professional input and guidance.

Also, special thanks and appreciation to the following persons who

reviewed portions of the manuscript and provided helpful suggestions
and input:

Montie Dickey, Milan Express Driving Academy

Glen Kilgour, Choctaw Express Inc.

Dave Terry, Southwest Applied Technology

My personal thanks to all.

Timothy L. Evans
Editor – Transportation Management
J. J. Keller & Associates Inc.®
Neenah, Wisconsin

iii

Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

iv

Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

 Contents

Chapter 1
Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Introduction
A Regulated Industry
The Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)
Driver Qualification
The Commercial Motor Vehicle — An Overview
Summary
Orientation Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 2
Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Introduction
Engine Controls
Primary Vehicle Controls
Secondary Vehicle Controls
Vehicle Instruments
Summary
Control Systems Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 3
Vehicle Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Introduction
Frame
Suspension System
Axles
Engine
Fuel System
Air Intake and Exhaust System
Lubrication System
Cooling System
Electrical System
Drive Train
Brake System
Wheels and Tires
Steering System
Coupling System
Summary
v

Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

 Contents

Vehicle Systems Quiz

General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 4
Vehicle Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Introduction
Types of Inspections
What to Look at When Conducting an Inspection
Pretrip Inspection
The Seven-Step Pretrip Inspection
En Route Inspection
Post-Trip Inspection
Special Rigs
Summary
Vehicle Inspection Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 5
Basic Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Introduction
Starting, Warming Up, and Shutting Down
Putting the Vehicle in Motion and Stopping
Straight Line Backing
Turning
Summary
Basic Control Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 6
Shifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Introduction
Key Elements of Shifting
Shifting Patterns
Summary
Shifting Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 7
Backing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Introduction
Backing Principles and Rules
vi

Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

 Contents

The Basic Backing Maneuvers

Summary
Backing Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 8
Coupling and Uncoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Introduction
Coupling Tractor-Trailers
Uncoupling Tractor-Trailers
Coupling Twin Trailers
Uncoupling Twin Trailers
Other Combinations
Summary
Coupling and Uncoupling Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 9
Visual Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Introduction
Seeing Ahead and to the Sides
Use of Mirrors
Seeing to the Rear
Summary
Visual Search Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 10
Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Introduction
Communicating Intent
Communicating Presence
Communication From Others
Summary
Communication Quiz
CDL Combination Vehicle Pre-Test

Chapter 11
Speed Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Introduction
Speed and Stopping Distance
vii

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 Contents

Speed and Surface Conditions

Speed and Road Shape
Speed and Visibility
Speed and Traffic Flow
Obeying the Speed Limit
Summary
Speed Management Quiz
Combination Vehicle CDL Prep-Test

Chapter 12
Space Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Introduction
Your Cushion of Space
Turning Space
Space When Crossing and Entering Traffic
Summary
Space Management Quiz
Combination Vehicle CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 13
Night Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Introduction
Night Driving Factors
Night Driving Procedures
Summary
Night Driving Quiz
Combination Vehicle CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 14
Extreme Driving Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Introduction
Adverse Weather
Rain and Fog
Hot Weather
Mountain Driving
Summary
Extreme Driving Conditions Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

viii

Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

 Contents

Chapter 15
Hazard Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
Introduction
Hazard Recognition
Road Hazards
User Hazards
Plan Ahead
Summary
Hazard Perception Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 16
Railroad Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
Introduction
Active Vs. Passive Crossings
Engineering Considerations
Regulatory Considerations
Safety Considerations
Summary
Railroad Crossings Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 17
Emergency Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
Introduction
The Role of Emergency Maneuvers
Evasive Steering
Emergency Stopping
Off-Road Recovery
Brake Failure
Blowouts
Summary
Emergency Maneuvers Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 18
Skid Control & Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Introduction
Skid Dynamics
Causes of Skids
ix

Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

 Contents

Tractor-Trailer Skids
Skid Recovery
Summary
Skid Control and Recovery Quiz
CDL General Exam Pre-Test

Chapter 19
Special Rigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
Introduction
Multiple Articulation Vehicles
Oversize Vehicles
Low-Clearance Vehicles
High Center-Of-Gravity Vehicles
Special Cargo Vehicles
Summary
Special Rigs Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 20
Preventive Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
Introduction
Types of Maintenance
Regulatory Requirements
Pitfalls of Poor Vehicle Maintenance
Summary
Preventative Maintenance Quiz
General Knowledge CDL Pre-Test

Chapter 21
Diagnosing and Reporting Malfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
Introduction
Diagnosing and Reporting Malfunctions
Troubleshooting
Reporting Requirements
Summary
Diagnosing and Reporting Malfunctions Quiz
CDL General Knowledge Pre-Test

Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

 Contents

Chapter 22
Handling Cargo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Introduction
The Importance of Proper Cargo Handling
Principles and Methods of Cargo Securement
Principles of Weight Distribution
Safe Loading Responsibilities
Loading/Unloading Tools
Summary
Handling Cargo Quiz
CDL General Knowledge Pre-Test

Chapter 23
Cargo Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
Introduction
Basic Definition
Basic Documents
Pickup and Delivery Procedures
Summary
Cargo Documentation Quiz
CDL Air Brake Pre-Test

Chapter 24
Hazardous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
Introduction
What Is a Hazardous Material?
CDL Endorsements
Hazard Classes and Divisions
Shipping Papers
Shipping Paper Accessibility
Loading and Unloading
On the Road
Summary
Hazardous Materials Quiz
CDL Air Brake Pre-Test

Chapter 25
Hours of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389
Introduction
Who Must Comply?
xi

Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

 Contents

11 Hours Driving Time

14 Consecutive Hours on Duty
Sleeper Berth
The 60-Hour/7 Day and the 70-Hour/8 Day Rules
The Driver’s Record of Duty Status
Completing Your Record of Duty Status
100 Air-Mile Radius Exemption
Short-Haul Provision (Non-CDL)
Summary
Hours of Service Quiz
CDL Air Brake Pre-Test

Chapter 26
International Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Introduction
Operating in Mexico
Operating in Canada
Crossing the Canadian Border
Returning to the United States From Canada
Motor Carrier Safety and Licensing
Vehicle Sizes and Weights
Metric Measurements and Conversions
Common Traffic Signs and Rules
Summary
International Driving Quiz
CDL Air Brake Pre-Test

Chapter 27
Trip Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
Introduction
The Five Basic Steps of Trip Planning
Paperwork
Route Selection
Estimating Time
Estimating Fuel Usage
Estimating Trip Expenses
Summary
Trip Planning Quiz
CDL Air Brake Pre-Test

xii

Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

 Contents

Chapter 28
Accident Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437
Introduction
Definin the Situation
Calculating the Cost
Securing the Scene
Hazardous Materials
Vehicle Fires
Evaluating the Accident
Summary
Accident Procedures Quiz
CDL Air Brake Pre-Test

Chapter 29
Security of Cargo, Truck, and Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
Introduction
Terrorism Threats
Cargo Theft
Personal Security
Identifying Suspicious Activities
In-Transit Security Tips
Summary
Transportation Security Quiz
CDL General Knowledge Pre-Test

Chapter 30
Personal Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473
Introduction
Personal Health and Driving
Fatigue and Driving
Alcohol and Driving
Drugs and Driving
Safety Equipment and Practices
Summary
Personal Health and Safety Quiz
CDL Pre-Test

xiii

Original content is the copyrighted property of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.®

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