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Handbook of
Research on Electronic
Collaboration and
Organizational Synergy
Janet Salmons
Vision2lead, Inc., USA
Capella University, USA

Lynn Wilson
SeaTrust Institute, USA

Volume I

Information science reference

Hershey • New York
Director of Editorial Content: Kristin Klinger
Director of Production: Jennifer Neidig
Managing Editor: Jamie Snavely
Assistant Managing Editor: Carole Coulson
Typesetter: Jeff Ash
Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff
Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc.

Published in the United States of America by

Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)
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and in the United Kingdom by

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Copyright © 2009 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher.
Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does
not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Handbook of research on electronic collaboration and organizational synergy / Janet Salmons and Lynn Wilson, editors.

p. cm.

Summary: "This book presents a collection of empirical work that examines techniques, strategies and effects of electronic collaboration
across disciplines and sectors"--Provided by publisher.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-60566-106-3 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-60566-107-0 (ebook)

1. Educational technology--Research. 2. Information technology. 3. Research--Technological innovations. 4. Research--Methodology.

5. Telecommunication. 6. Intellectual cooperation. I. Salmons, Janet, 1952- II. Wilson, Lynn, 1954-

LB1028.3.H3555 2008

371.33072--dc22

2008014458

British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this book set is original material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of
the publisher.

If a library purchased a print copy of this publication, please go to http://www.igi-global.com/agreement for information on activating
the library's complimentary electronic access to this publication.
 For Hannah, Zak, Sammy, and Alex:
May you grow up in a world where no boundaries obstruct the
ful.llment of your dr eams.
Editorial Advisory Board

Ted Cable
Kansas State University, USA

Nancy Settle-Murphy
President, Guided Insights, USA

Virginia Moxley
Kansas State University, USA

Kate Hussin
Capella University, USA

Cole Keirsey
LSI Logic, USA
List of Contributors

Ahmed, Sayeed / Manipal University, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Malaysia........................ 710
Amos, Denise / University of Louisville, USA.................................................................................... 250
Aoki, Kumiko / National Institute of Multimedia Education (NIME), Japan...................................... 30
Araujo, Andre L. / College of William & Mary, USA........................................................................ 400
Baguley, Margaret / University of Tasmania, Australia.................................................................... 205
Baker, Keith / University of Southhampton, UK................................................................................ 695
Berry, Michael / Turku School of Economics, Finland...................................................................... 142
Biswas, Rakesh / Manipal University, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Malaysia........................ 710
Blumberg, Brauch S. / Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA.................................................................... 741
Boyd-Batstone, Paul / California State University, USA................................................................... 387
Bradshaw, Glorianne / Valley Elementary School, USA.................................................................... 250
Brannick, Michael T. / University of South Florida, USA................................................................. 378
Braye, Rubye / Wu Li Turtle Corporation, USA................................................................................. 664
Brunetto, Yvonne / Griffith University, Australia.............................................................................. 452
Burnett, Garry G. / George Washington University, USA................................................................. 261
Chakuthip, Apivut / Griffith University, Australia............................................................................ 452
Chrystal, Sandra J. / University of Southern California, USA.......................................................... 130
Clark, Vanessa / New Zealand Tourism Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology,
New Zealand.................................................................................................................................... 651
Corradini, Elena / Comune di Ala, Ufficio Biblioteca e Archivio Storico, Italy................................ 637
Cox, Carole / California State University, USA.................................................................................. 387
Crichton, Susan / University of Calgary, Canada............................................................................. 312
Croasdaile, Susanne / Virginia Commonwealth University, USA........................................................ 16
Dahiya, Sumit / Manipal University, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Malaysia.......................... 710
Daniel, Beverly-Jean / York University, Canada................................................................................ 725
Das, Premalatha Gopal / Manipal University, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Malaysia........... 710
Davis, Alanah J. / University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA............................................................... 192
de Almeida, Maria Elizabeth Bianconcini / Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo,
Brazil ...........................................................................................................................................................74
Deepwell, Frances / Coventry University, UK........................................................................................ 1
DePoy, Elizabeth / University of Maine, USA.................................................................................... 223
Dixon, Kathryn / Curtin University of Technology, Australia........................................................... 328
Dixon, Robert / Curtin University of Technology, Australia.............................................................. 328
Dobbin, Nathaniel / New Zealand Tourism Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology,
New Zealand.................................................................................................................................... 651
Emert, Toby / Agnes Scott College, USA............................................................................................ 250
Evans, Eric / Peak Learning Companies Inc., USA............................................................................ 664
Evoh, Chijioke J. / The New School University, USA........................................................................ 103
Faithorn, Lisa / NASA Ames Research Center, USA.......................................................................... 741
Farr-Wharton, Rod / University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia................................................... 452
Fischlmayr, Iris C. / Johannes Kepler University, Austria................................................................ 159
Frost, Ingo / Pumacy Technologies AG, Germany.............................................................................. 516
Gilson, Stephen / University of Maine, USA...................................................................................... 223
Gkikas, Alexander / Greek Ministry of Education & Religious Affairs, Greece.................................. 83
Granger, Mary J. / George Washington University, USA.................................................................. 261
Groenewegen, Peter / VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands ................................................ 626
Heinze, Aleksej / University of Salford, UK....................................................................................... 237
Holland, Janet L. / Emporia State University, USA........................................................................... 362
Holmquist, Steffan / Capsugel, USA . ............................................................................................... 435
Irons, Larry R. / University of Missouri, USA................................................................................... 500
Jeddeloh, Steven / Capella University, USA...................................................................................... 531
Kampylis, Panagiotis / University of Jyväskylä, Finland.................................................................... 83
Kershaw, Mairi Stewart / South Bank University, London, UK........................................................ 579
King, Virginia / Coventry University, UK.............................................................................................. 1
Köhler, Tine / George Mason University, USA . ................................................................................ 142
Konetas, Dimitris / University of Ioannina, Greece............................................................................. 83
Lambropoulos, Niki / London South Bank University, UK................................................................. 83
Larson, Linda L. / McNeese State University, USA........................................................................... 387
Lee, Edwin Wen Huo / Intel Malaysia Innovation Center, Malaysia................................................ 710
Lee, Gilliean / Lander University, USA.............................................................................................. 435
Li, Qing / University of Calgary, Canada........................................................................................... 312
Liberati, Diego / Italian National Research Council, Italy................................................................ 615
Lock, Jennifer V. / University of Calgary, Canada ........................................................................... 177
Lukens, Lois / Change Management Consultant, General Motors Corporation, USA...................... 546
Lynch, Kathy / University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia.............................................................. 237
Maniam, Jayanthy / Sunway College, Malaysia............................................................................... 710
Marrett, Christine / University of the West Indies, Open Campus, Jamaica....................................... 54
Marsden, Ann / University of Tasmania, Australia............................................................................ 205
Mengalli, Neli Maria / Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brazil.................................. 74
Milne, Simon / New Zealand Tourism Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology,
New Zealand.................................................................................................................................... 651
Minaoglou, Nikos / Greek Ministry of Education & Religious Affairs, Greece................................... 83
Mok, Jeffrey / Miyazaki International College, Japan...................................................................... 295
Müller-Prothmann, Tobias / Pumacy Technologies AG, Germany................................................... 516
Murphy, John D. / University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA.............................................................. 192
Nodder, Carolyn / New Zealand Tourism Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology,
New Zealand................................................................................................................................... 651
North-Coleman, Cheryl / University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA..................................... 250
Olaniran, Bolanle A. / Texas Tech University, USA .......................................................................... 472
Papadimitriou, So.a / Greek Educational Television, Greek Ministry of Education & Religious
Affairs, Greece................................................................................................................................... 83
Pullen, Darren Lee / University of Tasmania, Australia.................................................................... 205
Ramsay, Sheryl / Griffith University, Australia.................................................................................. 452
Redmon Jr., Robert J. / Midwestern State University, USA.............................................................. 349
Redmond, Petrea / University of Southern Queensland, Australia.................................................... 177
Reynolds, Rosemarie / Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, USA................................................ 378
Rich, Theresa / Change Management Consultant, General Motors Corporation, USA.................... 546
Rittgen, Peter / University College of Borås, Sweden........................................................................ 487
Salmons, Janet / Vision2Lead, Inc., USA & Capella University, USA....................................... 280, 757
Scott, Eljse / University of Cape Town, South Africa.......................................................................... 237
Simon, Margaret / Iberia Parish Public Schools, USA...................................................................... 250
Smith, James L. / University of Wisconsin-Stout, USA...................................................................... 679
Speidel, Ulrich / New Zealand Tourism Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology,
New Zealand.................................................................................................................................... 651
Stephens, R. Todd / AT&T Corporation Collaboration & Online Services, USA.............................. 560
Stevens, Ken / Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.......................................................... 43
Strang, Kenneth David / Central Queensland University, Australia................................................ 409
Umakanth, Shashikiran / Manipal University, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Malaysia.......... 710
Unsicker, Shelly / Central Junior High, USA..................................................................................... 250
Vivitsou, Marianna / University of Helsinki, Finland......................................................................... 83
Wagenaar, Pieter / VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands....................................................... 626
Wall, April Boyington / Capella University School of Business and Technology, Canada............... 725
Williams, Shari Wallis / University of Arkansas Little Rock, USA.................................................... 250
Wilson, Lynn / SeaTrust Institute, USA...................................................................................... 599, 757
Wolbers, Jeroen / Utrecht University, The Netherlands..................................................................... 626
Wolfe, Christine Aikens / Carlow University, USA........................................................................... 250
Yurkovich, Justin M. / University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA....................................................... 192
Table of Contents

Foreword............................................................................................................................................ xxix

Preface............................................................................................................................................... xxxii

Acknowledgment............................................................................................................................ xxxvii

Volume I

Section I
Interorganizational Collaboration in Education

Chapter I
E-Research Collaboration, Conflict and Compromise............................................................................. 1
Frances Deepwell, Coventry University, UK
Virginia King, Coventry University, UK

Chapter II
Inter-Organizational E-Collaboration in Education............................................................................... 16
Susanne Croasdaile, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA

Chapter III
Cultural Issues in Global Collaborative Education................................................................................ 30
Kumiko Aoki, National Institute of Multimedia Education (NIME), Japan

Chapter IV
The Development of Collaborative Structures to Support Virtual Classes in Small Schools............... 43
Ken Stevens, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada

Chapter V
Experiences in Collaboration in Distance Education from the Caribbean, Looking
Beyond Electronic.................................................................................................................................. 54
Christine Marrett, University of the West Indies, Open Campus, Jamaica
Chapter VI
Collaboration and Networks: Basis for the Management Based on Knowledge in Education............. 74
Neli Maria Mengalli, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brazil
Maria Elizabeth Bianconcini de Almeida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brazil

Chapter VII
Hybrid Synergy for Virtual Knowledge Working.................................................................................. 83
Niki Lambropoulos, London South Bank University, UK
Panagiotis Kampylis, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
So.a Papadimitriou, Greek Educational Television, Greek Ministry of Education &
Religious Affairs, Greece
Marianna Vivitsou, University of Helsinki, Finland
Alexander Gkikas, Greek Ministry of Education & Religious Affairs, Greece
Nikos Minaoglou, Greek Ministry of Education & Religious Affairs, Greece
Dimitris Konetas, University of Ioannina, Greece

Chapter VIII
Collaborative Partnerships and the Application of ICTs in Secondary Education
in South Africa..................................................................................................................................... 103
Chijioke J. Evoh, The New School University, USA

Chapter IX
Technology Leverages a Community University Collaboration......................................................... 130
Sandra J. Chrystal, University of Southern California, USA

Chapter X
Creating Synergy for Inter-Cultural Learning..................................................................................... 142
Tine Köhler, George Mason University, USA
Michael Berry, Turku School of Economics, Finland

Chapter XI
A Training Design for Behavioral Factors in Virtual Multicultural Teams......................................... 159
Iris C. Fischlmayr, Johannes Kepler University, Austria

Chapter XII
Working Collaboratively on the Digital Global Frontier..................................................................... 177
Jennifer V. Lock, University of Calgary, Canada
Petrea Redmond, University of Southern Queensland, Australia

Chapter XIII
Engineering for Interdisciplinary Collaboration.................................................................................. 192
John D. Murphy, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
Alanah J. Davis, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
Justin M. Yurkovich, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
Chapter XIV
Back to Basics: Electronic Collaboration in the Education Sector...................................................... 205
Darren Lee Pullen, University of Tasmania, Australia
Margaret Baguley, University of Tasmania, Australia
Ann Marsden, University of Tasmania, Australia

Chapter XV
Designing University Techscapes........................................................................................................ 223
Elizabeth DePoy, University of Maine, USA
Stephen Gilson, University of Maine, USA

Chapter XVI
Scholarly Collaboration Across Time Zones....................................................................................... 237
Kathy Lynch, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
Aleksej Heinze, University of Salford, UK
Eljse Scott, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Chapter XVII
Stepping into the Role of Professional Writer..................................................................................... 250
Christine Aikens Wolfe, Carlow University, USA
Cheryl North-Coleman, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA
Shari Wallis Williams, University of Arkansas Little Rock, USA
Denise Amos, University of Louisville, USA
Glorianne Bradshaw, Valley Elementary School, USA
Toby Emert, Agnes Scott College, USA
Margaret Simon, Iberia Parish Public Schools, USA
Shelly Unsicker, Central Junior High, USA

Chapter XVIII
Collective Indentity and Learning in a Virtual Team........................................................................... 261
Garry G. Burnett, George Washington University, USA
Mary J. Granger, George Washington University, USA

Chapter XIX
E-Social Constructivism and Collaborative E-Learning...................................................................... 280
Janet Salmons, Vision2Lead, Inc., USA & Capella University, USA

Chapter XX
Social and Distributed Cognition in Collaborative Learning Contexts............................................... 295
Jeffrey Mok, Miyazaki International College, Japan
Chapter XXI
Modeling the Model for Distributed Learning..................................................................................... 312
Qing Li, University of Calgary, Canada
Susan Crichton, University of Calgary, Canada

Chapter XXII
Capacity of an Electronic Portfolio to Promote Professionalism, Collaboration and
Accountability in Educational Leadership........................................................................................... 328
Kathryn Dixon, Curtin University of Technology, Australia
Robert Dixon, Curtin University of Technology, Australia

Chapter XXIII
E-Mail Reflection Groups as Collaborative Action Research.............................................................. 349
Robert J. Redmon Jr., Midwestern State University, USA

Chapter XXIV
Integrating Student Peer Mentoring Online......................................................................................... 362
Janet L. Holland, Emporia State University, USA

Chapter XXV
Outcomes of Computer Mentoring...................................................................................................... 378
Rosemarie Reynolds, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, USA
Michael T. Brannick, University of South Florida, USA

Chapter XXVI
Rubric to Determine a Quality Online Discussion Posting................................................................. 387
Linda L. Larson, McNeese State University, USA
Paul Boyd-Batstone, California State University, USA
Carole Cox, California State University, USA

Volume II

Section II
Interorganizational Collaboration in Business

Chapter XXVII
Instrumental and Social Influences on Adoption of Collaborative Technologies in
Global Virtual Teams........................................................................................................................... 400
Andre L. Araujo, College of William & Mary, USA
Chapter XXVIII
Collaborative Synergy and Leadership in E-Business......................................................................... 409
Kenneth David Strang, Central Queensland University, Australia

Chapter XXIX
Overview on Information Systems and Tools for Collaborative Enterprise: Business
Impacts and Managerial Issues............................................................................................................ 435
Gilliean Lee, Lander University, USA
Steffan Holmquist, Capsugel, USA

Chapter XXX
Trust, Social Networks and Electronic Commerce Adoption.............................................................. 452
Apivut Chakuthip, Grif.th University, Australia
Yvonne Brunetto, Griffith University, Australia
Rod Farr-Wharton, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
Sheryl Ramsay, Griffith University, Australia

Chapter XXXI
A Proposition for Developing Trust and Relational Synergy in International
e-Collaborative Groups........................................................................................................................ 472
Bolanle A. Olaniran, Texas Tech University, USA

Chapter XXXII
Supporting Inter-Business Collaboration via Contract Negotiation and Enactment........................... 487
Peter Rittgen, University College of Borås, Sweden

Chapter XXXIII
The Limits of Anytime, Anywhere Customer Support........................................................................ 500
Larry R. Irons, University of Missouri, USA

Chapter XXXIV
KMmaster® for Collaboration and Knowledge Management............................................................. 516
Tobias Müller-Prothmann, Pumacy Technologies AG, Germany
Ingo Frost, Pumacy Technologies AG, Germany

Chapter XXXV
Ultimate Performance in a Highly Functioning Team......................................................................... 531
Steven Jeddeloh, Capella University, USA

Chapter XXXVI
Globalizing a Function within a Company.......................................................................................... 546
Theresa Rich, Change Management Consultant, General Motors Corporation, USA
Lois Lukens, Change Management Consultant, General Motors Corporation, USA
Chapter XXXVII
Integrating Web 2.0 Technologies within the Enterprise..................................................................... 560
R. Todd Stephens, AT&T Corporation Collaboration & Online Services, USA

Section III
Interorganizational Collaboration in
Government and Social Sector

Chapter XXXVIII
An Evaluation of ‘Linking for a Change’............................................................................................ 579
Mairi Stewart Kershaw, South Bank University, London, UK

Chapter XXXIX
Collaboration in the Service of Knowledge Co-Creation for Environmental
Outcomes, Science and Public Policy.................................................................................................. 599
Lynn Wilson, SeaTrust Institute, USA

Chapter XL
Networked Experiments in Global E-Science..................................................................................... 615
Diego Liberati, Italian National Research Council, Italy

Chapter XLI
ICT to Facilitate Emergency Response in The Netherlands................................................................ 626
Jeroen Wolbers, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Peter Groenewegen, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Pieter Wagenaar, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Chapter XLII
Enhancing Collective Memory with a Community Repository........................................................... 637
Elena Corradini, Comune di Ala, Ufficio Biblioteca e Archivio Storico, Italy

Chapter XLIII
ICT and Tourism Enterprise Collaboration in Rural New Zealand..................................................... 651
Simon Milne, New Zealand Tourism Research Institute, Auckland University of
Technology, New Zealand
Vanessa Clark, New Zealand Tourism Research Institute, Auckland University of
Technology, New Zealand
Ulrich Speidel, New Zealand Tourism Research Institute, Auckland University of
Technology, New Zealand
Carolyn Nodder, New Zealand Tourism Research Institute, Auckland University of
Technology, New Zealand
Nathaniel Dobbin, New Zealand Tourism Research Institute, Auckland University of
Technology, New Zealand
Chapter XLIV
2007 Leadership and Human Resources Training in Rwanda............................................................. 664
Rubye Braye, Wu Li Turtle Corporation, USA
Eric Evans, Peak Learning Companies Inc., USA

Chapter XLV
Collaboration through Municipal Motivators...................................................................................... 679
James L. Smith, University of Wisconsin-Stout, USA

Chapter XLVI
Understanding the Dialectic Relationship between Intra- and Inter-Organizational
Cooperation.......................................................................................................................................... 695
Keith Baker, University of Southhampton, UK

Chapter XLVII
Electronic Collaboration Toward Social Health Outcomes................................................................. 710
Rakesh Biswas, Manipal University, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Malaysia
Jayanthy Maniam, Sunway College, Malaysia
Edwin Wen Huo Lee, Intel Malaysia Innovation Center, Malaysia
Shashikiran Umakanth, Manipal University, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Malaysia
Premalatha Gopal Das, Manipal University, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Malaysia
Sumit Dahiya, Manipal University, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Malaysia
Sayeed Ahmed, Manipal University, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Malaysia

Chapter XLVIII
Technology Enhanced Collaborative Leadership Development.......................................................... 725
Beverly-Jean Daniel, York University, Canada
April Boyington Wall, Capella University School of Business and Technology, Canada

Chapter XLIX
Lessons Learned from the NASA Astrobiology Institute.................................................................... 741
Lisa Faithorn, NASA Ames Research Center, USA
Brauch S. Blumberg, Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA

Chapter L
Online Collaborative Integration and Recommendations for Future Research................................... 757
Lynn Wilson, SeaTrust Institute, USA
Janet Salmons, Vision2Lead, Inc., USA & Capella University, USA
Detailed Table of Contents

Foreword............................................................................................................................................ xxix

Preface............................................................................................................................................... xxxii

Acknowledgment............................................................................................................................ xxxvii

Volume I

Section I
Interorganizational Collaboration in Education

Chapter I
E-Research Collaboration, Conflict and Compromise............................................................................. 1
Frances Deepwell, Coventry University, UK
Virginia King, Coventry University, UK

This chapter examines two multi-institution, multi-national education research projects in Europe. The
e-research projects used a variety of technologies to facilitate online collaboration as virtual communities
of practice. Authors used a personal inquiry technique and situational analysis to identify and explore
conflict resolution processes associated with issues of leadership, organization, and technology in e-re-
search. They conclude by proposing strategies that may apply to e-research projects in other settings.

Chapter II
Inter-Organizational E-Collaboration in Education............................................................................... 16
Susanne Croasdaile, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA

This chapter presents an overview of recent research and its application to electronic collaboration (or
e-collaboration) among education professionals. Issues related to participants, tools and support structures
are considered in the context of inter-organizational collaboration.

Chapter III
Cultural Issues in Global Collaborative Education................................................................................ 30
Kumiko Aoki, National Institute of Multimedia Education (NIME), Japan
This chapter discusses cultural differences in educational practices of the East and West. In East Asian
countries, where Confucian philosophy has in.uenced educational practices, values of respect for au-
thority, harmony within a group, and diligence in the face of adversity are its overarching principles.
Western countries emphasize Socratic principles which value open dialogue and advocate critical think-
ing among students. This chapter then discusses educational history and practices in Japan as a case
study of education in the East. The author suggests the ways for educators to be inclusive of students
of differing cultural backgrounds.

Chapter IV
The Development of Collaborative Structures to Support Virtual Classes in Small Schools............... 43
Ken Stevens, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada

Virtual teaching and learning spaces have enabled small schools in rural communities in Atlantic Canada
to collaborate on addressing problems faced by senior students. Ways to organize and manage knowledge
in electronic, collaborative structures are discussed in the context of school districts in the Canadian
provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Chapter V
Experiences in Collaboration in Distance Education from the Caribbean, Looking
Beyond Electronic.................................................................................................................................. 54
Christine Marrett, University of the West Indies, Open Campus, Jamaica

This chapter reports on a study of institutional collaboration between developing countries in the Com-
monwealth Caribbean. Information communication technologies (ICTs) have facilitated institutional
collaboration in distance education. The chapter explores the role played by ICTs, issues, and challenges,
and recommendations for addressing them.

Chapter VI
Collaboration and Networks: Basis for the Management Based on Knowledge in Education............. 74
Neli Maria Mengalli, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brazil
Maria Elizabeth Bianconcini de Almeida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brazil

This chapter presents a study of an online course for educational managers, School Management and
Technologies. Findings based on the discourse of subjects made it possible for authors to deduce that
the educational managers successfully learned to use technology in school management and successfully
formed ongoing networks and partnerships.

Chapter VII
Hybrid Synergy for Virtual Knowledge Working.................................................................................. 83
Niki Lambropoulos, London South Bank University, UK
Panagiotis Kampylis, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
So.a Papadimitriou, Greek Educational Television, Greek Ministry of Education &
Religious Affairs, Greece
Marianna Vivitsou, University of Helsinki, Finland
Alexander Gkikas, Greek Ministry of Education & Religious Affairs, Greece
Nikos Minaoglou, Greek Ministry of Education & Religious Affairs, Greece
Dimitris Konetas, University of Ioannina, Greece
Collaboration involving researchers and educators from the U.K., Finland, and Greece is reported in
this chapter. Authors created and used a model for collaboration and creativity, Hybrid Synergy, adapted
from Collaborative e-Learning and Six Thinking Hats. The chapter examines the question “What tools,
methodologies, techniques, and practices can support collaborative creativity of multidisciplinary teams
for virtual knowledge working?” The results from the study verify the importance of the individual con-
tribution for the development and evolution of a virtual team and suggest the use of speci.c techniques
and methodologies to enhance technology-enabled organisational change.

Chapter VIII
Collaborative Partnerships and the Application of ICTs in Secondary Education
in South Africa..................................................................................................................................... 103
Chijioke J. Evoh, The New School University, USA

This chapter presents a study of dynamics of collaborative partnerships involving the private sector,
government, and community groups in the application of information and communication technologies
(ICTs) for expanding access to and improving the quality of secondary education in South Africa. Based
on the operations and projects of Mindset Learn channel in secondary schools in South Africa, the study
explores the enabling factors and challenges for improvement of secondary schooling with ICTs.

Chapter IX
Technology Leverages a Community University Collaboration......................................................... 130
Sandra J. Chrystal, University of Southern California, USA

This chapter reports on two University of Southern California collaborations that partner business com-
munication classes with not-for-profit agencies. It argues that technology-enhanced community-based
collaborations support university initiatives and empower students to be better business writers, engage
in community issues and prepare for 21st century communication strategies. The author asserts that col-
laborations among faculty and the university administrators undergird and promote these undergraduate
community projects. It examines the background, goals, issues, assessments, future plans, and recom-
mendations for leveraging university-community projects with technology.

Chapter X
Creating Synergy for Inter-Cultural Learning..................................................................................... 142
Tine Köhler, George Mason University, USA
Michael Berry, Turku School of Economics, Finland

Effects of diversity, geographic dispersion and cultural norms on internationally distributed team processes
(IDTs) are explored in this chapter. The chapter focuses on how and why cultural communication and
coordination norms affect IDT team processes and performance, based on a study of an 11-week e-mail
exchange between American and Finnish business students. The authors make explicit how cultural norms
unexpectedly influence leadership strategies and learning experiences in positive and negative ways.

Chapter XI
A Training Design for Behavioral Factors in Virtual Multicultural Teams......................................... 159
Iris C. Fischlmayr, Johannes Kepler University, Austria
In this chapter, factors in.uencing virtual multicultural team work are described and a training design
used for students and company members is presented. So far, little attention has been paid to behavioral
factors influencing virtual team work. Studies that do exist draw conclusions from what is known about
face-to-face teams. In this study, bottom-up research with empirical data collected directly from the
field, such influences are presented. Using grounded theory method, factors influencing team members´
behavior and team processes such as isolation, leadership, trust, commitment, conflict, information
sharing, or culture are described.

Chapter XII
Working Collaboratively on the Digital Global Frontier..................................................................... 177
Jennifer V. Lock, University of Calgary, Canada
Petrea Redmond, University of Southern Queensland, Australia

This chapter examines a qualitative study of an international online collaborative learning experience
involving pre-service teacher education classes at the University of Calgary, Canada, and the Univer-
sity of Southern Queensland, Australia. The authors’ flexible online collaborative learning framework
was used to explain the design and the implementation of the project. Recommendations are made for
designing and facilitating collaborative learning on the digital global frontier.

Chapter XIII
Engineering for Interdisciplinary Collaboration.................................................................................. 192
John D. Murphy, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
Alanah J. Davis, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
Justin M. Yurkovich, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA

This chapter introduces Collaboration Engineering as an approach to developing more effective col-
laborative sessions for interdisciplinary teams. The chapter identifies key facets of how interdisciplinary
teams develop and evaluate potential solutions. The central position of this chapter is that Collaboration
Engineering based on proven group processes and guided by design recommendations specific for inter-
disciplinary team collaboration can result in session designs that improve outcomes for interdisciplinary
teams.

Chapter XIV
Back to Basics: Electronic Collaboration in the Education Sector...................................................... 205
Darren Lee Pullen, University of Tasmania, Australia
Margaret Baguley, University of Tasmania, Australia
Ann Marsden, University of Tasmania, Australia

This chapter looks at how the ways teachers utilize electronic technology in the classroom can respect
cultural differences and instill the importance of basic communication skills in their students. The chapter
presents several examples of how schools and teachers are using the Internet to collaborate and share
ideas and resources between staff and students.

Chapter XV
Designing University Techscapes........................................................................................................ 223
Elizabeth DePoy, University of Maine, USA
Stephen Gilson, University of Maine, USA
This chapter presents and analyzes the scholarly basis and empirical work that resulted in the develop-
ment of Techscape, the application of collaborative technology use as one approach to achieving the
larger aims of Civilscape. Civilscape, a loosely networked collaborative university-wide effort of a
state-supported university campus in the United States, was designed to achieve two major goals: (a) to
advance equivalent opportunity for full participation as a civil right for all qualified students; and (b) to
expand the reach and benefits of the university and for the advancement of societies in which universi-
ties exist. The chapter presents the theoretical and empirical background for the project and concludes
with points for future consideration.

Chapter XVI
Scholarly Collaboration Across Time Zones....................................................................................... 237
Kathy Lynch, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
Aleksej Heinze, University of Salford, UK
Eljse Scott, University of Cape Town, South Africa

This chapter reports on a global collaboration: a case study where the focus is the writing of a scholarly
article between authors from Australia, England, and South Africa. The challenges of different time zones,
academic calendars, and managing the collaboration are outlined in this chapter. Findings from the case
study suggest that the key elements of success are related to the individuals and project management
techniques and not the technology per se. Constructivist learning theory as well as the e-Moderation
model are supported by this work and thus extend their application to the academic writing process.

Chapter XVII
Stepping into the Role of Professional Writer..................................................................................... 250
Christine Aikens Wolfe, Carlow University, USA
Cheryl North-Coleman, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA
Shari Wallis Williams, University of Arkansas Little Rock, USA
Denise Amos, University of Louisville, USA
Glorianne Bradshaw, Valley Elementary School, USA
Toby Emert, Agnes Scott College, USA
Margaret Simon, Iberia Parish Public Schools, USA
Shelly Unsicker, Central Junior High, USA

This chapter describes the case of National Writing Project teachers from around the United States who
attended a Professional Writing Retreat in Santa Fe in 2004 and continued their collaboration via elec-
tronic technologies. This chapter examines the progress of the group’s commitment to communicate by
electronic means about writing about teaching.

Chapter XVIII
Collective Indentity and Learning in a Virtual Team........................................................................... 261
Garry G. Burnett, George Washington University, USA
Mary J. Granger, George Washington University, USA

This chapter reports on a study that develops a multi-dimensional model of team learning and examines
the impact of the multi-dimensional collective identity on learning in virtual teams. Additionally, it seeks
to determine if using various technologies influences this relationship. Results suggest that the basis
for a team’s collective identity does impact team learning. Implications for management education and
development are explored.
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