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A Sociological Approach
to Poetry Translation

This volume provides an in-depth comparative study of translation

practices and the role of the poet-translator across different countries
and in so doing, demonstrates the need for poetry translation to be
extended beyond close reading and situated in context. Drawing on a
corpus composed of data from national library catalogues and Worldcat,
the book examines translation practices of English-language, French-
language, and Italian-language poet-translators through the lens of
a broad sociological approach. Chapters 2 through 5 look at national
poetic movements, literary markets, and the historical and socio-political
contexts of translations, with Chapter 6 offering case studies of prominent
and representative poet-translators from each tradition. A comprehensive
set of appendices offers readers an opportunity to explore this data in
greater detail. Taken together, the volume advocates for the need to study
translation data against broader aesthetic, historical, and political trends
and will be of particular interest to students and scholars in translation
studies and comparative literature.

Jacob S. D. Blakesley is a University Academic Fellow in World Literatures

at the University of Leeds, where he is Co-Director of the Leeds Centre
for Dante Studies. His previous monograph was Modern Italian Poets:
Translators of the Impossible (2014). He recently edited Sociologies of
Poetry Translation: Emerging Perspectives (2018).
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Edited by Irene Ranzato and Serenella Zanotti

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and Emily Rose

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Edited by Özlem Berk Albachten and Şehnaz Tahir Gürçağlar

A (Bio)Semiotic Theory of Translation

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A Sociological Approach to Poetry Translation

Modern European Poet-Translators
Jacob S. D. Blakesley

For a full list of titles in this series, visit www.routledge.com/Routledge-

Advances-in-Translation-and-Interpreting-Studies/book-series/RTS
A Sociological Approach
to Poetry Translation
Modern European Poet-Translators

Jacob S. D. Blakesley
First published 2019
by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 Taylor & Francis
The right of Jacob S. D. Blakesley to be identified as author of this work
has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Blakesley, Jacob, author.
Title: A sociological approach to poetry translation : modern European
poet-translators / by Jacob S. D. Blakesley.
Description: New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge advances in
translation and interpreting studies ; 37 | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018039548 | ISBN 9781138616035 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Poetry—Translating. | Poetics. | Translating and interpreting.
Classification: LCC PN1059.T7 B64 2018 | DDC 418/.041—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018039548
ISBN: 978-1-138-61603-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-46251-1 (ebk)

Typeset in Sabon
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
To Giovanni, Lucy, and Teddy, my joys
And to Chiara, sempre
Contents

Acknowledgements viii
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xii

1 Introduction 1

2 Comparing English, French, and Italian

Poet-Translators 19

3 English-Language Poet-Translators 49

4 French-Language Poet-Translators 88

5 Italian-Language Poet Translators 125

6 Three Case Studies: Tony Harrison, Jacques Ancet,

and Maurizio Cucchi 163

7 Conclusion 194

Appendices 201
Index 245
Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the many people who gave me feedback on my

work-in-progress, especially Alessio Baldini, Svetlana Bochaver, Rachel
Bower, Federico Federici, Elaine Glover, Jon Glover, May Hawas, Rich-
ard Hibbitt, Jeremy Munday, Fabio Pedone, Chiara Sbordoni, Cecilia
Schwartz, Stuart Taberner, my parents and Ana, as well as the anonymous
Routledge peer reviewer. I would also like to thank Lawrence Venuti for
helping me find a home for this book and Elysse Preposi and Alexandra
Simmons for their editorial guidance and enthusiasm.
I would like to additionally thank the patient and receptive audiences
where I gave talks based on portions of this monograph, namely at the
American Comparative Literature Association (2016 and 2017), the Brit-
ish Academy (2017), the British Academy Early Careers Regional Event
(2014), Durham University (2011), the European Society for Translation
Studies (2016), the International Association for Translation and Inter-
cultural Studies (2015), the International Comparative Literature Associa-
tion (2016), the ‘Literary Transnationalism(s)’ conference at KU Leuven
(2015), Oxford University (2014), the Russian Academy of Sciences
(2015), the Society for Italian Studies Interim Conference (2012), Stock-
holm University (2018), Trinity College Dublin (2016), the universities
of Leeds (2013), Nottingham (2012), St Andrews (2012), and Warwick
(2013). I am grateful for the advice and encouragement I received there.
I would moreover like to acknowledge the following venues for allow-
ing me to republish previously published material: Bloomsbury,1 English
Studies,2 and Translation and Literature.3

Notes
1. Jacob Blakesley, ‘Reading distantly poetry translation: Modern European poet-
translators’, in Sociologies of Poetry Translation: Emerging Perspectives, ed.
Jacob Blakesley (London: Routledge, 2018), 197–220.
2. Jacob Blakesley, ‘Tony Harrison the translator: “Life’s a performance. Either
join in/lightheartedly, or thole the pain”’, English Studies 99.1 (2018): 51–66.
3. Jacob Blakesley, ‘Examining “distantly” modern European poet translators’,
Translation and Literature 25.1 (2016): 10–27.
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Figures

2.1 Translators’ age at debut translation 27

2.2 Number of poet-translators, by age cohort at first
translation 30
2.3 Percentage of poet-translators, by age cohort 31
2.4 Genre of first translation, by corpus 32
2.5 Percentage of poetry translations per age cohort 33
2.6 Percentage of all translations in English corpus,
by source language 36
2.7 Percentage of all translations in French corpus,
by source language 37
2.8 Percentage of all translations in Italian corpus,
by source language 38
2.9 Percentage of poet-translators, based on gender
and language 40
3.1 Percentage of total translations in English corpus
by publisher, all genres 54
3.2 Percentage of all poetry translations published by
Faber & Faber, by source language, 1930–2016 56
3.3 All poetry translations published by Penguin Poets,
by source language, 1941–1979 57
3.4 All poetry translations published by Anvil Press,
by source language, 1968–2015 58
3.5 All poetry translations published by Carcanet Press,
by source language, 1970–2016 59
3.6 All poetry translations published by Arc Publications,
by source language, 1969–2016 60
3.7 All poetry translations published by Bloodaxe Books,
by source language, 1978–2016 61
3.8 All poetry translations published by Dolmen Press,
by source language, 1951–1987 62
3.9 All poetry translations published by Gallery Press,
by source language, 1970–2016 63
x Figures
3.10 Most prolific poet-translators in English corpus,
by genre 67
3.11 Percentage of total translations by poet-translators
in English corpus, by source language 71
3.12 Percentage of poet-translators in English corpus
translating from specific source languages 72
3.13 Total translations in English corpus, by source
language, 1913–1945 73
3.14 Total translations in English corpus, by source
language, 1946–1989 74
3.15 Total translations in English corpus, by source
language, 1990–2016 74
3.16 Total translations in English corpus, by genre 75
3.17 Percentage of poetry translations in English corpus,
by source language 76
3.18 Fiction translations in English corpus, by source
language 78
3.19 Theatre translations in English corpus, by source
language 79
4.1 Percentage of total translations in French corpus
by publisher, all genres 94
4.2 All poetry translations published in Seghers’s Poètes
d’aujourd’hui, by source language, 1944–2007 95
4.3 All poetry translations published in Mercure de
France’s Poésie, by source language, 1949–2016 96
4.4 All poetry translations published in Gallimard’s
Collection Poésie, by source language, 1966–2016 97
4.5 All poetry translations published in Éditions de la
Différence’s Orphée, by source language, 1989–2016 99
4.6 All poetry translations published by Actes Sud,
by source language, 1982–2016 100
4.7 Most prolific poet-translators in French corpus, by genre 104
4.8 Percentage of total translations by poet-translators
in French corpus, by source language 110
4.9 Percentage of poet-translators in French corpus
translating from specific source languages 110
4.10 Total translations in French corpus, by source language,
1896–1945 111
4.11 Total translations in French corpus, by source language,
1946–1989 112
4.12 Total translations in French corpus, by source language,
1990–2016 112
4.13 Percentage of total translations in French corpus,
by genre 113
 Figures xi
4.14 Percentage of poetry translations in French corpus,
by source language 114
4.15 Percentage of fiction translations in French corpus,
by source language 116
4.16 Percentage of theatre translations in French corpus,
by source language 118
5.1 Percentage of total translations in Italian corpus
by publisher, all genres 130
5.2 All poetry translations published in Guanda’s various
Fenice series, by source language, 1939–2016 133
5.3 All translations published in Einaudi’s Collezione
di poesia series, by source language, 1964–2016 134
5.4 All translations published in Mondadori’s Lo Specchio
series, by source language, 1958–2016 135
5.5 Most prolific poet-translators in Italian corpus, by genre 140
5.6 Percentage of total translations by poet-translators
in Italian corpus, by source language 146
5.7 Percentage of poet-translators in Italian corpus
translating from specific source languages 147
5.8 Total translations in Italian corpus, by source
language, 1907–1945 148
5.9 Total translations in Italian corpus, by source
language, 1946–1989 149
5.10 Total translations in Italian corpus, by source
language, 1990–2016 150
5.11 Percentage of total translations in Italian corpus,
by genre 151
5.12 Percentage of poetry translations in Italian corpus,
by source language 151
5.13 Percentage of fiction translations in Italian corpus,
by source language 154
5.14 Percentage of theatre translations in Italian corpus,
by source language 156
Tables

2.1 Percentage of poets in entire corpus who translated

at least one volume 20
2.2 Most prolific poet-translators in entire corpus 20
2.3 Most prolific poet-translators of fiction in entire corpus 21
2.4 Most prolific poet-translators of poetry in entire corpus 22
2.5 Most prolific poet-translators of theatre in entire corpus 23
2.6 All poets in corpus translating books from more than
five languages 24
2.7 Source languages of translations by most versatile
poet-translators 25
2.8 Most consistent poet-translators in entire corpus of
495 poet-translators 29
2.9 All authors translated five or more times in entire corpus,
by source language 43
2.10 Most frequently translated authors in entire corpus 45
3.1 Contemporary UK publishers 54
3.2 Most prolific poet-translators in English corpus,
by number of translations 64
3.3 Most prolific poet-translators of poetry in English
corpus 68
3.4 Most prolific poet-translators of fiction in English
corpus 69
3.5 Most prolific poet-translators of theatre in English
corpus 70
3.6 Number of poetry translations in English corpus,
by publisher 76
3.7 Percentage of poetry translations in English corpus,
by publisher and source language 77
3.8 Number of fiction translations in English corpus,
by publisher 78
3.9 Percentage of fiction translations in English corpus,
by publisher and source language 78
 Tables xiii
3.10 Number of theatre translations in English corpus,
by publisher 80
3.11 Percentage of theatre translations in English corpus,
by publisher and source language 80
4.1 Most prolific poet-translators in French corpus,
by number of translations 101
4.2 Most prolific poet-translators of poetry in French corpus 104
4.3 Most prolific poet-translators of fiction in French corpus 106
4.4 Most prolific poet-translators of theatre in French corpus 108
4.5 Number of poetry translations in French corpus,
by publisher 115
4.6 Percentage of poetry translations in French corpus,
by publisher and source language 116
4.7 Number of fiction translations in French corpus,
by publisher 117
4.8 Percentage of fiction translations in French corpus,
by publisher and source language 117
4.9 Number of theatre translations in French corpus,
by publisher 118
4.10 Percentage of theatre translations in French corpus,
by publisher and source language 119
5.1 Most prolific poet-translators in Italian corpus,
by number of translations 137
5.2 Most prolific poet-translators of poetry in Italian corpus 141
5.3 Most prolific poet-translators of fiction in Italian corpus 143
5.4 Most prolific poet-translators of theatre in Italian corpus 145
5.5 Number of poetry translations in Italian corpus,
by publisher 152
5.6 Percentage of poetry translations in Italian corpus,
by publisher and source language 153
5.7 Number of fiction translations in Italian corpus,
by publisher 154
5.8 Percentage of fiction translations in Italian corpus,
by publisher and source language 155
5.9 Number of theatre translations in Italian corpus,
by publisher 156
5.10 Percentage of theatre translations in Italian corpus,
by publisher and source language 156
7.1 Source languages of poetry most translated
by poet-translators 196
A.1 All 49 poet-translators in English corpus, by book
translations, genre, and source languages of translations 203
A.2 The 77 poets in English corpus who did not translate
any books 205
xiv Tables
A.3 All poets in English corpus, in alphabetical order,
with number of total and poetry translations, along
with number of source languages translated 206
A.4 All 138 poet-translators in French corpus, by book
translations, genres, and source languages 210
A.5 All 130 poets in French corpus who did not translate
at least one book 214
A.6 All French poets in alphabetical order, with number
of translations and source languages translated 215
A.7 All Italian poets in corpus with one or more translations 223
A.8 All Italian poets in corpus who did not translate any books 225
A.9 All Italian poets in corpus, ordered alphabetically, with
number of translations and source languages 226
A.10 All poets in corpus with one or more translations,
ordered by number of total translations 229
A.11 All poet-translators, by source languages translated 237
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