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 Engineering
Mathematics II
About the Author

T Veerarajan retired as Dean, Department of Mathematics,

Velammal College of Engineering and Technology,
Viraganoor, Madurai, Tamil Nadu. A gold medalist from
Madras University, he has had a brilliant academic career
all through. He has 50 years of teaching experience at
undergraduate and postgraduate levels in various established
engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu including Anna
University, Chennai.
 Engineering
Mathematics II

T Veerarajan
Former Dean, Department of Mathematics
Velammal College of Engineering and Technology
Viraganoor, Madurai
Tamil Nadu

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

Chennai
McGraw Hill Education Offices
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 McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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Engineering Mathematics II
Copyright © 2018 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic,
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 Contents
Preface ix

Unit 1. Matrices 1.1–1.80

1.1 Introduction 1.3

1.2 Vectors 1.4
1.3 Linear Dependence and Linear Independence of Vectors 1.5
1.4 Methods of Testing Linear Dependence or
Independence of a Set of Vectors 1.5
1.5 Consistency of a System of Linear Algebraic Equations 1.5
Worked Example 1(a) 1.7
Exercise 1(a) 1.24
1.6 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 1.27
Worked Example 1(b) 1.32
Exercise 1(b) 1.44
1.7 Cayley – Hamilton Theorem 1.46
1.8 Property 1.47
1.9 Calculation of Powers of a Matrix A 1.49
1.10 Diagonalisation by Orthogonal Transformation or
Orthogonal Reduction 1.49
Worked Example 1(c) 1.49
Exercise 1(c) 1.62
1.11 Quadratic Forms 1.64
Worked Example 1(d) 1.67
Exercise 1(d) 1.74
Answers 1.75

Unit 2. Vector calcUlUs 2.1–2.59

2.1 Introduction 2.3

2.2 Vector Differential Operator ∇ 2.3
Worked Example 2(a) 2.6
Exercise 2(a) 2.11
2.3 The Divergence of a Vector 2.12
Worked Example 2(b) 2.18
Exercise 2(b) 2.26
2.4 Line Integral of Vector Point Functions 2.27
vi Contents

Worked Example 2(c) 2.30

Exercise 2(c) 2.37
2.5 Integral Theorems 2.39
Worked Example 2(d) 2.42
Exercise 2(d) 2.56
Answers 2.58

Unit 3. analytic FUnctions 3.1–3.97

3.1 Introduction 3.3

3.2 The Complex Variable 3.4
Worked Example 3(a) 3.12
Exercise 3(a) 3.24
3.3 Properties of Analytic Functions 3.26
Worked Example 3(b) 3.32
Exercise 3(b) 3.43
3.4 Conformal Mapping 3.45
3.5 Some Simple Transformation 3.48
3.6 Some Standard Transformations 3.51
Worked Example 3(c) 3.59
Exercise 3(c) 3.76
3.7 Bilinear and Schwarz-Christoffel Transformations 3.79
3.8 Schwarz-Christoffel Transformations 3.82
Worked Example 3(d) 3.84
Exercise 3(d) 3.93
Answers 3.95

Unit 4. coMplex integration 4.1–4.73

4.1 Introduction 4.3

4.2 Cauchy’s Integral Theorem or Cauchy’s Fundamental Theorem 4.4
Worked Example 4(a) 4.9
Exercise 4(a) 4.19
4.3 Series Expansions of Functions of Complex Variable-Power Series 4.22
4.4 Classification of Singularities 4.27
Worked Example 4(b) 4.33
Exercise 4(b) 4.45
4.5 Contour Integration—Evaluation of Real Integrals 4.49
Worked Example 4(c) 4.52
Exercise 4(c) 4.69
Answers 4.70
 Contents vii

Unit 5. laplace transForMs 5.1–5.120

5.1 Introduction 5.3

5.2 Linearity Property of Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transforms 5.4
5.3 Laplace Transforms of Some Elementary Functions 5.5
5.4 Laplace Transforms of Some Special Functions 5.9
5.5 Properties of Laplace Transforms 5.12
Worked Example 5(a) 5.14
Exercise 5(a) 5.35
5.6 Laplace Transform of Periodic Functions 5.38
5.7 Derivatives and Integrals of Transforms 5.39
Worked Example 5(b) 5.42
Exercise 5(b) 5.62
5.8 Laplace Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals 5.65
5.9 Initial and Final Value Theorems 5.68
5.10 The Convolution 5.70
Worked Example 5(c) 5.72
Exercise 5(c) 5.94
5.11 Solutions of Differential and Integral Equations 5.98
Worked Example 5(d) 5.98
Exercise 5(d) 5.110
Answers 5.112
 Preface

I am deeply gratified with the enthusiastic response shown by students and faculty
members alike to all my books on Engineering Mathematics and Mathematics in
general throughout the country.
The motivation behind writing this book is to meet the requirements of students of
first-year undergraduate course on Engineering Mathematics offered to the students
of engineering. The contents have been covered in adequate depth for semester II
of various universities/ deemed universities across the country. It offers a balanced
coverage of both theory and problems. Lucid writing style supported by step-by-
step solutions to all problems enhances understanding of the concepts. The book has
ample number of solved and unsolved problems of different variety to help students
and teachers learning and teaching this subject.
I hope that the book will be received by both the faculty and the students as
enthusiastically as my other books on Engineering Mathematics. Critical evaluation
and suggestions for the improvement of the book will be highly appreciated and
acknowledged.

T VEERARAJAN

Publisher’s Note
McGraw Hill Education (India) invites suggestions and comments from you, all of
which can be sent to [email protected] (kindly mention the title and
author name in the subject line).
Piracy-related issues may also be reported.
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 Unit-1
Matrices
 Unit 1
Matrices

1.1 intRODUCtiOn
In the lower classes, the students have studied a few topics in Elementary Matrix
theory. They are assumed to be familiar with the basic definitions and concepts of
matrix theory as well as the elementary operations on and properties of matrices.
Though the concept of rank of a matrix has been introduced in the lower classes,
we briefly recall the definition of rank and working procedure to find the rank of a
matrix, as it will be of frequent use in testing the consistency of a system of linear
algebraic equations, that will be discussed in the next section.

1.1.1 Rank of a Matrix

Determinant of any square submatrix of a given matrix A is called a minor of A. If the
square submatrix is of order r, then the minor also is said to be of order r.
Let A be an m × n matrix. The rank of A is said to be ‘r’, if
(i) there is at least one minor of A of order r which does not vanish and
(ii) every minor of A of order (r + 1) and higher order vanishes.
In other words, the rank of a matrix is the largest of the orders of all the non-
vanishing minors of that matrix. Rank of a matrix A is denoted by R(A) or ρ(A).
To find the rank of a matrix A, we may use the following procedure:
We first consider the highest order minor (or minors) of A. Let their order be r.
If any one of them does not vanish, then ρ(A) = r. If all of them vanish, we next
consider minors of A of next lower order (r – 1) and so on, until we get a non-zero
minor. The order of that non-zero minor is ρ(A).
This method involves a lot of computational work and hence requires more time,
as we have to evaluate many determinants. An alternative method to find the rank of
a matrix A is given below:
Reduce A to any one of the following forms, (called normal forms) by a series of
elementary operations on A and then find the order of the unit matrix contained in
the normal form of A:

 I   I |O
[ I r ]; [ I r | O ];  r  ;  r 
 O   O | O 
1.4 Mathematics II

Here Ir denotes the unit matrix of order r and O is zero matrix.

By an elementary operation on a matrix (denoted as E-operation) we mean any
one of the following operations or transformations:
(i) Interchange of any two rows (or columns).
(ii) Multiplication of every element of a row (or column) by any non-zero scalar.
(iii) Addition to the elements of any row (or column), the same scalar multiples
of corresponding elements of any other row (or column).
Note The alternative method for finding the rank of a matrix is based on the
property that the rank of a matrix is unaltered by elementary operations.
Finally we observe that we need not necessarily reduce a matrix A to the normal
form to find its rank. It is enough we reduce A to an equivalent matrix, whose rank
can be easily found, by a sequence of elementary operations on A. The methods are
illustrated in the worked examples that follow.

1.2 VECtORS
A set of n numbers x1, x2, . . ., xn written in a particular order (or an ordered set of n
numbers) is called an n-dimensional vector or a vector of order n. The n numbers are
called the components or elements of the vector. A vector is denoted by a single letter
X or Y etc. The components of a vector may be written in a row as X = (x1, x2, ..., xn)
 x1 
 
x 
or in a column as X =  2  . These are called respectively row vector and

x 
 n 
column vector. We note that a row vector of order n is a 1 × n matrix and a column
vector of order n is an n × 1 matrix.

1.2.1 Addition of Vectors

The sum of two vectors of the same dimension is obtained by adding the corresponding
components.
i.e., if X = (x1, x2, . . ., xn) and Y = (y1, y2, . . ., yn),
then X + Y = (x1 + y1, x2 + y 2. . ., xn + yn).

1.2.2 Scalar Multiplication of a Vector

If k is a scalar and X = (x1 , x2, . . ., xn) is a vector, then the scalar multiple kX is defined as
kX = (kx1, kx2, . . ., kxn).

1.2.3 Linear Combination of Vectors

If a vector X can be expressed as X = k1X1 + k2X2 + . . . + krXr then X is said to be a
linear combination of the vectors X1, X2, . . ., Xr.
 Matrices 1.5

1.3 LinEAR DEPEnDEnCE AnD LinEAR inDEPEnDEnCE

OF VECtORS
The vectors X1, X2, . . ., Xr are said to be linearly dependent if we can find scalars k1,
k2, . . . kr, which are not all zero, such that k1Xl + k2X2 + . . . + krXr = 0.
A set of vectors is said to be linearly independent if it is not linearly dependent,
i.e. the vectors X1, X2, . . ., Xr are linearly independent, if the relation k1X1 + k2X2+
. . . krXr = 0 is satisfied only when kl = k2 = . . . = kr = 0.

Note When the vectors X1, X2, . . ., Xr are linearly dependent, then
k1X1 + k2X2 + . . . + krXr = 0, where at least one of the k’s is not zero. Let km ≠ 0.

k1 k k
Thus Xm = − ⋅ X 1 − 2 X 2 −⋅⋅⋅− r X r .
km km km
Thus at least one of the given vectors can be expressed as a linear combination
of the others.

1.4 MEtHODS OF tEStinG LinEAR DEPEnDEnCE

OR inDEPEnDEnCE OF A SEt OF VECtORS
Method 1 Using the definition directly.
Method 2 We write the given vectors as row vectors and form a matrix. Using
elementary row operations on this matrix, we reduce it to echelon form, i.e. the one
in which all the elements in the rth column below the rth element are zero each. If the
number of non-zero row vectors in the echelon form equals the number of given vectors,
then the vectors are linearly independent. Otherwise they are linearly dependent.
Method 3 If there are n vectors, each of dimension n, then the matrix formed as in
method (2) will be a square matrix of order n. If the rank of the matrix equals n, then
the vectors are linearly independent. Otherwise they are linearly dependent.

1.5 COnSiStEnCY OF A SYStEM OF LinEAR

ALGEBRAiC EQUAtiOnS

Consider the following system of m linear algebraic equations in n unknowns:

a11x1 + a12x2 + . . . + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + . . . + a2nxn = b2
am1x1 + am2x2 + . . . + amnxn = bm
This system can be represented in the matrix form as AX = B, where
x   b1 
a a12 … a1n   1  
 11  x2  b 
A =  a21 a22 
… a2 n  , X =   , B =  2 
 

am 2   amn 
  
 am1  x  b 
 n   m 
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Exercise 1: Experimental procedures and results

Learning Objective 1: Study tips and learning strategies
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Learning Objective 2: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 9: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Exercise 2: Study tips and learning strategies
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 13: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 15: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 17: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
References 3: Literature review and discussion
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 22: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 24: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 25: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 26: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Practice Problem 30: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 35: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 38: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 5: Historical development and evolution
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 44: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
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- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
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• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Summary 6: Critical analysis and evaluation
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 55: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 7: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 67: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Appendix 8: Key terms and definitions
Practice Problem 70: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 71: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 73: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 76: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 76: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 79: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Appendix 9: Key terms and definitions
Example 80: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 81: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Module 10: Critical analysis and evaluation
Practice Problem 90: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 91: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 93: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 94: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 96: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 98: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Abstract 11: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 101: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 108: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Exercise 12: Theoretical framework and methodology
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 112: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 112: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 113: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 114: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 115: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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