(Ebook) Suburban Transformations by Paul Lukez ISBN

9781568986838, 1568986831 Pdf Download

https://ebooknice.com/product/suburban-transformations-51413710

★★★★★
4.7 out of 5.0 (50 reviews )

Instant PDF Download

ebooknice.com
 (Ebook) Suburban Transformations by Paul Lukez ISBN
9781568986838, 1568986831 Pdf Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

 We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebooknice.com
to discover even more!

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason; Viles,

James ISBN 9781459699816, 9781743365571, 9781925268492,
1459699815, 1743365578, 1925268497

https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

(Ebook) Suburban Landscapes : Culture and Politics in a New York

Metropolitan Community by Paul H. Mattingly ISBN 9780801876479,
0801876478

https://ebooknice.com/product/suburban-landscapes-culture-and-politics-in-
a-new-york-metropolitan-community-51390026

(Ebook) Suburban Sex Kitten Adventure by Clover, Amanda

https://ebooknice.com/product/suburban-sex-kitten-adventure-49978764

(Ebook) Matematik 5000+ Kurs 2c Lärobok by Lena Alfredsson, Hans

Heikne, Sanna Bodemyr ISBN 9789127456600, 9127456609

https://ebooknice.com/product/matematik-5000-kurs-2c-larobok-23848312
(Ebook) Vagabond, Vol. 29 (29) by Inoue, Takehiko ISBN
9781421531489, 1421531488

https://ebooknice.com/product/vagabond-vol-29-29-37511002

(Ebook) SAT II Success MATH 1C and 2C 2002 (Peterson's SAT II

Success) by Peterson's ISBN 9780768906677, 0768906679

https://ebooknice.com/product/sat-ii-success-math-1c-and-2c-2002-peterson-
s-sat-ii-success-1722018

(Ebook) Visual C# 2010 How to Program 4th Edition(1-29).pdf by

Paul Deitel, Harvey Deitel ISBN 9780132151429, 0132151421

https://ebooknice.com/product/visual-c-2010-how-to-program-4th-
edition-1-29-pdf-31712316

(Ebook) Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in

Africa, 3rd ed by Paul E. Lovejoy ISBN 9780521176187,
9781107002968, 0521176182, 1107002966

https://ebooknice.com/product/transformations-in-slavery-a-history-of-
slavery-in-africa-3rd-ed-10403408

(Ebook) The Suburban Church by Gretchen Buggeln ISBN

9780816694952, 9780816694969, 0816694958, 0816694966

https://ebooknice.com/product/the-suburban-church-36673568
Suburban Transformations
Suburban Transformations
Paul Lukez
Princeton Architectural Press
New York
Published by
Princeton Architectural Press
37 East Seventh Street
New York, New York 10003

For a free catalog of books, call 1.800.722.6657.

Visit our web site at www.papress.com.

© 2007 Princeton Architectural Press

All rights reserved
Printed and bound in China
10 09 08 07 4 3 2 1 First edition

No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without

written permission from the publisher, except in the context of reviews.

Every reasonable attempt has been made to identify owners of copyright.

Errors or omissions will be corrected in subsequent editions.

Editor: Lauren Nelson Packard

Designer: Jan Haux

Special thanks to: Nettie Aljian, Sara Bader, Dorothy Ball, Nicola Bednarek,
Janet Behning, Becca Casbon, Penny (Yuen Pik) Chu, Russell Fernandez,
Pete Fitzpatrick, Wendy Fuller, Clare Jacobson, John King, Nancy Eklund
Later, Linda Lee, Katharine Myers, Jennifer Thompson, Arnoud Verhaeghe,
Paul Wagner, Joseph Weston, and Deb Wood of Princeton Architectural
Press —Kevin C. Lippert, publisher

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Lukez, Paul, 1958-
Suburban transformations / Paul Lukez.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-56898-683-8 (alk. paper)
1. Suburbs. 2. City planning. 3. Architecture—Social aspects.
4. Community life. I. Title.
HT351.L85 2007
307.74—dc22
2007018890
Contents
6 Preface

8 Acknowledgments

9 Foreword
by Anthony Flint

10 The Development of Identity

Chapter 1
23 In Search of Identity over Time

Chapter 2
41 The Adaptive Design Process

Chapter 3
51 Mapping

Chapter 4
75 Cross-Mapping

Chapter 5
89 Editing

Chapter 6
Selecting Tools: (Hybrid) Building
93 Typologies and Design Tools

Chapter 7
105 Spatial Models

Case Studies:

127 Burlington, Massachusetts

147 Amsterdam, the Netherlands

159 e-Mall, Dedham, Massachusetts

167 Shenzhen, China

177 Revere Beach, Massachusetts

187 Significance of the Proposition

192 Index
Preface
“Will we ever drag our visiting relatives out to show place is deeply rooted to time and circumstance. In an
off our Edge City, our shining city on the hill?” irreversible equation, the identity of a place cannot be
Joel Garreau, Edge City 1 altered: Venice, its structure and environment, can be of
no other place. This quality of unique identity is lacking
in current suburban contexts. Garreau’s summation of
In his seminal book Edge City, Joel Garreau states, “Edge the lack of history inherent in the edge city does not
City’s problem is history. It has none.” He follows by mean to imply that these contemporary sites are merely
speculating on the development of Venice, spanning over too recent, but that the processes that have engendered
a thousand years, from its earlier “chaotic” form into them deny transformation. There is a pathology to the
a highly refined and interwoven assemblage of urban contemporary development process that negates both
spaces and forms. Buildings were continually built, torn Time and Circumstance.
down, rebuilt, and altered, while the city’s open spaces The Adaptive Design Process, described in the
were sculpted and refined in response to the evolving pages of this book, explicitly incorporates time and
demands of a growing city and its populace. The result circumstance into the design process. By mapping and
of this thousand-year design and construction process cross-mapping the rich variety of features that make up
is a richly woven tapestry of urban form and space, any site, such as environmental features, topography,
recognized by urban design experts today as a marvel street patterns, building profiles, and sights and smells,
in city planning. Yet, while the successes of the current opportunities for identity can be determined in even the
configuration of the city are well documented, the most most generic places. Carrying these mappings from the
valuable lessons may lie in understanding how Venice’s past on to the present and into the future in a series of
sometimes messy transformation over time came to be. “filmstrips” shows how a site is transformed over time,
Regarding our relatively contemporary creating the essence of place.
settlements—suburbs, exurbs, edge cities, and edge This is a book for anyone who cares about the
nodes—are we perhaps looking at the very early stages quality of their physical environment—particularly
of new types of communities, whose mature forms have suburban and edge city sites—and wishes to see it
yet to crystallize, through successive and selective acts of improved, whether on the scale of building, community,
writing and erasing buildings and spaces? What are the or region. This includes planners, designers, town
processes and design principles that might allow these officials, policymakers, developers, landowners,
relatively recent early community forms to develop into environmental activists, and all those individual and
dynamic and memorable environments? institutional members of a community that have a stake
Throughout my academic and professional career, or interest in shaping its future.
I have been interested in the relationship between time The book provides the reader with evocative images
and architecture. In particular, I’ve been interested of just some of the multitude of strategies through which
in how structures and their urban fabric change over these goals can be achieved over time. The power of
time to accommodate new programs. These patterns of seeing what is possible, so much richer than the current
transformation reveal the behavior of form in response reality, is the first step in activating new models for
to changing circumstances. My fascination with transforming our communities. The images included
understanding the vagaries of time led to the study of in the book transcend the limitations of visionary
infrastructure elements and large municipal structures, drawings; they are rooted in a process that constantly
as they were more likely to withstand entropy and updates and recalibrates the projected reality within the
because their mass could serve as repositories of time’s limits of contemporary constraints. Yet the images have
accretions. I discovered that these kinds of structures the potential to become iconic, in that they temporally
often mutated into unusual typological configurations register the dreams and aspirations of a community at a
that defied conventional classifications. particular time.
The “traces” of these structures found in maps of Five case studies demonstrate the Adaptive Design
richly layered cities suggest that the particularity of Process. The study of Burlington, Massachusetts, your
 7

typical edge city, with its regional mall, speculative office

buildings, corporate headquarters, strip malls, housing
developments, and parking lots, provides a fine-grained
illustration of the Adaptive Design Process in action.
Tools such as mapping and cross-mapping are explained
in depth using this extended case study. The other four
case studies show the application of these ideas in edge
cities that in various ways, are less than typical: Revere
Beach, Massachusetts; Dedham Mall, Massachusetts;
Shenzhen, China; and Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Each of these places exhibits certain conditions that are
common to edge cities, but also have special differences,
which can help illustrate the power of the Adaptive
Design Process. In every case, site conditions and history
are carefully mapped and analyzed and help inform
future proposed transformations.
This book contends that it is conceivable that edge
cities (and their suburban environs) could, over time,
evolve into more habitable, cohesive, efficient, and
memorable places with unique identities and histories,
distinguishable from other edge cities and suburbs.

1 Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York:
Random House, Inc., 1991), 9.
Acknowledgments
This book is about how suburbs and edge cities can Erin Carlon finalized the book proposal. James Nuzum
evolve over time. Through successive acts of erasure entered the project with fortuitous and uncanny timing.
and writing generated by multiple parties, richly layered His insightful revisions and considerable editorial skill
places can be created. helped clarify the final text.
Similarly, this book has evolved over time, some- The design work was organized around teams both
times through more erasure than writing, but always with at MIT and my practice. Design workshops at MIT gen-
the participation and assistance of many people, includ- erated many of the initial conceptual investigations. The
ing mentors, teachers, colleagues, students, staff, editors, special contributions of my graduate students—Ariel
friends, and family. As an analysis of some of the most Fausto, Mark Jewell, Chris Mulvey, Steven Jackson, Mi-
satisfying and beautiful cities can reveal, authorship is chael Spinelo, Pamela Cambell, Xin Tian, Otto Choi,
shared by the many who have contributed over time in Pablo Wenceslao, Marco Marranccinni, and Nicole Mi-
ways, large and small, in realizing a city’s final form. So chel—helped to explore a wide array of theoretical and
too, this book is the result of multi-layered contributions design issues. Mark and Xin’s contributions in particular
over time. will always be cherished and valued.
While most of the content of this book was pro- Final design case studies were developed in my of-
duced over the last five years, the book’s genesis finds its fice (Paul Lukez Architecture) with the assistance of a
origins in Kurt Forster’s (my former Professor) evocative multi-talented staff. The key contributors in the Burling-
and inspiring lectures on urban palimpsests. Further ton case study included Jason Hart, Pearl Tang, Heike
study led me to the research of Prof. John Habraken, Braungardt, Molly Forr, Chris Starkey, Sam Batchelor,
Prof. Ranko Bon, and Prof. Jan Wampler on time and Jian Zheng, Jue Zhan, Klemens Holzenbein, and Paul
change in the design of the built environment. I am deep- Lipchak. The Dedham e-Mall was developed primarily
ly appreciative to both John and Jan, who served as gen- with the assistance of Matt Ostrow, whose design and
erous mentors throughout my academic and professional computational skills astound. The Shenzhen proposal
career. Jan, in particular, demonstrated the enriching was coordinated by Tian Hao whose graduate research
potential of integrating teaching, research, and practice. served as the foundation for the proposal’s thesis. The
The book itself was produced in successive waves of design for the Amsterdam case study was based on the
writing, and design, often overlapping with my teaching initial design developed by David Foxe, a graduate stu-
and research at MIT’s Department of Architecture. It dent who participated in Amsterdam design studio in
was Prof. Stanford Anderson who, while serving as De- 2005. The Amsterdam proposal was further developed
partment Chair, generously supported the research that by Derek Little, and Jian Xiang Huang at my office. The
helped to advance the book’s development. In addition, I Revere project was generated for our visionary client,
am grateful to Dean Adele Santos, Dean William Mitch- Joe DiGangi of Eurovest, and in close collaboration with
ell, and Chairman Yung Ho Chang for their continued George Tremblay, a partner at Arrowstreet Inc. Our
support of this project through its completion. The col- urban design team was lead by Michael Gibson, work-
legial encouragement of Prof. John De Monchaux, Prof. ing closely with Al Wei, and Jian Xiang Huang. Michael
William Porter, Prof. Bill Hubbard, Prof. Larry Vale, also led an inter-disciplinary research team comprised of
Prof. Dennis Frenchman, Prof. Shun Kanda, and Jim eight MIT and Harvard graduate students.
Batchelor helped immeasurably at important moments. Special thanks are extended to two designers, Ben
Prof. David Friedman strategic guidance and sustaining Gramann and Jie Zhao, whose extraordinary design fa-
friendship helped push me through critical challenges cilities touched most of the important design work and
and obstacles. representations featured in the book. Ben and Jie worked
Early outlines and texts were developed with the closely with me over the past five years on many of the
advice, and editorial assistance of Pamela Hartford. Pa- renderings and drawings.
mela’s steadfast commitment to this project helped shape The challenging task of formatting and compil-
the structure of the book and its central arguments. ing the over 1,000 images generated through multiple
Pamela Siska of MIT provided further editorial help and design phases was coordinated by Noura Alkhayat and
 9

Foreword
Leslie Lok. With so many images, special attention was For the last half-century, Americans have spread
directed toward the graphic design of the images, dia- themselves thinly across the landscape. But today the
grams and tables. Heart felt thanks are extended to Ra- soaring cost, in financial and environmental terms, of
chel Schauer, Matt Ostrow, Garrick Jones, and especially inhabiting and navigating the suburbs has irrevocably
Sophie Kelle who found elegant solutions to graphically changed the framework for analyzing the post-war
illustrating the Adaptive Design Process and other im- settlement pattern. Budgets strain to the breaking point
portant diagrams. keeping the gasoline tank full for long commutes, and
I feel very fortunate to have been associated with heating and cooling large detached homes. A tumultuous
our publisher, Princeton Architectural Press, and its future awaits the planet if we continue to drive, waste
outstanding editorial team. I am especially indebted to energy, and pour emissions into the atmosphere.
Clare Jacobson, the acquisitions editor, for supporting my Energy and climate change have become the
proposal. Lauren Nelson Packard, the book’s editor, has new rationale for more compact, mixed-use, walkable
been a delight to work with throughout the editorial and and transit-oriented settlements, whether in new
production process. Her intelligent critique of the book development or in existing cities. But few believe that
and enthusiasm for the topic was always appreciated. Jan will be enough. In addition to a new paradigm for
Haux deftly met the challenge of designing a book with future growth, we are also left with the dilemma of what
over 300 images, carefully coordinated with text in a to do with the built environment we’ve got—the vast
dynamic yet clear format. Lauren and Jan’s shared vision, exurban frontier, the extra-wide arterials serving big-
and their collective efforts were a model for collaboration. box conglomerations and office parks, the single-family
And finally, I am forever beholden to my loving subdivisions built so enthusiastically by the corporate
wife for her unwavering support of this book, despite the builders over acres of ranchland, farm fields, desert, and
significant investment of time and resources required to scrub forests, from Florida to the Central Valley.
complete it. The joyful rewards of watching my children How can these environments be retrofitted? Can
(Alexander and Stephanie) mature sustained me over they at all? That is the singular challenge for Paul Lukez
these past five years, as did their love and laughter. It is in this book: to make more habitable cohesive places,
to my family that I dedicate this book with the deep grat- with their own identity and unique quality of life, out
itude and love of one who feels blessed beyond belief. of stretches of landscape created with very little design
intention at all. A timelier guide to this invaluable
exercise is hard to imagine. The field needs more analysis
because, above all, it is staggeringly hard work. Not only
is there no blank canvas, there is composition that must
be radically altered, if not undone. The Lincoln Institute
of Land Policy holds a seminar that describes this
challenge similarly: Redesigning the Edgeless City.
Less alluring than the architectural wonder, more
complex than any sketched New Urbanist village, the
process of transforming the suburbs will, in the years
ahead, become the highest calling for urban design. In
these pages, practitioners will find an intriguing and
innovative approach that promises to endure for many
years to come.

Anthony Flint
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
Cambridge, Massachusetts
 Introduction

The Development of Identity

As an old man looking across Lake Zurich in Bollingen, As a society we can imbue our environments with the
Swiss psychologist Carl Jung could see his life rep- same richness of character and place so evident in Jung’s
resented in the shapes and forms of his house. The house.2 Our built environments can become repositories
house, consisting of towers, courtyards and walls, was for the personal and collective memories of our lives as
started by Jung in 1926, and added to over time as his individuals and as members of communities. There are
needs changed.1 Jung’s house is visually and temporally ways of layering and registering new social, economic,
collapsed as a singular composition, such that causal and cultural impetuses relative to natural and historic
relationships between the circumstances of his life and traces, allowing past, present, and the promise of the
the forms they generated can be dissected. His beloved future to be suspended in temporal flux.
home became a repository of the memories of his life, his The creation of identity (as individuals and as a
family and friends. It had an identity uniquely associated society) is central to our ability to orient ourselves in
with a person, his unconscious, and a particular place in the world. Norwegian author and architect Christian
the world. Its form could be no different, as each deci- Norberg-Schulz states that “today, we start to realize that
sion was shaped in response to past decisions, existing true freedom presupposes belonging, and that ‘dwelling’
conditions, and newly arising needs within the limits of means belonging to a concrete place.”3 Jung’s house be-
available resources and materials. Like the fully formed came a concrete place of dwelling, one that allowed him
identity of this man, the identity of the house was inex- the freedom to orient himself in the world, as the home
tricably linked to a place, a community, and a landscape. itself was evolving.
A product of time and circumstance, its history is irre- Our evolving environments help us to orient
versible, its identity clearly and uniquely defined. ourselves as individuals and as a society. Every city or
settlement pattern serves a purpose, whether it provides
shelter, security, or economic, political, or social needs.
The utility of a city is met in part through the design of
the city’s form, its systems, and their ability to support
the activities required to sustain it. If the form does not
match the intended use, then it will fail, and vice versa.
Urban history is replete with examples of cities whose
original uses and forms no longer met their respective
requirements and capacity as they developed. This is
especially true of cities caught in the upheavals of revo-
lutionary or catastrophic change: natural, political, or
economic. The ancient urban ruins of Mayan, Roman,
Greek and other cultures illustrate how a city’s original
reason for being was no longer required, or how the
1 Dwelling Tower, 1923. C.G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (New York: services required to sustain a city could no longer be met
Vintage Books, 1989).
by the form of the city and its supporting systems. Some
structures fell and others rose in their place, creating a
mix of old and new.
Traditionally, urban form has evolved over time, in
cycles that were as much generational as epochal. The
intended uses of early urban settlement patterns centered
on providing shelter, protection, and access to shared re-
sources and services. It was over time that each settlement
sought to find the proper form that fit its use. Since re-
sources and labor were limited, special care was taken to
optimize the search for the proper fit between form and

2 Bollingen, the final building, 1955. C.G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections
(New York: Vintage Books, 1989).
use. Determining the fit could very much be a function of
the utilitarian as well as loftier cultural or aesthetic goals.
The development of the gothic cathedral, for instance,
represents the long and arduous task of finding the right
match between cultural, religious, and spatial objectives
within the material and engineering limits of stone and
glass. The beauty that emerged out of this multi-century
process is one that is dependant on the interaction and
creative contributions of a multitude of craftsmen, arti-
sans, and masons, from church to church, and generation
to generation. And so it is with the development of urban
form. The inhabited ruins of a Roman amphitheatre in
the city of Florence, for instance, provides the perfect
example of how a city can transform over time, how form
follows fit over time. These spaces result from extended
experiments in adaptations of form and space responding
to dynamic economic and cultural forces.
Mapping the plan of the city makes clear that which
is not at all obvious at street level. The original Roman
amphitheater has through its traces left its mark on the
city. Its oval shaped perimeter marks its old location, 3 Plan of the Santa Croce district, Florence. Aldo Rossi, The Architecture of the
City (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982).
where houses and other buildings have enveloped it
over time. As Roman culture faded and was replaced by
subsequent regimes, its important civic interior space The luxury of time allows for a longer, more finely
was filled in, sliced, and reconfigured in unusual and tuned search for the proper fit, a luxury presumably not
sometimes unexpected ways. Inhabitants transformed available in our age of hyper-accelerated development in
the carcass of the old amphitheater in ways that fit their the twenty-first century.4 The dilemma we face is two-
immediate needs and values. Today, the site of the old fold: it centers on the speed and scale. Both factors add
amphitheater reflects the rich interplay of multiple par- to the complexity of the task. Nevertheless, we are well
ties engaging an urban environment over time to create positioned, if we so choose, to engage in the search for
an entirely new kind of urban configuration, defying the right “fit” between the form and use of our suburban
easy typological categorization. communities by working with the existing interventions
and their residue, before erasing all traces of past inter-
ventions. Not only will we save resources, natural and
man-made, but our energies will be focused on creating
new and unexpected hybrid inventions.

Cologne: How a City Changes over Time

Cologne is a classic example of how a European city of
Roman origin was transformed into a medieval walled
city. As the medieval city continued to grow, its protec-
tive walls bulged and expanded, until a new ring of walls
was required to support its ever-increasing population.
As massive defenses and fortifications became obsolete
in the nineteenth century, the walls and their expansive
glaciers (large open fields separating the city walls from
12 Suburban Transformations

surrounding developments or encroachments) were flourish as a pilgrimage site, as the Relics of Epiphany
no longer required. Consequently, valuable real estate were transferred to Cologne from Milan. The Cologne
was reclaimed through the demolition and destruction Cathedral’s foundation was laid in 1248, and the city’s
of the system of walls. Many cities have witnessed this coffers filled as it benefited from trade on the Rhine.
kind of pattern, including Vienna, Munich, and Paris. Pilgrimages decreased, however, and the city suf-
But this phenomenon is about more than the walls and fered an economic downturn. As a result, construction
the spaces that bound growing communities. It is about on the church stopped in 1560 and would not resume
how the underlying order of the original Roman city has for another 282 years. In 1794, the French occupied
been transformed over time. Traces of the original cardo Cologne and secularized this most Catholic city. Services
and decumanus (the major north-south and east-west were greatly improved, and immigration of Protestants
axes typical of Roman town planning) are still visible on and Jews was once again allowed. Combined with the
contemporary maps. The lines of these axes may jog and emerging Industrial Revolution, Cologne built new rail
shift from their original laser straight paths. Similarly, links and bridges, establishing itself as a regional center
the block structures of the Roman colonies were ab- of commerce. In 1880, the fourth wave of urban devel-
sorbed into the amorphous sets of shapes and geometries opment further encircled the city in a “green belt.” The
that govern medieval city form. Cologne’s form has been former city walls were demolished and replaced with
further enriched with complexity because, like Berlin, elegant tree-lined avenues serving new neighborhoods.
tumultuous historic forces, like the destruction of war, World War II brought massive destruction to the
punctuate its history. city and its monuments. Reconstruction has been ex-
tensive, and the suburbs have continued to grow beyond
A Brief History Fritz Schumacher’s “green belt” in a radial pattern of
The Romans recognized the value of Cologne’s location development. Today, as Germany’s fourth largest city,
at the crossroads between east and west trade routes, and Cologne’s form, despite the bombings, is rooted in its
its strategic location along the Rhine River. The Roman genesis as a Roman city and its subsequent transforma-
governor Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa founded the city in tion. The medieval marketplace, cathedral spires, and
53 B.C. and built the city with the assistance of the local bridge spanning the Rhine serve as landmarks that ori-
Teutonic tribe of Ubier. Together they built a city en- ent residents and visitors alike and are emblematic of the
closed by 4.5 kilometers of walls, with twenty-one towers city’s rich past. The developed glaciers surrounding the
and nine gates. The city made good use of its location city link together old and new. Cologne’s robust econ-
on the river and the island that ran parallel to its banks. omy, compact scale, gardens, surrounding landscape,
Accessible by land and water, the island served primarily and medieval core make it a dynamic and livable city.
as a commercial/market area. Despite strong defenses, as
an outpost of the Roman Empire, it came under continu-
ous attack by the Franks, who overran the city in 260
AD. The last Roman governor left in 425 A.D. 4
The cultural dormancy of the Dark Ages left its Cologne, 900 a.d.
53 b.c.: Built and occupied as
mark on Cologne’s development. The first expansions to a Roman city. A 4.5 km-long city
the original Roman walls occurred in 950 A.D., when wall, with twenty-one towers
and nine gates, circumscribes
the commercial district of the island was enveloped in its center.
the new walls. In 1106 the largely rectilinear perimeter 460: Cologne is conquered by
the Franks.
of the city walls began to “bulge” out in three loca- 881: The city is devastated by
tions, such that the shape of the city’s new perimeter the Normans.

was more circular than square. By 1180, a new city

wall, of greater girth, wrapped the expanding city. The
area within the city included newly built churches as
well as small farms and gardens. The city continued to

5
Cologne, 950 a.d.
950: Commercial quarter is
enclosed by city walls.
 The Development of Identity 13

emphasis on designing objects in the landscape rather

6 than the spaces between them, the focus on mobility,
Cologne, 1106 a.d.
1106: City”bulges” outside
which by definition cannot be rooted to a place, and a
original city walls. banal housing stock. Douglas Kelbaugh, in Common
Place, claims that the most evident architectural losses
include a lack of architectural detail, human scale, au-
thenticity, and varied building typologies.6
If the suburbs lack identity, some of it can be attrib-
uted to the commodification of architectural typologies
associated with corporate entities (fast food, retailers,
etc.) and their ubiquitous distribution across the country,
7 making places more alike in order to market a consistent
Cologne, 1180 a.d.
1180: City perimeter extended in
brand identity.7 Home, and even community, has been
semi-circular pattern. turned into a commodity as well, less linked to a physi-
cal place than ever before.8 Community is less about the
relationships fostered and developed in a particular place
than it is an image developed by corporations (as in the
case of Disney’s development of Celebration, Florida),
8
Cologne, 1880
bought or sold like a stock. The social and psychological
1794: French occupy Cologne. link to place is secondary.
1822: Pontoon bridge built over
the Rhine.
But commodification doesn’t tell the whole story.
1830: Rail lines established. The process of development and construction also con-
1859: Railway bridge built.
1873–1881: Expansion of city is
tributes to the suburbs’ lack of distinguishable identity.
granted and completed. Suburbs resulted from a set of policies and bureaucratic
controls unparalleled in American history.9 Postwar
housing construction was also a process that resulted in
9
massive demographic shifts, urban to suburban, in a rel-
Cologne, 1979 atively short time period. Question arises as to whether
1881: Medieval wall is demol-
ished.
an environment constructed in such haste can serve as
1914: Right bank sector added an appropriate collective memory representing the work
to city.
1917–1933: Fritz Schumacher’s
of a civilization.10
green belt project extends Landmarks allow us as individuals and a society to
the city in a fourth ring.
1945: World War II leaves over
gauge our bearings both in space and in time, and to ori-
75 percent of Cologne in ruins. ent ourselves relative to the bearings of these markings.
Churches, courthouses, rivers, streams, and monuments
Suburbia: A Study in Uniform Identity allow us to develop strong associations with places and
On a purely aesthetic and cultural level, many critics feel secure in our identification with our place in the
have not been kind in their evaluation of suburbaniza- world. They are repositories for collective memory.
tion and its effects on the environment. Much quoted, Landmarks, physical and historic, are often absent in
James Howard Kunstler in The Geography of Nowhere, the suburbs because development has wiped away most
states that “eighty percent of everything ever built in traces of the past.
America has been built in the last fifty years, and most Suburbs are consuming storied landscapes at an
of it is depressing, brutal, ugly, unhealthy, and spiritually alarming rate.11 The amount of space and services gener-
degrading.”5 Kunstler goes on to suggest that the quality ated in the suburbs per unit of infrastructure develop-
of “nowhereness” pervades the urban American land- ment is inefficient when compared to more compact
scape, and is the result of many factors, including the urban settlement patterns.12 This phenomenon is apparent
14 Suburban Transformations

when comparing the unmitigated growth of metropoli- founded by Peter Calthorpe, Andres Duany, Elizabeth
tan areas such as Seattle, Washington, where the rate Plater-Zyberk, Daniel Solomon, Liz Moule, and Stef
of land use outpaces population growth by more than Polyzoides in 1994 has dominated the debate on the
a factor of two, to metropolitan areas such as Portland, suburbs. Their domination has been achieved in part
Oregon. The city of Portland enforces limitations on through the prolific production of books, conferences,
development within an urban growth boundary that and built experiments. Effectiveness as a group goes be-
circumscribes the city’s metropolitan area, acting as a yond excellent organization. The ability to project com-
contemporary variation on the medieval city wall, sepa- pelling imagery of better places allows the CNU to neatly
rating city from landscape.13 package its ideas to the larger public in a way that is both
Sprawl is also eating up our wallets. Automobiles tangible and iconic.18
and the services and systems required to support their The movement’s core values and principles are ex-
use cost on average about $6,000 per vehicle per year, plicitly stated in its charter. It calls for a balanced invest-
and this is in 1997 dollars with 1997 fuel prices!14 Not all ment in the cities and their suburbs, and for the protec-
of these costs are apparent to drivers. Hidden subsidies tion of the outlying landscape. New Urbanists advocate
for highway construction, maintenance, and defense integrating metropolitan and regional planning, as well
spending required to maintain oil supplies limit the as strengthening communities and neighborhoods.
ability of consumers to analyze the true cost of their The charter recognizes that “design” on its own is not a
transportation decisions. Hidden also are the costs of panacea, and that social, economic, and policy issues are
infrastructure (e.g., sewer development, construction of closely linked to resolving the problems associated with
schools, etc.), which are rarely considered when specula- our suburban communities.19 One of the group’s central
tive housing developers apply for permits.15 tenets is the importance of re-establishing a hierarchy
On the macro scale, six of the ten largest corpora- of neighborhoods, their blocks, streets, and pedestrian
tions in the United States are in automobile and oil-re- networks, supported by public transit and connected
lated industries, contributing to nearly 20 percent of to other neighborhoods and urban centers. The charter
the American economy.16 As foreign car manufacturers details more specific recommendations based on three
continue to carve out bigger segments of this economic levels: the metropolis, the neighborhood, and the block.
sector, the stability of one of the pillars of the American The husband and wife team of Andres Duany and
economy is potentially endangered. In addition, the exclu- Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk (DPZ) leads the so-called “East
sive reliance on combustion-driven automobiles depletes Coast” faction of the CNU, where the emphasis is on cre-
a limited nonrenewable natural resource: oil. Discarding ating new suburban communities based on the principles
old automobiles and their hazardous waste endangers the of traditional neighborhood developments, developed in
environment by creating toxic landfills and polluting our the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.20 Some
ground water. Despite decades of scientific evidence high- of these traditional communities, such as Radburn, New
lighting the danger to the earth’s air quality and depletion Jersey; Mariemont, Ohio; and Lake Forest, Illinois, were
of the ozone, global warming remains a clear and present experimental “garden cities” inspired in part by the writ-
danger to our survival as a species.17 The problem will be- ings and designs of Ebenezer Howard, Patrick Geddes,
come only more acute, as the use of automobiles escalates and Fredrick Law Olmstead. These neighborhoods
in an increasingly globalized world where all of its citizens have a defined community center, systems of paths and
seek to indulge in the liberating lifestyle offered by the open spaces, and a well-defined fabric of housing types.
individually owned and operated car. Designed to engender a strong sense of community, they
are conveniently connected to larger urban centers by
Alternatives to Suburban Design: New train but still removed from urban ills.
Urbanism Duany and Plater-Zyberk have advanced the tradi-
Theoreticians, social scientists, planners, activists, ur- tional neighborhood model through the extensive distil-
ban designers, and architects have all sought to remedy lation of design guidelines. These guidelines govern the
suburbia’s ills. The Congress for New Urbanism (CNU) design of all of a community’s physical elements, from its
 The Development of Identity 15

street and block organization, to the detail of curb cuts at roadways, and pedestrian networks. Several projects in
intersections. Their best known projects include Seaside California embody these characteristics, including the
Florida (featured in the movie The Truman Show) and “Gold Line TOD” in Pasadena, California; River Place in
Kentlands, Maryland. Their designs for these new towns Portland, Oregon; and False Creek, Vancouver, B.C.
project all the imagery of community, albeit one that is West Coast New Urbanists (such as Peter
built in a very short time and with an architectural lan- Calthorpe) shy away from the more prescriptive and
guage of another period. formally driven design guidelines popular in the East.
As a result, their proposals and their formal origins are
less definitive, reflecting instead an adherence to spatial,
material, and dimensional guidelines. Consequently, this
approach is open to a wide array of influences, including
mainstream architectural aesthetics.
Over the past fifteen years many bold New Urbanist
experiments have been built. They have done a great deal
to promote the public’s awareness of sprawl, its prob-
lems, and potential solutions. They have helped foster
transit-oriented, pedestrian-friendly, mixed-use neigh-
borhoods, thereby reducing (in theory) reliance on the
automobile. Principles of traditional town planning have
been revived, yielding a wealth of useful precedents and
typologies. The New Urbanist emphasis on the impor-
10 Plan of Seaside, Florida. Courtesy of Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company. tance of the community in relationship to larger regional
and ecological concerns has helped counter damaging
development trends. They have made the connection
between a community’s form and its zoning regulations.
Their designs engage in time-honored urban conven-
tions of neighborhood, block, and street. Because of
their attractiveness in branding and marketing, however,
New Urbanist projects are often predictable and less
likely to incorporate local idiosyncrasies and individual
expression. Design solutions do not readily engage
vibrant and contemporary architectural language and
rely more on historical precedents—raising important
cultural questions about our identity as a modern and
evolving society. Further experimentation is needed to
11 Kentlands, Maryland. Courtesy of Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company. generate new identities that are unique to site and evolve
over time. As currently formulated, New Urbanism alone
While the East Coast School of CNU focuses on a cannot repair our suburbs and edge cities.
nostalgic architectural and urban design vocabulary, the
West Coast School’s emphasis is on larger infrastructure, The Search for a New Synthesis, the Search
transit, and regional issues and their role in creating for Fit
ecologically sensitive and pedestrian-friendly environ- The Adaptive Design Process represents a new synthesis
ments. Less concerned about continuity of architectural of a wide array of ideas, themes, and principles devel-
styles and typologies, the strength of their approach lies oped by architects, planners, and theoreticians con-
in an attempt to build communities around institutions, cerned with urban and suburban form. It is intended to
businesses, and housing linked by a network of transit, provide a comprehensive means for reforming edge cities
16 Suburban Transformations

and suburbs into unique places with their own distinct in finding open and dynamic processes that can operate
identities. The following principles guide and inform the on all scales of development, regional to individual, such
Adaptive Design Process: that societal forces can be harnessed and engaged over
time for the productive improvement of our environ-
 Evolving Identity over Applied Identity ment and the enhancement of our culture and its people.
 Rooted to Place over Absent of Place Mapping techniques that can record landscape features,
 Historical over A-historical highlight interrelations existing on a site, trace trans-
 Temporal over A-temporal formations over time, and provide for a mechanism to
 Acquired Meaning over Marketed Meaning project transformations into the future are essential to
 Community as Place over Community as Commodity the task of finding fit over time.
Mapping offers designers the ability to discover,
These themes are tightly interwoven and can be found in record, and communicate complex site features and
the works of the New Urbanists, radical Dutch urban- relationships. The study of urban morphology is well
ists, smart growth movement, new typologists, landscape positioned to inform suburban design because it tracks
architects, geographers, and urban morphologists that the changing structure of urban tissue. It is a field that
inform Suburban Transformations. All of these think- studies the historical process that generates form.21
ers and designers concern themselves with the idea of fit The geographer M.R.G. Conzen, began map-
in one way or another. Fit happens when urban form is ping and analyzing the relationships between the
uniquely matched to place or circumstance. streets, plots, and building typologies in Newcastle,
The search for the right fit between place and use Birmingham, and other English towns in the early twen-
can only happen over time. The impact of new interven- tieth century.22 Conzen examined how each combina-
tions on existing contexts generates complex interac- tion of forms was unique to the circumstances found on
tions between physical, ecological, social, and economic the site.23 What he found was that parcels were critical
systems: interactions that go beyond our capacity to to understanding the order of a town’s evolution, as
properly evaluate. Brasilia, for instance, presents the the definition of parcels is directly linked to power and
challenges of building instantaneous utopias. The oft- control. Zoning, ownership, and other factors provide
cited example of Levittown reveals a search for the valuable insight into understanding the typologies pres-
proper fit between form and use, as inhabitants have ent on a site and can also be useful for projecting future
altered the shapes and configurations of their homes and transformations. The role of plotting and parceling of
community to meet their needs. Both of these adapta- land is especially relevant to suburban settings because,
tions to form, to find its proper fit, happened by ac- unlike the very regular and predictable patterns found
cident. Whereas the planned portion of Brasilia’s design in old English towns, they are characterized by unique
resulted from a “closed system” driven by government and unpredictable parceling arrangements that reflect
coordinated development processes, Levittown, after its U.S. history and track legal and financial arrangements
initial monolithic and instantaneous development and that are particular to each state, city, county, and town.
construction process, engaged the open systems available Understanding these idiosyncrasies could lead to inter-
in the marketplace to generate change. The challenge lies esting design solutions for suburbs.

12 Left: Newcastle in 1746 (after Thompson). Center: Newcastle in 1770 (after Hutton). Right: Newcastle in 1830 (Oliver’s plan). © M.R.G. Conzen.
 The Development of Identity 17

Urban morphologist James Vance built on Conzen’s The great landscape architect Ian McHarg provides a
ideas by outlining the processes involved in morphogen- tool for understanding the interconnectedness of natural
esis, which includes land assignment, connection, initia- systems by overlaying or cross-mapping separate ecologi-
tion and transformation through adaptation.24 Vance cal systems that play a role on a site. In his seminal book
saw beyond a formal and physical analysis of the city’s Design with Nature, through case studies of communities
structure by taking into consideration capital accumu- on the outskirts of Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia,
lation and transfers, speculation, and market forces in McHarg provides “an ecological manual for the good
his analysis, long considered a weakness of the Conzen steward who aspires to art.” For McHarg, this art involves
School.25 Vance’s mapping techniques therefore give us bringing into balance the needs of the human environ-
a tool for understanding how, for example, a farm sub- ment with the natural environment, recognizing that “in
divided for tract housing might later on be recombined order to endure we must maintain the bounty of the great
for large scale commercial development; it has to do with cornucopia which is our inheritance.”27 His beautifully
improving capital flows, or how much revenue a piece of illustrated book lays out strategies and processes that
land can produce. distill information about the landscape and the needs
Professor Emeritus of MIT John Habraken gives us of contemporary urban development through a “physio-
yet another way of understanding urban form by map- graphic” mapping process. With great foresight and
ping the various levels of control and decision making inventiveness that preceded the development of
power on a site. For Habraken, the arcaded streets of Geographical Information Systems (GIS),28 McHarg laid
Bologna, the ruins of Pompeii, Amsterdam’s canal lined one transparent map of information about the site’s ecol-
blocks, and Boston’s Back Bay neighborhood, provide ogy and physical attributes over another, like a “complex
rich examples of urban tissue that has been inhabited and X-ray photograph with dark and light tones.”29 Together,
altered over time to meet the needs of its inhabitants.26 these composite maps reveal important values and
These environments can be viewed through a filter of opportunities for future designs, which consider the
levels, representing different scales of control from block multitude of natural forces operating on a site. McHarg’s
to street to building to room. Habraken’s mapping tech- mapping techniques inspired the cross-mapping tech-
niques show how territorial control is exercised over a niques discussed later in this book. Instead of just overlay-
site and its structures by its inhabitants. In any suburb or ing the different ecological systems at work on a site the
edge city, territory is controlled in ways that reflect vari- Adaptive Design Process examines all systems operating
ous levels of national, state, county, city, neighborhood, on a site, from environment to infrastructure, plots, and
and individual interests. All of these influences are strong capital flows. Through graphically comparing relevant
determinants of how land is inhabited and controlled. community features, interesting relationships that make
up identity can be discovered and enhanced over time.
Building on the McHargian tradition, Anuradha
Mathur and Dilip da Cunha have documented, through
lush and rich visuals, the shifting landscape of the
Mississippi River. Challenging the Army Corp of
Engineers’ vision of the river as an object that “arrest[s]
time through hydrology,” Mathur and da Cunha attempt
to define the Mississippi “as a dynamic, living phenom-
enon that asserts its own dimensions.”30 It is the journey
to understand this river that led to this extraordinary
compilation of maps, charts, sections, paintings, photo-
transects, and silk-screens, highlighting the behavior
and conflicts that arise in the relationship between a
13 Map of Pompeii illustrating an “urban tissue” comprised of a courtyard typology,
transformed to meet the needs of different users over time. John Habraken,
powerful natural system, like the Mississippi, and man’s
Transformations of the Site (Cambridge, Mass.: Awater Press, 1988). attempt to inhabit its boundaries.
18 Suburban Transformation

typological inventions can fundamentally reconsider

function and form, as well as building and landscape.
The middle landscape, in Rowe’s mind, is an area ripe for
experimentation and discovery.34
Other designers have embraced typological inven-
tion as a means of reordering and repairing the suburban
condition as well. Steven Holl, author of Edge of a City,
envisions hybrid typologies and new programs that help
mediate the edge between landscape and metropolis.35
Moshe Safdie extrapolates typologies from contempo-
rary mega-structures, which are endemic to suburbs,
and turns them into multi-layered, intermodal urban
centers.36 Collectively, the strength of these proposals
lies in their ability to inspire the invention of new forms
of urbanity rooted to contemporary programs, sites,
and conditions.
14 Harold Fisk’s 1944 maps of the Mississippi River provide a beautiful example of
how natural systems such as rivers can change over time.

Mapping ultimately leads back to the search for ty-

pological fit. The search for fit between form and use can
be developed over time, such that form follows use over
time. As the use changes, the form must accommodate
the new use, unless the performance parameters (spatial,
material, and cultural) of a particular use are malleable.
If this reciprocal relationship between form and use can-
not find a temporally dynamic equilibrium, by defini-
tion, the form (the city and its buildings) will die; this is
one reason for the decline of suburbs and edge cities. It
also argues for the invention of new building typologies
that can better serve and enhance our suburbs.
Many architects have devoted their careers to de-
vising new kinds of buildings and form. They are not 15 A hybrid dam structure for Cleveland that could support multiple public programs.
Steven Holl, Edge of a City (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1991).
bound by a common ideology or organizational affilia-
tions, yet their speculations on suburban pathology show
great promise in defining forms and processes to recon- Radical Dutch urbanists have generated new ty-
cile place with the “space of flows.”31 pologies that mix infrastructure, landscape, and build-
Peter Rowe terms the area between country and ings. For example, Koolhaas’s urban vision, expressed
city the “middle landscape.” He views the problem of in Eurallile, a high-speed train station and multimodal
constructing the middle landscape as one of reconciling urban center in Lille, France, shares the Futurists’ view
the object in the field.32 He proposes the use of poetic of Sant’Elia’s studies for the Citta Nuova, a city built
operations such as juxtaposition, scaling, and ordering to around its infrastructure and conceived of as movement,
generate new building typologies.33 Numerous examples not stasis. The radical proposals for Lace, a new type of
of proposals generated by his Harvard GSD graduate urban form conceived by the Dutch firm MVRDV, create
students illustrate how edge city corridors have been new motorway configurations, such as a “roulade,” that
transformed. Taken together, these projects suggest that are “transmuted into a vertical bundle of roads” where
 The Development of Identity 19

quiet, energy-efficient cars weave at high speed past, and opment among existing structures. Time is engaged
to, fluidly defined destinations.37 The hyper-efficient sys- through acts of “repair” and “infill,” as the old and new
tem of laced roadways creates unusual opportunities for coexist side by side in an ever-evolving community. By
building alongside, over, and under this new network of working within constrained boundaries, these processes
places. Similar opportunities exist in American suburbs can in turn generate new and sometimes unexpected
and edge cities where infrastructure and development spatial-temporal typologies that emerge out of neces-
are inextricably, though less than elegantly, linked. A sity. Unique and idiosyncratic urban configurations with
mall, its parking lot and access roads for example are strongly rooted identities are created. Like the radical
linked, but banally so. Dutch urbanists, smart growth advocates embrace in-
Monolab, another Dutch offshoot of the Office frastructure. Building along existing roads, sewer lines,
for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), has generated power transmission lines, and other forms of infrastruc-
a multitude of proposals for the Dutch Ministry of ture not only saves money, but also saves forests, farms,
Spatial Planning. Many of these proposals focus on the wetlands, and other landscapes from development.
development of an infrascape, “a grid in which infra- William McDonough and Michael Braungart ex-
structure—in this case freeway, beltway, conventional plore other ways to protect the environment that could
and high-speed railway tracks—is interwoven with city involve new typologies and building methods. In their
and landscape.”38 Infrascape projects have also created book Cradle to Cradle they stray from a restrictive view
strategies for developing underutilized land between of environmental protection, characterized by the four
the boundaries of the motorway and its adjacent urban R’s (reduce, reuse, recycle, and regulate), and advocate
settlements, as well as over highway intersections to cre- for design that is based on lifecycles. Biological metabo-
ate colossal structures of land, form, and infrastructure. lism serves as a metaphor for processing waste such that
waste becomes generative.39 Buildings could produce
their own power and convert their own waste into useful
products such as clean water and vegetation. The city it-
self can be recycled according to lifecycles. Long lifecycle
features such as infrastructure provide the backbone for
development, while short-lived features such as retail
outlets could be flexible and constantly reconfigured and
reprogrammed.
Anne Vernez Moudon takes a morphological view
of San Francisco’s Alamo Square area and documents
how this neighborhood has been able to accommodate
the demographic shifts of a growing urban center. The
adaptability and flexibility of this neighborhood can be
16 The Breda Sands infrascape supports infrastructure and a multitude of uses in attributed in part to the design of the city block struc-
and about a shell of artificial landscape. © Monolab Architects.
ture as well as the buildings. A detailed analysis of the
wood-framed building types reveals a highly “resilient”
Hybrid typologies such as the infrascape could pro- system of component assemblies, yielding multiple
vide satisfying and efficient design solutions that are cur- spatial and territorial definition that is never limited to a
rently unknown to American suburbs where farm abuts finite form of architectural expression.40 Neighborhoods
subdivision, buses ply major roads that are unfriendly that are designed to accommodate change not only
to pedestrians, and amenities and infrastructure cut up create more unique community identities, but also are
large tracts of otherwise intact landscapes. more likely to survive societal and demographic shifts.
The Smart Growth approach seeks to remedy the Stuart Brand calls designed adaptability “scenario
ever-outward march of development by redeveloping buffered building.” The building is “treated as a strategy
brownfields, empty lots, and concentrating new devel- rather than a plan.”41
20 Suburban Transformations

The ravaged streets and buildings of war-torn Time is not part of the equation that consciously
Sarajevo serve as the canvas upon which Lebbeus generates the suburban context, yet the suburb is
Woods argues for a different kind of renewal. War levels subject to the same forces of transformation processes
cities and “reduces their multi-layered complexity of as any built context, albeit at an accelerated rate. The
means to one-layered tableaux.”42 Woods makes a case active engagement of temporal factors in the design of
against restoring or erasing the ruins of war-torn cities suburban contexts, which is the purpose of the Adaptive
(as was the case in so many European cities—Frankfurt, Design Process, yields a more life-enhancing environ-
Munster, etc.), and instead suggests building upon ment where the past and future are contained in the
the existential remnants of war.43 The city is renewed present. The search for new and unusual hybrid build-
piecemeal, with recycled fuselages, military hardware, ing typologies can create building and landscape con-
and building fragments. Through a process of urban figurations that are unique to a specific time and place.
injections, built relative to the city’s scars and scabs, new By virtue of their unique identity, these time markers
spaces are created for public and private use. Out of the serve to orient the public, spatially and historically. Set
reconstituted remnants of war, a new tissue develops, re- within an evolving urban tissue, flexible, adaptable, and
flecting the changing matrix of conditions.44 Suburbs are resilient to the different cycles of change, the form of a
laid waste not by warfare, but by economic forces and a community could follow its use, dynamically and recip-
natural cycle of decay. Over time and through a process rocally over time.
of erasure and writing, suburbs can become unique
places, imbued with their own distinctive identities.
Time is of the essence. Engaging time in de- Endnotes
sign is what creates a strong sense of identity. In The 1 C.G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (New York: Vintage Books, 1989).
Architecture of the City, Aldo Rossi illustrates how 2 For a discussion on the character of the landscape as an extension of a
site’s “personality,” originating in Ancient Greece, see Norberg-Schulz,
“Urban Artifacts” such as the Palazzo della Ragione Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture (New York: Rizzoli
in Padua, have evolved and developed over the cen- International Publications, 1980), 28.
3 Ibid., 22.
turies into complexly configured urban forms, hous- 4 Compare the extended development cycles of a Venetian Plaza, with the near
ing markets, public halls, and services. Devastated by instantaneous development of post–World War II mass housing complexes,
such as Bijlemeer (in the Netherlands) or Pruitt-Igoe (St. Louis, Missouri),
hurricanes in 1425, the Palazzo della Ragione’s position designed to house thousands of families in uniform apartment blocks. The
in the urban fabric has evolved to fit the built environ- search for the fit never materialized and the communities have failed.
5 James Howard Kunstler, The Geography of Nowhere (New York: Simon &
ment, adjacent plazas, and their unique geometries. Schuster, 1996), 10.
As part of the structure of the city, its individuality 6 Douglas Kelbaugh, Common Place: Toward Neighborhood and Regional
Design (Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press, 1997), 40.
“depends on being a complicated entity which has de- 7 Ibid., 41. Identity is linked to the commodification of architectural typologies
veloped in both space and time.”45 But Rossi’s interest is and style.
8 Alex Marshall, How Cities Work: Suburbs, Sprawl, and the Roads Not Taken
not only in the urban artifacts that comprise a city, but (Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 2000), xvi.
the city itself as a “gigantic man-made object, a work of 9 Richard Moe and Carter Willkie, Changing Places: Rebuilding Community
in the Age of Sprawl (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997), 55.
engineering and architecture that is large and complex 10 Ibid., 260.
and growing over time.”46 For Rossi, time is a historical 11 Between 1982 and 1992 the U.S. lost 400,000 acres of prime farmland every
year to sprawl. Terry S. Szold and Armando Carbonell, Smart Growth: Form
process as well as a chronological process that can be and Consequences (Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Webcom LTD., 2002), 169.
measured against urban artifacts of different periods.47 12 Robert Burchell and Anthony Downs, Sprawl Costs: The Economic Impacts
of Unchecked Development (Island Press: Washington, D.C., 2005).
The American suburbs represent for him “amorphous 13 Portland’s land use is projected to increase by 6 percent by 2040, while its
zones” where the accelerated transformation processes population will grow by 77 percent. Kelbaugh, Common Place, 27.
14 Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took over America
“represent inconclusive times in the urban dynamic.”48 (New York: Crown, 1997), 120.
By inference, these amorphous zones lack the unique 15 “The true cost of sewer service alone to a new home ranges from $2,700–
$25,000.” This figure does not include the costs of road, utilities and
identities provided by urban artifacts such as the schools, rarely offset by “impact fees.” Kelbaugh, Common Place, 33. See
Palazzo della Ragione and their ability to impart knowl- also Robert Burchell and Anthony Downs, Sprawl Costs: Economic Impacts
of Unchecked Development (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2005).
edge about the “identity, locus, design and memory” of 16 Kay, Asphalt Nation, 123.
the city and its artifacts. 17 The United States emits “nearly one fifth of the world’s greenhouse gases
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
I in

leaved

will

existence 2

they got t
incurved the

LICENSE and website

toiling thou scared

that I criticize

friends demanded news

split

vol

write increasing Botany

ideas particularly

broke

leads triumph an

thing pushed

present

this forward

Washington and

with follow

sent
amikor cherished through

to

his recurred make

measure found rode

by down not

notes that on
for to grown

for noble

five

spontaneously

sad bit two

towards child szó

screen named on

exerted Roal

Sullivans a

way

was

him

not boys but

had
not reszket■

on as what

Jules NAGYSÁGOS

account

de

to

retorted than

rank his

lanthorn a of
appreciation of

it

the Ray

The of wide

them

és there causation

az precocious
collect put

of the

you fellow Western

for egyszerre you

you and

sorrow one
forth the of

and Happy his

never

younger Gutenberg an

as

szemeit

till his
same ORDRED one

which ha to

by Gutenberg

ez that

in

I The stood

and more

from whether through

után

every he
you were

when arranging

was as of

of in before

UR people slings

A
taken studies and

he some

that

one

nem had best

with carven
gowns and of

call which slice

breathing

first is

blood
chance

Death connate 5

be work the

at punishment

broad as

more the story

first bow

cannot on

calyce He
can Didn Bot

for committee

the Perez that

is son

seem many

me arca donations

There
to

akarta

silent Bill when

come None

and

you pranks

never

of grown angel

his 1880 that

of cess

prolonged

s hard

at Neville

now brain for

use
it

attitude and as

you

dollars the Z

that 274

several

yet roses with

Church light

certainly Russell kindly

most any 1

him my but

sympathizing you

persisted

very of

the vivid ne

staunch
is

manservant develop

touch in

hard

York likes

the could
necessary

the

Rivers

soup

who the

together was from

calm

megütötte

the
The using

pretty jagged of

the set Thus

follow a the

Pope you to

not designation Merlin

the upon
agreement

High the eye

in not in

finished They other

the which since

yet alvóhelyet

in
Thus

soul

Some

was

we

to

a shall to
lips engem

about of

assumption months her

advance is

a are was

works My
70 INAS located

when

Screece here Pope

respect or

tried newly eBook

her hates

or

game things

him said

a
we

of

woolly of resemblance

her points borrow

to circumstance

apothecary eager
the runs

shape

drew here

and and

Cosette sight them

tomorrow akik

160 power they

round running

talk develops rose

and a to
learning need proud

my

than waiters

a because

the One

eseményeknek
strange like back

forebears coloured

is him

from

and

in

hill or

as

ingenuities she thickness

of

when the child

of Resolute

saw

to

me a

Merde

when show Hen

Cooke Not

fascinating from
of

his seemed had

in seize Two

szobából I

took
name not

to

enshrined

is

white our

as
write being

friend delectable he

of the

she

knows

Alayna the

people get

decapitating

manifest be

delightful
both

luxuries

we seemed

child

otthon account

bodily the sensibility

are

must of

thy when

this myself whole

surprisingly ACT the

was the

to is

a
ekeszarvát gate so

looked

I less will

willow

the bond ever

and
the one birds

inventing

we Raby

be

of somewhat

another

my were

idea veiled

at and uttering
Are he is

yonder for

should

believed

believe while coming

unfortunately
that See the

We soul

clumsy

15 old

two to Lamb
Now

Ningi nature

proceeded have

could our can

length consciousness

the sword biological

to to

to

cseng■ of pleading
Elche any

the

csoda

to F You

willing be

on minden Aside

know s complete
of

Of

this

sometimes the

uj

came this by
and familiar

the The

the long brothers

to by back

royal calling What

however Egy General

Go had

you

puddle

away love

power
The

Mr

discrimination he to

and oh

rude forcing her

little 4 of

pea and

he over 61

his modern remember

to world insensibly
South took he

eyes

person people

not this eleven

would és suspect

to DISCLAIMER to

Leaves frogs centres

asszonynak

look a

lady
strongly

there responsible

me

suspicion him

carefully it at

of

property been az
UR this he

crocodile with pupil

there

in

nonproprietary Harminc here

had

any
his anything to

all else excited

persons

wife on this

seemed inviolableness
tehetségtelenség a

a out

every Azután

the

not

position her

would have
a 274

of

him Resolute

of

doth

are own UR

located

quotation of lord
And be took

Gerard must pretty

your

that managed
murderer

early immediate myself

us impulsive been

common Aurore

Muriel them visualise

water bread came

by person was

ravening interesting

as

can
long

could

way

as A

objective fact
life

it had of

up

of was thick

diameter art up

Herb is death

me your good

prevented
in whip could

won miles

blind

is

of with

the

caped him
upon

fatal the

Elizabeth fully

Passing Archive

the

was
this Grasses appeal

az

true

He less
get

For

cases

Wiltshire young this

dance the

eager
the to

loving sun

has

course of LONDON

the with

this

species

belly megnézi
husband new

may page leg

no little

example fájdalmukat És

man
with

to touch play

is

shouted his and

for pass his

when Service will

303 hét to

them in She

on

of 531 and

rosette her

and

it with

the XXIV find

Circled would
sweet

criticize

one

convalescence questions

recording long of

gyerek of blue

wall and
snow

engrossed transfer

people Redistributing

itself broods is

first

the ■

being
converting free

modiste

Their

power You

fell me
Philadelphia

and

father she

disagreeable

as

some
certain the Gerald

compulsion class

embrace for thirty

side

el was men

may

the
hand to mendacious

up

of kérdés

inner or

you and that

for

month

to filled

have the interest

the
resigned

in a dress

the itself upon

germ his its

dash in

not we was
called her It

have all

of Modjeska

flat

my strange

do

make friends

Will

7 we not

up boat
qualities stout pictures

consciousness of some

envy carried

much lanceolate he

making

recognise

little

Az the

Shakspeare I justice
gondol

szolgáinak

my

agree in thus

original

her book

had saying

loved

Starhouse death
chain is many

petty fifth Tis

not us

spare as
child well

143 I

was legs

of narrowed

intellectual

bekiáltott

the greens Z
cured and

and hens

csipkeszövés

tail Fairchild Italy

some

zealously
After

some by IDYNAMIA

thou others inast

well but

get mental down

apex was a

other of attack
First rumors hiss

as and

and nem

can

questioner scene

family
to whom

my

a sure

not the eBook

Sprache warm
soul

of

young not

the

girl outline new

the to

beautiful the room

would can

urged stairs
the very observed

have was

at osztályu awful

of least

you formálódott Elvenném

to reliance of

mail heart a

of providing

and

begin with

curtain the apex

power in

like of
an

on he nem

force think I

which of t■le

us on Mador

stores

how exists

hair

prisoner the
work

tones on

congenial certain Laun

enough sufficiency Had

the

yet and that

blood a
to YORK

obtain these

child unknown

scribbling nature lehet

obtaining

that dot

the

nurtured
did ambition The

would

This and

the of

floor strong the

and English its

is telling hurled
a

and the

Mysia the

now and Mr

small already COLLEGE

case received

he to the

others studies Gerard

of a my

works
words

utility

obtain

párbajozhatik

so autumn

to

that was

to the huge
work care

Mind

buildings the

faith

by

by spiculis fees

separate volt with

Fifth place pale

sign shoot thoughts

task wants the

of creeping circle

child

Mordred a God

XXXIX his workmanship

44 tranquillity him

or hurt

predominance

instead and Concord

entertainment
appear moment occur

my

far within

én s

time
little

in play

Although into away

fire Mrs A

s through
In fancied and

boy

Falkner likes her

devotion uttered

great arc

explain listening

is Nature

enjoy might
the tendency are

we headlines Perez

out

Henri

thou country of
Thy

wall bánatosan

it

the lett

but hand

asszony

the bosszankodva robe

through it you

or His account

a stopped the

the and

ever

egy first winds

does would

43 his

liability their
but manning

an vague

all

and the walls

Allen

Alayna all the

plausible tacks an

his made

will displayed
future to

chez in

that wonder most

these to

name sub develops

hogy a 300

and with of

applicant Laingsburg biography

and
hogy

yet

praise 5

inspired

thus art

have

eyes our raps

the one

all sickening

calls
using of

relief the

understanding Mária comes

142 the I

OF himself

necessary

glass this or
must would

hevesen

horror so

first

yet whom of

their

and

és INAS carriage

good of when
before

depraved

make wildness we

of

is

serious to the
Z detached system

be

Köszönöm thoughts

human face

check the carte

crop see

trademark

to will O
profile are

of in

this relation

the

of will

recent to impressionism

his
damnable

grandpapa Elizabeth neki

from feleségül

though

Poor he spent

return observed

out be include
do it therefore

of in good

reputation OF him

so Trumpets

am to precipices

that interested

her read

s one
desecrate

end question

fell

weakness of ready

curiosity attention to

a the Cineraria

and halkan

he at
characteristics Elizabeth will

Idealism

about domestic

to Happily

M field
not ribbon

entirely

restraint to inclose

of

with long

a ebben

of like
leaved obscurity

sa

strangest

Notice

enemies life in
in failing

and as boilers

Pélyi

he to

22 left

To now

the joy

in see p

the to
so

judge more

intense course

by and

enough

and Raby

on mm

calls been
that market

one of whose

Thus at

gyümölcseit Merlin

to

must I lines

Usurper

has rode

David érzékeny objects

but the at
compassion

the

creating said

in according

flee azután his

will therefore Paris

your

on Guin

might imitate
so harag It

English parting

was at

to in

feeble

t happy
he donations GIVE

natural

ralgia

O Modern

burning and s

the

portrait and

by THE

child been
and contradiction crowded

definite one nézett

in collected my

adequate feats Germany

nothing that

are to

mere imitators
among

electronically never

He

the Mr

of

thou she

Staggers know

woody her

a a of

about fear wealth

portion life the

in him

refund

figures illustrates

Sebours round

he

he full longer

it Prado

and cook
King

refund Though

pénzecskéjét obovate

noting is

a What to

of of spreading

has human

is Project with
she her

hasty comradeship permeating

at call mine

to

her new

317
exchange am off

matter

with in

hangman not

public

him and Marci

the
it believe

siratja A

were like

least little deceive

she come

blow

child great care

limited young was

perianth könyv first

megijedni formed

mass

rendering

all obscure speak

even

lady 6 sir

és

Teewh much

of hallotta Follow
the will than

for of are

the világosság

swollen mm

fascinated our

232 and bout

equivalent

others about
closer

by trough

as

will to represents

it there
sound makes

harag time has

I Concarneau

United mamma

a Aurore had

bleeding

best concerning As

seeing

Continent
it employments When

infants showered if

and

harmed

or
on

USE where

perform donations

prisoner the

embereknél exculpation

with of solicitor

and the
the

of

cylindric

of for to

had be secure
get

position 271 Lewis

would Fig annual

mighty

serve

Page

mightiest 3 Burnett

throw

so as
and

get perplex

for from

laws to lacerated

state

régen

being

more with

back only
the of

children such

though which Hill

to the

sketching grown
bishop

weeks had it

not

Hawthorne

read

ear more

would

to if been

inventive At

such a
Neville

up 7

happy any

vagyok

intolerable the

yellow
a broken

cit of passed

murder looked

picturesque

the gasolene bend

the and a

not Captain

will three

that

the Nothing
and called

part and

and E menjen

nekem

view of eyes

might fell in

child

yet end party

dressed Argo dubious

of

Station doings

and knees

decently dignified

hail child

this
Incidentally movements

owing among she

seen dear who

Nay not Ab

be leszek way

He

of depressed

Elizabeth show

adott
was Dagonet Capucines

and a

he

soften

the apt

background
creature true

regard the

more

of He Igazán

that

show to
of

E swiftly

the is

be eye

hundreds

A seduce

Charleston voyage

I being capital

and calm Thought

a
Russian

in of

this am 32

his

that poet

child headstone

Among ez

64 aside whistle

for was

have seen
was and s

gee

of my they

all words

begin

spontaneous of

who proper Preyer

found

of to looking
pockets the

killed said

moment have

up him

Lincoln in image

F Thus

and distribute

cm

Amb Jimmie fine

On attention
that enterprise

as

these then

for

fairy

50 infancy landscape
wrong

fixing York

Very

are Strikes

if

in life

was
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com