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 569

Real and Complex Singularities

XI International Workshop on
Real and Complex Singularities
July 26–30, 2010
Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação
Universidade de São Paulo
São Carlos, SP, Brazil

Victor Goryunov
Kevin Houston
Roberta Wik-Atique
Editors

American Mathematical Society

Real and Complex Singularities
XI International Workshop on
Real and Complex Singularities
July 26–30, 2010
Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação
Universidade de São Paulo
São Carlos, SP, Brazil

Victor Goryunov
Kevin Houston
Roberta Wik-Atique
Editors
 569

Real and Complex Singularities

XI International Workshop on
Real and Complex Singularities
July 26–30, 2010
Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação
Universidade de São Paulo
São Carlos, SP, Brazil

Victor Goryunov
Kevin Houston
Roberta Wik-Atique
Editors

American Mathematical Society

Providence, Rhode Island
 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Dennis DeTurck, managing editor
George Andrews Abel Klein Martin J. Strauss

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 58Kxx, 57Rxx, 57Qxx, 32Sxx,

14Pxx, 37Cxx.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

International Workshop on Real and Complex Singularities (11th : 2010 : Universidade de São
Paulo) Real and complex singularities : XI International Workshop on Real and Complex Singu-
larities, July 26-30, 2010, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP Brazil / Victor Goryunov,
Kevin Houston, Roberta Wik-Atique, editors.
p. cm. — (Contemporary mathematics ; v. 569)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8218-5359-7 (alk. paper)
1. Singularities (Mathematics)–Congresses. I. Goryunov, Victor, 1955- II. Houston, Kevin,
1968- III. Wik-Atique, Roberta, 1964- IV. Title.

QA614.58.1527 2010
514.746—dc23 2011052531

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such cases, requests for permission to use or reprint should be addressed directly to the author(s).
(Copyright ownership is indicated in the notice in the lower right-hand corner of the first page of
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c 2012 by the American Mathematical Society. All rights reserved.
The American Mathematical Society retains all rights
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Printed in the United States of America.

∞ The paper used in this book is acid-free and falls within the guidelines
established to ensure permanence and durability.
Visit the AMS home page at http://www.ams.org/
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 17 16 15 14 13 12
This volume is dedicated to David Mond
on the occasion of his 60th birthday

v
 Contents

Preface ix
David Mond
K. Houston xi
Milnor fibrations and the concept of d-regularity for analytic map germs
J.L. Cisneros-Molina, J. Seade, and J. Snoussi 1
Bi-Lipschitz G-triviality and Newton polyhedra, G = R, C, K, RV , CV , KV
J.C.F. Costa, M.J. Saia, and C.H. Soares Júnior 29
Symplectic Sμ singularities
W. Domitrz and Z. Trȩbska 45
Topology of the real Milnor fiber for isolated singularities
R. Araújo dos Santos, D. Dreibelbis, and N. Dutertre 67
Compact 3-manifolds supporting some R -actions
2

C. Maquera and W.T. Huaraca 77

Timelike canal hypersurfaces of spacelike submanifolds in a de Sitter space
M. Kasedou 87
Residues in K-theory
D. Lehmann 101
Multicusps
Y. Mizota and T. Nishimura 115
Small growth vectors of the compactifications of the contact
systems on J r (1, 1)
P. Mormul 123
Vassiliev type invariants for generic mappings, revisited
T. Ohmoto 143
Sections of Analytic Variety
B. Oréfice and J.N. Tomazella 161
The Artin-Greenberg function of a plane curve singularity
S. Saleh 177
Singularities with critical locus a complete intersection
and transversal type A1
M. Shubladze 193

vii
 Preface

This volume is a collection of papers presented at the 11th Workshop on Real

and Complex Singularities, São Carlos, Brazil, July 26-30, 2010. The meeting was
a part of a highly successful series of biennial conferences organized by the Sin-
gularity Theory group at São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Brazil. It is the
longest running sequence of international workshops in singularities, which have
been providing an exceptional opportunity for both young researchers and recog-
nised leaders working in the field to meet together in a very productive scientific
atmosphere. In 2010 a total of 160 participants from 13 countries (Brazil, Canada,
Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, UK,
USA) came to the Workshop.
The meeting in 2010 had a special dedication – to David Mond’s 60th birthday.
David Mond, professor at the University of Warwick, United Kingdom, is one of the
leading experts in the area and has inspired many young mathematicians. Many
years ago he fell in love with South America. Nowadays David has very strong
connections with the Singularity group at Sao Carlos.
The main subject of singularity theory is the geometry and topology of spaces
and maps defined by polynomials or analytic equations which are not regular. The
theory uses techniques from several branches of mathematics and contributes to
the development of rather distant fields, including algebraic geometry, knot theory,
optics, computer vision, and many others. The possibility of application in a large
number of different areas is one of the reasons of the success of singularity theory.
This book reflects the high level of the conference. It discusses the most recent
results and applications of singularity theory and shows promising directions for
future research in the field. Therefore, it will be an excellent reference for expe-
rienced researchers and an ideal introduction for younger, such as PhD students
and post-docs, not only for current results but also for the variety of methods and
techniques used in singularity theory.
The volume covers pure singularity theory (invariants, classification theory,
Milnor fibres) and applications to other areas (singularities in topology and dif-
ferential geometry, algebraic geometry and bifurcation theory). In particular, the
reader will find here papers on plane curve singularities, metric theory of singulari-
ties, symplectic singularities, cobordisms of maps, Goursat distributions, sections of
analytic varieties, Vassiliev type invariants, projections of hypersurfaces, properties
of the Jacobian ideal.
We thank members of the Scientific Committee: Ragnar Buchweitz, Francisco
Castro Jiménez, James Damon, Washington L. Marar, Walter Neumann, Juan
José Nuño Ballesteros, Marcio Soares and Duco van Straten. We are also thankful
to members of the Organizing Committee: Alexandre Fernandes, Nivaldo Grulha Jr,
ix
x PREFACE

Regilene Oliveira, Marcelo Saia, João Tomazella and Catiana Casonatto. We would
like to express our gratitude to all others who work hard for the success of the
meeting.
The workshop was funded by Brazilian funding bodies Fapesp, CNPq, CAPES,
USP and INCTMat and the Japanese funding body JSPS, whose support we grate-
fully acknowledge.
We thank the referees for their diligent work in refereeing all the papers in
this volume. We thank the staff members of the American Mathematical Society
involved with the preparation of this book, and all those who have contributed in
whatever way to these proceedings.

Victor Goryunov
Kevin Houston
Roberta Wik-Atique
 David Mond

To celebrate the 60th birthday of David Mond the 2010 Real and Complex Sin-
gularities conference, a meeting held biennually in São Carlos, Brazil, was dedicated
to him. David has been an organizer and proceedings editor for earlier Real and
Complex Singularities conferences. Furthermore, having two of his PhD students
based in São Carlos means that David has strong connections with the singularity
group there and that the conference was a great opportunity to honour him.
David had not originally intended to become an academic. After completing his
undergraduate degree in Mathematics and Philosophy at St. Catherine’s College,
Oxford, 1971, he was inspired by the work of Dutch furniture maker Gerrit Rietveld
and initially pursued the ambition of making furniture himself. In 1973 with an
Oxford friend he visited South America intending to travel through Venezuela and
Colombia to Peru. Their journey came to a halt in Bogotá, Colombia, where David
remained in the end for eight years.
It was in Colombia that David returned to mathematics, taking a Master’s
degree in Mathematics in the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, and later working
as a mathematics instructor at Universidad de los Andes, and Universidad Nacional,
both in Bogotá. His first five, essentially expository, papers appeared in Colombian
mathematical journals and hence were written in Spanish – a language in which,
along with Portuguese, he is fluent. After finishing the MSc in Mathematics at the
Universidad Nacional, he moved in 1979 to the UK to begin a PhD at the University
of Liverpool under the supervision of C.T.C. Wall FRS. His PhD, submitted in 1982,
was entitled The Classification of Germs of Maps from Surfaces to 3-space, with
Applications to the Differential Geometry of Immersions. From the late 1960s there
had been much progress in the classification of singularities, particularly for right
equivalence following V.I. Arnold’s classifications. What was novel and significant
about David’s thesis was that it concerned the A-equivalence (also known as right-
left equivalence) for germs from R2 to R3 . The stable maps in this case were
classified by Whitney back in the 50s, David was classifying simple maps and those
with Ae -codimension less than or equal to 4. In the late 70s and early 80s such a
classification required doing by hand long, tedious calculations involving tangent
spaces, although David insists that it is often through long tedious calculations that
one builds up an understanding of what is going on. Aspects of the classification
were applied in differential geometry, for example to study the tangent developable
of a space curve.
After his PhD, David had a brief research visit at the IHES in France and
returned to Colombia to work again at the Universidad Nacional. In 1985 he
moved to the University of Warwick in the UK. Of particular note during this
time is the publication Some remarks on the geometry and classification of germs

xi
xii DAVID MOND

of maps from surfaces to 3-space in Topology 26 (1987) 361-383. It is here that

David starts a thread that passes through much of his work by studying complex
analytic maps, in this case investigating how invariants of map germs from C2
to C3 control the determinacy of the germ. It is in this paper that the (still
unresolved) Mond conjecture first begins to take form: the Ae -codimension of a map
germ from (Cn , 0) to (Cn+1 , 0) is less than or equal to the rank of the vanishing
homology for the image of a local stabilization of the map, with equality if the
map is quasihomogeneous. Various Mond students - including this author - have
attempted to prove this statement during their PhD studies.
Also at this time David had his first PhD student, Washington ‘Ton’ Marar from
Brazil, with whom he further developed the ideas in the Topology paper to show
the multiple point spaces for finitely A-determined corank 1 maps from Cn to Cp ,
n < p, were in fact isolated complete intersection singularities (or zero-dimensional).
His interest in classification continued with his second student, Diana Ratcliffe,
producing a thesis on classifying multi-germs from R2 and R3 . She later became
his post-doctoral assistant and produced a computer program that relieved the
drudgery from the extensive calculations involved in classifications. David remarked
in one seminar that her program could do a calculation in seconds that he had spent
weeks doing during his postgraduate days. A visit to Holland at this time led to a
collaboration with Ruud Pellikaan, and later to a series of papers with Duco van
Straten.
Other students followed in the early 90s with Thomas Cooper and this author
both completing in 1994. By this time David had collaborated with other notable
Singularity Theorists: Terry Gaffney, on the germs of maps from the plane to the
plane; Jim Damon (in their paper for Inventiones Mathematicae) on a result that
related Ae −codimension and the rank of the vanishing homology for maps with
n ≥ p (which added evidence to the Mond conjecture); Victor Goryunov, on a
powerful spectral sequence that allowed one to calculate the rational cohomology
of the image of a finite map.
David continued his association with São Carlos, co-supervising Roberta Wik-
Atique with Maria Ruas, again on classification of singularities. However, following
the importance of free divisors in the paper co-authored with Damon, he began
to study these objects in more detail. A hypersurface D is a free divisor if the
module of ambient vector fields which are tangent to D at its smooth points is
freely generated. This property has significant consequences for the topology of
the singularity, and, as the Inventiones paper showed, for the topology of its non-
linear sections, because it implies the conservation of a certain singular multiplic-
ity. This interest eventually produced a string of papers singly and co-authored
with people such as Francisco Castro-Jiménez, Luis Narváez-Macarro, Martin Hol-
land, Francisco Calderón Moreno, Ragnar-Olaf Buchweitz, Michel Granger, Alicia
Nieto-Reyes, Mathias Schulze, Ignacio de Gregorio (another PhD student and later
postdoctoral assistant) and Christian Sevenheck. In this string of papers, the im-
portant concept of linear free divisor is introduced. (This is a free divisor where
the basis is formed by linear vector fields.) The importance partly stems from the
connection to quiver representations as shown in the paper with Buchweitz. They
also have connection with Frobenius manifolds since for a large class of examples,
the Gauss-Manin system associated to a generic linear section of the Milnor fibre
of a linear free divisor is a Frobenius manifold.
 DAVID MOND xiii

Recent students have been Paul Cadman (2010) and Ayşe Altintas (2011). The
latter was one of David’s students present at the conference in his honour. The
conference was a great success and during the outing to a nearby lake the attendees
were treated to a performance of David playing the flute. At the conference dinner
friends, colleagues and ex-students took turns to pay tribute and sing the praises
of a man they are proud to call their friend and teacher.

Kevin Houston
Leeds, UK, 2011.
Contemporary Mathematics
Volume 569, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/conm/569/11241

Milnor Fibrations and the Concept of d-regularity for

Analytic Map Germs

José Luis Cisneros-Molina, José Seade, and Jawad Snoussi

Abstract. In this expository article we review Milnor’s proof of his celebrated
fibration theorem and the way how it extends to the case of real analytic map
germs. We highlight the similarities and the differences between the complex
analytic and the real analytic settings, and we indicate the key geometric
aspects in Milnor’s proof that make it work in the complex case, unlike the
theorem in the real setting which is more stringent. We explain too how, from
the viewpoint of Milnor type fibrations, the difference between the real and
the complex settings naturally leads to the concept of d-regularity.

Introduction
Milnor’s fibration theorem for holomorphic maps is a key-stone in singularity
theory. This theorem says that given a holomorphic map-germ f : ( n , 0) → ( , 0)
with a critical point at the origin 0 ∈ n , one has two locally trivial fibrations
associated to it, and these fibrations are equivalent. The first is Milnor’s fibration:

(1) ε \ K −→ 1 ,
φ :=
f
|f |
:

where K is the link of f at 0, that is K = f −1 (0) ∩ ε with ε being a sufficiently

small sphere around 0.
The second is nowadays called the Milnor-Lê fibration; this is a fibration on
  
a “Milnor tube” N (ε, δ) = ε ∩ f −1 (∂ δ ) where ε is a ball bounded by ε , 

∂ δ is the sphere bounding the ball of radius δ centred at the origin of . When
0 < δ  ε  1 the map f induces a fibration
(2) f : N (ε, δ) → ∂ δ .
When 0 is an isolated critical point of f , the map φ actually defines an open-
book decomposition of the sphere, with binding K.

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 32S05, 32S55, 57Q45; Secondary 58K65.
Key words and phrases. Real and complex singularities, Milnor fibration, canonical pencil,
d-regularity.
This research was partially supported by CONACYT (Mexico) grants G-36357-E, J-49048-
F, U-55084, by DGAPA-UNAM-PAPIIT (Mexico) grants IN105806, IN102208, IN108111, by the
CNRS, France and by ECOS–ANUIES grant M06-M02, France–Mexico.
The first author is a Regular Associate of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theo-
retical Physics, Trieste, Italy.

2012
c American Mathematical Society

1
2 JOSÉ LUIS CISNEROS-MOLINA, JOSÉ SEADE, AND JAWAD SNOUSSI

It is natural to ask whether there is anything similar for real analytic map-
 f

germs ( n , 0) → ( p , 0) with n ≥ p. This question goes back to Milnor’s book,
and actually to his unpublished preprint [20], where he proves that if f has an
isolated critical point, then one always has a fibration in a tube, of type (2), now

over a small (p − 1)-sphere in p , and this tube can always be inflated to the
 ψ

sphere, defining an equivalent fibration n−1 \ K −→ p−1 , which restricted to a
neighbourhood of K is the obvious projection f /|f |. Yet, this theorem has several
weaknesses, as for instance the following (the first two of these were pointed out by
Milnor in his book):
i) The condition of having an isolated critical point is very stringent. When
this is satisfied we say that the corresponding map-germ satisfies the Milnor
condition. In [19, 9] the authors classify the pairs (n, p) for which there
exist analytic map-germs satisfying Milnor’s condition. There are many other
related works by various authors, as for instance N. A’Campo [1, 2], B. Perron
[25], L. Rudolph [30, 15] and many others. In particular one has that when
p = 2, even though the Milnor condition is indeed stringent, there are plenty
of map-germs satisfying it, for all n ≥ 2. More generally, one can study
Milnor fibrations associated to the larger class of real analytic mappings with
an isolated critical value. This was begun in [27] and continued in [11, 12].
ii) We cannot always take the map ψ to be globally the canonical projection φ =
f /f . When the equality holds we say that the map germ satisfies the strong
Milnor condition. Examples of singularities with the strong Milnor condition
have been given, for instance, in [17, 31, 29, 10, 28, 23].
iii) If one has that the two types of fibrations exist, one on a Milnor tube and
another on a sphere minus the link, a priori we do not know whether or not
the two fibrations are necessarily equivalent. This point was first noticed by R.
N. Araujo dos Santos (see for instance [3]), and we fully answered it in [12].
We refer to our recent article [13] for a survey on the topic of Milnor fibra-
tions for real singularities, where we explore carefully the above points and give an
overview of the developments about them that one has in the literature.
Here we focus on explaining the main ideas and results in [11, 12], which give
an essentially complete answer to the problem of existence and equivalence of the
two types of Milnor fibrations for maps with an isolated critical value.
The key-idea is a certain regularity condition that we introduced in [11, 12],
called d-regularity, which involves the family of varieties associated to every map-
 f
 
germ ( n , 0) → ( p , 0) as follows: for each line L through the origin in p set:


XL := {x ∈ n  f (x) ∈ L } .
The family {XL } is the canonical pencil of f . When f has an isolated critical value,
these analytic varieties are all smooth away from V , the axis of the pencil. The
d-regularity property means that there exists ε > 0 such that every sphere of radius
≤ ε intersects transversally each manifold XL \ V .
We show that d-regularity is precisely the condition required in order to inflate
the fibration on a Milnor tube conserving the value ff  , until we get the Milnor
f
fibration on the sphere with projection map f  . The theorem says:
 
Theorem. Let f : ( n , 0) → ( p , 0), n > p, be a real analytic map-germ,
which is surjective over a neighbourhood of 0 and with dim f −1 (0) > 0. Assume
 MILNOR FIBRATIONS AND THE CONCEPT OF d-REGULARITY 3

further that f has the Thom property, so one has a Milnor-Lê fibration
f : N (ε, δ) −→ ∂ δ ∼= p−1 .
Then one has also a locally trivial Milnor fibration:

φ=
f
f 
: ε \ (ε ∩ f −1 (0)) −→ p−1 ,
if and only if f is d-regular, and in this case these two fibrations are equivalent.
The concept of d-regularity is actually implicit in Milnor’s proof of his fibration
theorem. This concept is also used in [11] to give an alternative way for looking at
Milnor’s fibration theorem for holomorphic mappings and its generalisation by Lê
Dũng Tráng to functions on singular spaces. This concept also appears implicitly in
[27, Lemma 5.7] to prove the equivalence of the two types of Milnor fibrations, as
in (1) and (2), for functions of the type f ḡ. This regularity condition also appears
implicitly in [5] for map-germs with an isolated critical point.
The name “d-regularity” comes from the facts that this concept is naturally
associated to a function “distance to the critical point”, and also that every map-
germ (with an isolated singularity) which is (c)-regular in K. Bekka’s sense, is
d-regular in our sense (see [28] for details and [6] for definitions).
The purpose of this expository article is to give an introduction to d-regularity
and explain the theorem above. We begin the article with a section on real and
complex examples where it is easy to describe the two types of Milnor fibrations,
and where d-regularity appears implicitly to give the equivalence of the two types of
fibrations. Then we go back to the holomorphic setting, because it is actually from
Milnor’s work that this concept springs. We review Milnor’s original proof of the
fibration theorem from a perspective that leads towards the concept of d-regularity.
Finally, in Section 3 we explain how Thom’s af condition relates to these fibration
theorems, we speak about d-regularity and explain how this concept allows to prove
that whenever the two types of fibration exist, they are equivalent.

1. An example: weighted homogeneous singularities

In this section we look at Milnor fibrations for real and complex weighted homo-
geneous singularities. We start with a quick look at the celebrated Pham-Brieskorn
singularities, which provide the paradigm of Milnor fibrations. Throughout this
 
work, given a map germ n → p , we denote by 0 the origin in the source, and by
0 that in the target.

1.1. Milnor fibrations for the Pham-Brieskorn singularities. Consider

a Pham-Brieskorn polynomial f : n → :
f
(z1 , ..., zn ) → z1a1 + ... + znan , ai ≥ 2 .
It is clear that the origin 0 ∈ n is its only critical point, so V := f −1 (0) is a
hypersurface with an isolated singularity at 0.
Notice that this polynomial is weighted homogeneous. In fact, let d be the
lowest common multiple of the ai and for each i = 1, · · · , n set di = d/ai . Then for
every non-zero complex number λ ∈ ∗ one has a ∗ -action on n determined by
λ · (z1 , · · · , zn ) → (λd1 z1 , · · · , λdn zn ) .
4 JOSÉ LUIS CISNEROS-MOLINA, JOSÉ SEADE, AND JAWAD SNOUSSI

Observe one has:

f (λd1 z1 , · · · , λdn zn ) = λd f (z1 , · · · , zn ) .
We thus get a holomorphic action of ∗ which has the origin 0 as its only fixed
point and V is an invariant set, union of orbits. It is clear that this ∗ -action has
the following four properties:
• Property 1. If we restrict the action to the positive real numbers t ∈ + , 
then each such orbit is a curve that converges to 0 as t tends to 0, and it goes to
infinity as t tends to ∞. Furthermore, a direct computation shows that for the
points in each such orbit, the distance to 0 is a function with no critical point, so
each orbit is transversal to all spheres centred at 0. Hence the variety V intersects

transversally every (2n − 1)-sphere r around the origin and the intersection Kr :=

V ∩ r is a real codimension 2 smooth submanifold of the sphere r . Also, this 
real flow determines a 1-parameter group of diffeomorphisms and given arbitrary
 
spheres r , r centred at 0, we get a diffeomorphism from r into r taking Kr  
into Kr . Thence the diffeomorphism type of Kr is independent of the choice of

the sphere r . We denote this manifold simply by K and call it the link of the
singularity (see [21, 14]).
• Property 2. The above real analytic flow also has the property that for
points in n \ V , the argument of the complex number f (z) is constant on each
orbit, i.e., f (z)/|f (z)| = f (tz)/|f (tz)| for all t ∈ + . 
• Property 3. If we restrict the ∗ -action to the complex numbers of unit

length we get an 1 -action that leaves invariant every sphere around 0, and for each
eiθ and each z = (z1 , · · · , zn ) we have f (eiθ · (z1 , · · · , zn )) = eiθd · f (z1 , · · · , zn ).
Hence for each ζ ∈ we have that the multiplication by eiθ in n transports the
fibre f −1 (ζ) into the fibre f −1 (eiθd · ζ). Therefore, if for each real number δ > 0

we consider the “tube” N (δ) = f −1 (∂ δ ), where ∂ δ ∼  
= 1 is the boundary of the
disc in of radius δ, centred at 0, then 1

acts on N (δ). A direct computation
shows that the orbits of this action are transverse to the fibers of f . So the action
determines a locally trivial fibration (a fibre bundle):
f : N (δ) → ∂ δ .
Together with Property 2, this implies that the fibres f −1 (λ) are all diffeomorphic.
Now observe that for each line Lθ through the origin in , we may consider
the set
Xθ := {z ∈ n | f (z) ∈ Lθ } .
Then each Xθ is the zero-set of f followed by an orthogonal projection. Hence
each Xθ is a real analytic hypersurface with an isolated singularity at 0, their union
fills the entire space n and their intersection is V . By property 1, each of these
hypersurfaces is transversal to all the spheres, and by Property 3, the 1 -action 
permutes these hypersurfaces: multiplication by eit carries each Xθ into another
one of these hypersurfaces. In other words one has:
• Property 4. These varieties define a pencil in n , a sort of open-book where
the binding is now the singular variety V , and each of these varieties is transverse
to every sphere around 0. If we remove V from n , for every ball around 0 we get
a canonical projection

(3) Φ=
f
|f |
: 2n \ V −→ 1 ,
 MILNOR FIBRATIONS AND THE CONCEPT OF d-REGULARITY 5

which actually is a fibre bundle; the fibre over a point eiθ is the corresponding
connected component of Xθ \ V . (The other component is the fibre over e−iθ .)
We now focus our attention near the origin, say restricted to the unit ball
 2n

in n . Since each Xθ meets transversally the sphere 2n−1 = ∂ 2n , the 
intersection is a smooth codimension 1 submanifold of the sphere, containing the
  
link K = V ∩ 2n−1 . And since the orbits of the 1 -action preserve the sphere 2n−1 ,

it follows that the restriction of Φ to 2n−1 defines a locally trivial fibration:

(4) φ=
f

|f |
: 2n−1 \ K −→ 1 
This is the classical Milnor fibration for the map f . It is worth saying that for
these maps, the Pham-Brieskorn polynomials, the fact that (4) is a fibre bundle
was first proved by Pham and used by Brieskorn to prove important results about
the topology of the corresponding links (for more about this, see [32, Chapter 1]
and the bibliography in it).
Remark 1.1. Since f has a unique critical point at 0, the implicit function
theorem implies that at each point x ∈ V ∗ := V \ {0} we can find local coordinates
so that f is locally a linear projection n → . Hence the fibers of f are locally
(in a neighbourhood of x) parallel complex discs of complex dimension n − 1. This
implies the following statement, that we do not need here, but which is the key
for generalising this discussion to the case of (real and complex) analytic mappings
with non-isolated critical points: every smooth map-germ with an isolated critical
point has the Thom af -property. We refer to 3.1 for a precise definition; for more
about this important concept see for instance [11] and the bibliography in it.
In our case, that of the Pham-Brieskorn singularities, Remark 1.1 tells us that,

since V is transverse to the unit sphere 2n−1 , the fibre of f passing through each
point in the sphere sufficiently near V , is also transverse to the sphere. Since

K = V ∩ 2n−1 is a compact set, it follows that there exists a real number δ > 0

such that all fibres f −1 (λ) with |λ| = δ, are transverse to 2n−1 . In other words,

the tube N (δ) in Property 3 is everywhere transverse to 2n−1 . Therefore, setting

N (1, δ) := N (δ) ∩ 2n , where the 1 means that the ball has radius 1, we have that
the fibre bundle described by Property 3 determines a fibre bundle:
(5) 
f : N (1, δ) → ∂ δ ∼
= 1. 
This is the second classical version of Milnor’s fibration for the map f . Following
the modern literature, we call this the Milnor-Lê fibration of f .

Notice that by Property 2, each + -orbit is everywhere transverse to the tube

N (δ) and transverse to the sphere 2n−1 , and the complex numbers f (z) have
constant argument along each orbit. Thence the integral lines of this action deter-

mine a diffeomorphism between N (1, d) and 2n−1 minus the part of the sphere

◦
−1
contained inside the open solid tube f ( δ ). This determines the classical equiv-
alence between the Milnor fibration in the sphere (4) and the Milnor-Lê fibration
in the tube (2).
We now remark that everything we said above works in exactly the same way
for all weighted homogeneous complex singularities, i.e., for all complex polyno-
mials f for which there is a ∗ action on n as above, for some positive integers
{d; d1 , · · · , dn },
λ · (z1 , · · · , zn ) = (λd11 z1 , · · · , λdnn zn ),
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