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Energy Harvesting with Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials
 Preface
The purpose of this book is to present the current state of knowledge in the field of
energy harvesting using piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials. The book is
addressed to students and academics engaged in research in the fields of energy
harvesting, material sciences and engineering. Scientists and engineers who are
working in the area of energy conservation and renewable energy resources should
find it useful as well. Explanations of fundamental physical properties such as
piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity are included to aid the understanding of the non-
specialist. Specific technologies and particular applications are also presented.
This book is divided into two parts, each subdivided into chapters. Part I concerns
fundamentals. Chapter 1 reports the discoveries, standard issues and various materials
involved with energy harvesting. Chapter 2 presents electromechanical models
enabling an understanding of how energy harvesting systems behave. The vibration
theory and designs for various piezoelectric energy harvesting structures are
addressed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 describes the analytical expressions for the energy
flow in piezoelectric energy harvesting systems, in particular, with cymbal and
flexible transducers. A description of the conversion enhancement for powering low-
energy consumption devices is presented in Chapter 5.
Part II concerns Applications and Case Studies. It begins with Chapter 6, in which the
principles and applications for smart miniaturized systems such as piezoelectric
nanogenerators are reported. Chapter 7 describes the utilization of energy harvesting
from low-frequency power sources where a frequency is a critical factor. There are
more ways to use vibrational energy than waste heat. However, Chapter 8 presents the
fundamentals of an important application of heat conversion with a copolymer.
Finally, commercial energy harvesting products and a technological forecast are
provided in Chapter 9.
The editor thanks the authors who have committed their time and effort to write
chapters in this book. Without their continual support, this book would not have been
completed. We hope that the readers will find the book informative and instructive.

Dr. Nantakan MUENSIT

Material Physics Laboratory,
Physics Department, Faculty of Science,
Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand.
 Names and Affiliations of All the Contributors:

CHAPTER 1
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nantakan Muensit
Material Physics Laboratory, Physics Department,
Faculty of Science,
Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112
Thailand
E-mail address: [email protected]

CHAPTER 2
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Jöerg Wallaschek
Institute for Dynamics and Vibration Research (IDS),
Leibniz University, Appelstr. 11,
30167 Hannover,
Germany
E-mail address: [email protected]

Dr.-Ing. Marcus Neubauer

Adaptronic Systems,
Institute for Dynamics and Vibration Research (IDS),
Leibniz University, Appelstr. 11 ,
30167 Hannover,
Germany
E-mail address: [email protected]

Jens Twiefel
Piezoelectric and Ultrasonic Technology,
Institute for Dynamics and Vibration Research (IDS),
Leibniz University, Appelstr. 11 ,
30167 Hannover,
Germany
E-mail address: [email protected]

CHAPTER 3
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pruittikorn Smithmaitrie
Smart Mechatronics Research Team,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112,
Thailand.
E-mail address: [email protected]
CHAPTER 4
Prof. Dr. Kenji Uchino
International Center for Actuators and Transducers,
134 Materials Research Laboratory,
The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA 16802, USA
E-mail address: [email protected]; www.psu.edu/dept/ICAT

CHAPTER 5
Prof. Dr. Daniel Guyomar
Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et de Ferro électricité (LGEF), INSA Lyon,
8, rue de la Physique, 69621 Villeurbanne,
France.
E-mail address: [email protected]

Dr. Mickaël Lallart

Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et de Ferro électricité (LGEF), INSA Lyon,
8, rue de la Physique, 69621 Villeurbanne,
France.
E-mail address: [email protected]

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nantakan Muensit

Material Physics Laboratory, Physics Department,
Faculty of Science,
Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112
Thailand
E-mail address: [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Claude Lucat,

Laboratoire IMS,
Université de Bordeaux I, 351 cours Libération, Talence 33405,
France.
E-mail address : [email protected]

CHAPTER 6
Rui Pedro Lopes
Department of Physics & Center for Research in Ceramics and
Composite Materials (CICECO),
University of Aveiro,
3810-193 Aveiro,
Portugal
E-mail address: [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Andrei Kholkin

Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering. & CICECO,
University of Aveiro,
3810-193 Aveiro,
Portugal
E-mail address: [email protected]
CHAPTER 7
Dr. Seung Ho Park
Micromechatronics Inc.(MMech)
200 Innovation Blvd. Suite 155
State College, PA 16803, USA
E-mail address: [email protected]

CHAPTER 8
Dr. Michio Ikura, Ph.D., P.Eng.
CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada Ottawa,
Canada K1A0E4
E-mail address: [email protected]

Dr.Lia Kouchachvili
CanmetENERGY, Natural Resources Canada Ottawa,
Canada K1A0E4
E-mail address: [email protected]

CHAPTER 9
Dr. Stephen P. Beeby
School of Electronics and Computer Science,
University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ,
UK
E-mail address: [email protected]

Dr. Dibin Zhu

School of Electronics and Computer Science,
University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ,
UK
E-mail address: [email protected]
 Table of Contents

Part I: Fundamentals
CHAPTER 1: ENERGY HARVESTING MATERIALS
NANTAKAN MUENSIT

1. Brief History of Energy Harvesting................................................................................. 2

2. Basics of Piezo- , Pyro-, and Ferroelectricity ................................................................. 5

2.1 Piezoelectricity ................................................................................................... 67
2.2 Pyroelectricity ...................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Ferroelectricity ..................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Permittivity......................................................................................................... 10
2.5 Elasticity............................................................................................................. 11
2.6 Electromechanical and Electrothermal Couplings ............................................. 11
2.7 Single Crystal Symmetry ................................................................................... 11
2.8 Textured Materials and Poling Process .............................................................. 13
2.9 Matrix Notation for Various Properties ............................................................ 13
2.10 Measurement Conditions … ............................................................................. 14

3. Materials for Energy Harvesting .................................................................................. 16

3.1 Perovskite Single Crystals and Ceramics ........................................................... 16
3.1.1 Relaxor Ferroelectric System ......................................................... 17
3.1.2 Lead-Zirconate-Titanate System ..................................................... 19
3.2 Thin and Thick Polycrystalline Films ................................................................ 21
3.3 Other Energy Harvesting Materials .................................................................... 27
3.3.1 Lead-Free Materials ....................................................................... 27
3.3.2 Electrostrictive Polymer Materials ................................................. 28

4. Analysis for the Harvested Power ............................................................................... 32

5. Summary .......................................................................................................................... 33

References ............................................................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER 2: ELECTROMECHANICAL MODELS FOR ENERGY
HARVESTING SYSTEMS
JÖRG WALLASCHEK, MARCUS NEUBAUER, JENS TWIEFEL

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 40

2. Modeling of Mechanical Structures with Piezoceramics ............................................. 40

3. Equivalent Circuit Model for Piezoelectric Systems ................................................... 43

4. Modeling the Electromechanical Coupling of Piezoelectric Bimorphs ..................... 46

5. Experimental Parameter Identification ....................................................................... 52

6. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 54

References .............................................................................................................................. 54

CHAPTER 3: VIBRATION THEORY AND DESIGN OF PIEOELECTRIC ENERGY

HARVESTING STRUCTURES
PRUITTIKORN SMITHMAITRIE

1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 58

2. Design of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices ................................................... 58

3. Theory of Piezoelectric Structural Vibration ............................................................... 60

3.1 Vibration of the Structural Base ......................................................................... 60
3.2 Vibration Response of the Piezoelectric Layer .................................................. 63

4. System Governing Equations of the Cantilever Structure .......................................... 65

4.1 System Equations of the Cantilever Beam .......................................................... 65
4.2 Voltage Output of the Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam ....................................... 68
4.3 Effect of Proof Mass ..................................................................................... 69

5. Results and Analysis for the Piezoelectric Cantilever ................................................. 70

5.1 Structural Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes ............................................. 71
5.2 Vibration Amplitude .......................................................................................... 72
5.3 Electrical Output ................................................................................................ 74

6. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 76

References ............................................................................................................................. 77
CHAPTER 4: ENERGY FLOW ANALYSIS IN PIEZOELECTRIC
HARVESTING SYSTEMS
KENJI UCHINO

1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 82
1.1 From Passive Damping to Energy Harvesting .................................................... 82
1.2 Three Phases in Energy Harvesting Process ....................................................... 84

2. Mechanical-to-Mechanical Energy Transfer ................................................................ 85

3. Mechanical-Electrical Energy Transduction ............................................................... 87

3.1 Figure of Merit ................................................................................................... 87
3.2 Piezoelectric Material Selection......................................................................... 88
3.3 Design Optimization ........................................................................................... 89
3.3.1 Cymbal ........................................................................................... 89
3.3.2 Flexible Transducer ......................................................................... 90
3.4 Energy Flow Analysis ......................................................................................... 94

4. Electrical-to-Electrical Energy Transfer....................................................................... 95

4.1 DC-DC Converter ............................................................................................... 95
4.2 Multilayered Cymbal........................................................................................... 96
4.3 Usage of a Piezoelectric Transformer ................................................................. 97

5. Summary of the Total Energy Flow ............................................................................. 98

6. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 99

References .............................................................................................................................. 99

CHAPTER 5: CONVERSION ENHANCEMENT FOR ENERGY HARVESTING

DANIEL GUYOMAR, MICKAÉL LALLART, NANTAKAN MUENSIT,
CLAUDE LUCAT
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 102
2. Modeling and Nonlinear Conversion Enhancement Principles ................................ 102
3. Application to Energy Harvesting: SSH Techniques ................................................. 105
3.1 Parallel SSHI ..................................................................................................... 105
3.2 Series SSHI ....................................................................................................... 107
3.3 Performance Comparison .................................................................................. 109
4. Extension of the Nonlinear Energy Harvesting Principles ........................................ 112
5. Implementation Considerations ................................................................................... 116
 5.1 Implementation of the Switching Device .......................................................... 116
5.2 Broadband Excitation ........................................................................................ 117
5.3 Application to Microscale Microgenerators ...................................................... 117
6. Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 118
References ............................................................................................................................ 118

Part II: Applications and Case Studies.

CHAPTER 6: ENERGY HARVESTING FOR SMART MINIATURIZED SYSTEMS
RUI PEDRO LOPES, ANDREI KHOLKIN

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 122

2. Principles of Harvesting from Vibrations .................................................................. 122

2.1 Electrostatic Harvesting ................................................................................... 123
2.2 Electromagnetic Harvesting ............................................................................. 124
2.3 Piezoelectric Harvesting................................................................................... 124

3. Designs for the Piezoelectric Microharvesting .......................................................... 125

3.1 Cantilever Beam ............................................................................................... 125
3.2 Membrane ........................................................................................................ 126
3.3 Piezoelectric Ribbons/Belts/Wires ................................................................... 128
3.4 Vertical Design................................................................................................. 129

4. Nanomaterials for Piezoelectric Microharvesting ..................................................... 131

5. Examples of Piezoelectrically Powered Smart Systems ............................................. 135

5.1 Synchronized System for Wireless Sensing, RFID, Data
Aggregation, and Remote Reporting ................................................................ 135
5.2 Piezoelectric Generator as Power Supply for RFID-Tags and
Applications ..................................................................................................... 136

6. Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 138

References ............................................................................................................................. 138

CHAPTER 7: ENERGY HARVESTING FROM A LOW FRQUENCY
POWER SOURCE
SEUNG-HO PARK

1. Background .................................................................................................................... 144

2. Approaches for Low Frequency Energy Harvesting ................................................. 145

2.1 Alteration of Resonance Frequency .................................................................. 145
2.2 Conversion of Power Source Frequency ........................................................... 146
2.3 Usage of Flexible Materials .............................................................................. 147

3. Low Frequency Energy Harvesting with PVDF......................................................... 148

3.1 Background of the Material............................................................................... 149
3.2 Experimental Setup ........................................................................................... 151
3.3 Mechanical Energy Generation ......................................................................... 152
3.3.1 Harvested Energy Measurement..................................................... 153
3.4 Results ............................................................................................................... 154
3.4.1 FEM Analysis ................................................................................. 154
3.4.2 Experimental .................................................................................. 155

4. Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 157

References ............................................................................................................................. 157

CHAPTER 8: WASTE HEAT TO HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICITY

MICHIO IKURA, LIA KOUCHACHVILI

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 160

2. Pyroelectric Copolymers ............................................................................................. 161

2.1 Pyroelectric Polymers and Copolymers Structure .................................... 161
2.2 Crystal Structure ....................................................................................... 161
2.3 Phase Change in Polymers and Copolymers ............................................ 164
2.4 Temperature Dependency ......................................................................... 164
2.5 Voltage Dependency ................................................................................ 165

3. Principle of Pyroelectric Conversion ......................................................................... 166

3.1 Olsen Cycle .............................................................................................. 166
3.2 Conceptual Energy Balance and Expected Output ................................... 168

4. Experimental Work ...................................................................................................... 169

 4.1 Performance with ‘As-Received’ Commercial Material ........................... 169
4.1.1 Film Preparation .................................................................. 169
4.1.2 Measuring Circuit ................................................................ 170
4.1.3 Power Output Calculation ................................................... 172
4.1.4 Film Resistivity .................................................................... 172
4.1.5 Pyroelectric Coefficients ...................................................... 173
4.1.6 Output from 60/40 Commercial Copolymer ........................ 175
4.2 Improvement of P(VDF-TrFE) Performance ........................................... 181
4.2.1 Effectiveness of Prolonged Pre-polarization ....................... 181
4.2.2 Effectiveness of Copolymer Purification ............................. 183
4.2.3 Output from Purified Copolymer ......................................... 187

5. Economics and Technologies Comparison .................................................................. 189

6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 193

7. Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 194

7.1 Nature of Bonds in Polymers ................................................................... 194
7.2 Configurations and "Head and Tail" ........................................................ 194
7.3 Conformation and "Trans and Gauche" Positions.................................... 194
7.4 Poling Processs … ..… … … … .. ............................................................... 195

References ............................................................................................................................ 195

CHAPTER 9: ENERGY HARVESTING PRODUCTS AND FORECAST

STEPHEN P BEEBY, DIBIN ZHU

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 198

2. Review of Commercial Devices .................................................................................... 198

2.1 Midé Technology Corporation Volture Energy Harvesting
Systems ............................................................................................................. 199
2.2 Adaptivenergy Joule-Thief™ ............................................................................ 201
2.3 Arveni Harvesters AV01 and AV02 ................................................................. 203
2.4 Advanced Cerametrics Harvester III Power Module ........................................ 204
2.5 Perpetuum PMG FSH ....................................................................................... 205
2.6 Comparison of Energy Harvesters .................................................................... 205

3. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters in Research ............................................................. 207

3.1 MEMS Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters ........................................................... 207
 3.2 Macro Scale Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters................................................... 210
3.2.1 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Machinery
Vibration ........................................................................................ 210
3.2.2 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Human Movement .................. 211
3.3 Other Piezoelectric Materials ............................................................................ 213

4. Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 213

5. Future of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting ................................................................. 216

References ............................................................................................................................. 217

Table of Contents

Preface
Names and Affiliations of all the Contributors
Table of Contents

Part I: Fundamentals

CHAPTER 1: ENERGY HARVESTING MATERIALS

1. Brief History of Energy Harvesting 2

2. Basics of Piezo- , Pyro-, and Ferroelectricity 5
3. Materials for Energy Harvesting 16
4. Analysis for the Harvested Power 32
5. Summary 33
References 34

CHAPTER 2: ELECTROMECHANICAL MODELS FOR ENERGY

HARVESTING SYSTEMS

1. Introduction 2. Modeling of Mechanical Structures with Piezoceramics 40

3. Equivalent Circuit Model for Piezoelectric Systems 43
4. Modeling the Electromechanical Coupling of Piezoelectric Bimorphs 46
5. Experimental Parameter Identification 52
6. Conclusions, References 54

Chapter 3: VIBRATION THEORY AND DESIGN OF

PIEOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING STRUCTURES

1. Introduction, 2. Design of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices 58

3. Theory of Piezoelectric Structural Vibration 60
4. System Governing Equations of the Cantilever Structure 65
5. Results and Analysis for the Piezoelectric Cantilever 70
6. Conclusions 76
References 77

CHAPTER 4: ENERGY FLOW ANALYSIS IN PIEZOELECTRIC

HARVESTING SYSTEMS

1. Background 82
2. Mechanical-to-Mechanical Energy Transfer 85
3. Mechanical-Electrical Energy Transduction 87
4. Electrical-to-Electrical Energy Transfer 95
5. Summary of the Total Energy Flow 98
6. Conclusions,References 99
b Energy Harvesting with Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials

CHAPTER 5: CONVERSION ENHANCEMENT FOR ENERGY

HARVESTING

1.Introduction. 2.Modeling and Nonlinear Conversion Enhancement Principles 102

3.Application to Energy Harvesting: SSH Techniques 105
4.Extension of the Nonlinear Energy Harvesting Principles 112
5.Implementation Considerations 116
6.Conclusions References 118

Part II: Applications and Case Studies.

CHAPTER 6: ENERGY HARVESTING FOR SMART

MINIATURIZED SYSTEMS

1. Introduction 2. Principles of Harvesting from Vibrations 122

3. Designs for the Piezoelectric Microharvesting 125
4. Nanomaterials for Piezoelectric Microharvesting 131
5. Examples of Piezoelectrically Powered Smart Systems 135
6. Conclusions References 138

CHAPTER 7: ENERGY HARVESTING FROM A LOW FRQUENCY

POWER SOURCE

1. Background 144
2. Approaches for Low Frequency Energy Harvesting 145
3. Low Frequency Energy Harvesting with PVDF 148
4. Conclusions References 157

CHAPTER 8: WASTE HEAT TO HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICITY

1. Introduction 160
2. Pyroelectric Copolymers 161
3. Principle of Pyroelectric Conversion 166
4. Experimental Work 169
5. Economics and Technologies Comparison 189
6. Conclusions 193
7. Appendix 194
References 195

CHAPTER 9: ENERGY HARVESTING PRODUCTS AND

FORECAST

1. Introduction 2. Review of Commercial Devices 198

3. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters in Research 207
4. Conclusions 213
5. Future of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 216
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