Network Know How An Essential Guide For The Accidental Admin 1st Edition John Ross No Waiting Time
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Network Know How An Essential Guide for the
Accidental Admin 1st Edition John Ross Digital Instant
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Author(s): John Ross
ISBN(s): 9781593271916, 1593271913
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 7.20 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
NET WORK
KNOW-H OW
A N E S S E N T I A L G U I D E F O R T H E
ACCIDENTAL A D M I N
JOHN ROSS
NETWORK KNOW-HOW
We are in great haste to construct a magnetic telegraph
from Maine to Texas; but Maine and Texas, it may be, have
nothing important to communicate.
by J oh n R os s
San Francisco
NETWORK KNOW-HOW. Copyright © 2009 by John Ross.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.
13 12 11 10 09 123456789
ISBN-10: 1-59327-191-3
ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-191-6
For information on book distributors or translations, please contact No Starch Press, Inc. directly:
No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of No Starch Press, Inc. Other product and
company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than use a trademark
symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the
benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.
The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been
taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author nor No Starch Press, Inc. shall have any liability to any
person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the
information contained in it.
BRIEF CONTENTS
Introduction ...................................................................................................................xv
Index .........................................................................................................................253
vi Br ief C on t en ts
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
A CK N O W LE D G M E N T S xiii
I NT R O D U C T I O N xv
1
HO W A N E T W O R K W I L L I M PR O V E Y O U R L IF E 1
What’s a Network? .................................................................................................. 2
Sneakernet .............................................................................................................. 3
Data Networks and What You Can Do with Them ........................................................ 4
File Sharing ................................................................................................ 5
Sharing an Internet Connection ..................................................................... 6
Instant Messages ......................................................................................... 7
Sharing Printers and Other Hardware ............................................................ 7
Home Entertainment .................................................................................... 7
Video Cameras and Home Security Devices ................................................... 8
Home Automation ....................................................................................... 8
2
T Y P E S O F N E T W O R K C O N N E CT IO NS 9
Packets and Headers .............................................................................................. 11
Error Checking .......................................................................................... 13
Handshaking and Overhead ...................................................................... 13
Ethernet ................................................................................................................ 14
Wi-Fi .................................................................................................................... 16
Powerline Networks ................................................................................................ 16
Other Alternative Wiring Methods ............................................................................ 17
DTE and DCE Equipment ......................................................................................... 18
Point-to-Point Networks ............................................................................................ 19
Ad Hoc Wi-Fi ........................................................................................... 20
Infrared .................................................................................................... 20
FireWire (IEEE 1394) ................................................................................ 21
Connections Through a Telephone Line ..................................................................... 21
Remote Terminals ................................................................................................... 23
Clients and Servers ................................................................................................. 23
3
HU B S , S W IT CH E S , AN D R O UT E R S 27
Hubs and Switches ................................................................................................. 28
Hubs ....................................................................................................... 29
Switches .................................................................................................. 30
LANs and WANs ................................................................................................... 31
Bridges and Routers ............................................................................................... 32
Combination Boxes ................................................................................................ 33
4
HO W CO M PU T E R N E T W O R K S AR E O R G A N I ZE D 35
TCP/IP Networks .................................................................................................... 36
Names and Addresses ............................................................................... 36
Network Tools ....................................................................................................... 41
IPConfig ................................................................................................... 41
ifconfig .................................................................................................... 43
ping ........................................................................................................ 43
TraceRoute ............................................................................................... 44
5
D E S I G N I NG Y O U R N E T W O R K 47
Identifying Current and Future Nodes ....................................................................... 48
The Control Center ................................................................................................. 50
Home Run Wiring ..................................................................................... 51
Trunks and Branches: Using Secondary Switches .......................................... 53
What About Wi-Fi? ................................................................................................ 54
6
I NS T AL L IN G T H E NE T W O R K C O N T R O L C E N T E R A N D
ETHERNET CABLES 55
Connectors, Wall Plates, and Surface Boxes .............................................................. 55
Ethernet Cable ....................................................................................................... 56
Pushing Cable Through Walls .................................................................................. 57
The Control Center ................................................................................................. 58
AC Power ................................................................................................ 61
Modems, Routers, and Switches .................................................................. 62
Adding a DSL or Cable Connection ............................................................. 64
Terminating the Network Cables ................................................................. 66
Adding a Telephone .................................................................................. 67
Tabletop Control Centers for Small Networks ............................................................. 67
7
E T H E R N E T N E T W O R K I NT E R F A CE S 69
Built into the Motherboard ....................................................................................... 70
Setting the BIOS Utility ............................................................................... 71
Adding a Network Interface to an Old Computer ....................................................... 72
Internal Expansion Cards ........................................................................... 72
USB Adapters ........................................................................................... 73
Network Adapters for Laptops .................................................................... 73
Finding the Driver Software for Your Adapter ............................................... 74
Status Lights on Network Adapters ........................................................................... 75
viii C on t en t s in D et ai l
8
W I- FI NE T W O R K S 77
Types of Wi-Fi Networks ......................................................................................... 78
Operating Channels ............................................................................................... 79
Access Points ......................................................................................................... 80
Network Interface Adapters ..................................................................................... 81
Adapters Built into Laptops ......................................................................... 81
PC Cards ................................................................................................. 82
USB Adapters .......................................................................................... 83
PCI Cards ................................................................................................ 84
Antennas .................................................................................................. 84
Wi-Fi Control Programs ........................................................................................... 85
Access Point Configuration Programs ........................................................... 85
Wireless Connection Programs ................................................................... 87
Hybrid (Wired-Wireless) Networks ........................................................................... 89
Wi-Fi Security ........................................................................................................ 89
9
F IL E SE R V E R S 93
Choosing a Computer to Use as a File Server ............................................................ 94
Windows, Mac, Linux, or . . . ? ............................................................................... 94
Using a Server for File Storage ................................................................................ 96
Using Network-Attached Storage ............................................................................. 97
USB Device Servers ................................................................................... 99
Apple’s AirPort Extreme ............................................................................. 99
Backing Up Files to a Server .................................................................................. 100
The Windows Backup Program ................................................................. 101
Macintosh Backup Programs ..................................................................... 103
Linux and Unix Backups ........................................................................... 104
Using a Server at Home ........................................................................................ 105
10
C O NN E C T I N G Y O U R N E T W O R K T O T H E I N T E R N E T 107
The Internet: From the Cloud to You ........................................................................ 108
The Modem ............................................................................................ 108
The Gateway Router ................................................................................ 109
Individual Computers ............................................................................... 110
Configuring the Network Gateway ......................................................................... 115
Summary ............................................................................................................. 115
11
C O NN E C T I N G Y O U R C O M P U T E R T O A N E T W O R K 117
Connecting Your Windows Computer to a Network ................................................. 118
Creating a New Network Profile ............................................................... 118
Changing Your Computer’s Network Settings ............................................. 122
Connecting Your Macintosh Computer to a Network ................................................ 124
Connecting Your Linux or Unix Computer to a Network ............................................ 127
Summary ............................................................................................................. 129
C on t en ts in D et ail ix
12
S HA R I N G FI L E S T HR O U G H Y O U R N E T W O R K 131
File Sharing in Windows XP .................................................................................. 132
Level 1 ................................................................................................... 133
Level 2 ................................................................................................... 134
Level 3 ................................................................................................... 135
Level 4 ................................................................................................... 135
Level 5 ................................................................................................... 136
File Sharing in Windows Vista ............................................................................... 136
Network Discovery .................................................................................. 137
File Sharing ............................................................................................ 137
Printer Sharing ........................................................................................ 143
Password Protected Sharing ..................................................................... 143
Media Sharing ....................................................................................... 143
File Sharing on a Macintosh .................................................................................. 143
Connecting a Mac to a Windows (SMB) Network ...................................... 143
Connecting from Older Mac Versions ........................................................ 147
File Sharing in Linux and Unix ............................................................................... 147
Sharing from Linux or Unix Computers ....................................................... 147
Creating Shares on Linux and Unix Computers ........................................... 149
Samba ................................................................................................... 150
Using Shares ....................................................................................................... 150
13
N E TW O R K SE CU RI TY 151
Keeping Intruders Out ........................................................................................... 152
User Accounts and Access Levels .............................................................. 152
Passwords .............................................................................................. 152
Firewalls ................................................................................................ 154
Virtual Private Networks ........................................................................................ 159
VPN Methods ......................................................................................... 161
VPN Servers ........................................................................................... 162
VPN Client Software ................................................................................ 165
VPN Clients for Linux/Unix ....................................................................... 172
OpenVPN: A Cross-Platform Alternative ..................................................... 173
Using a VPN Through a Public Network ..................................................... 173
Wireless Security ................................................................................................. 174
Protecting Your Network and Your Data ..................................................... 176
Network Name ....................................................................................... 177
WEP Encryption ...................................................................................... 179
WPA Encryption ..................................................................................... 182
Access Control (MAC Authentication) ........................................................ 184
Physical Security .................................................................................................. 184
Windows Update and Patches ............................................................................... 185
Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer ...................................................................... 188
Controlling Your Own Users .................................................................................. 189
Denial of Service Attacks ....................................................................................... 189
Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 189
x C on t en ts in D et ai l
14
P R I N T E R S AN D O T HE R D E V IC E S O N Y O UR N E T W O R K 191
How to Connect a Printer to Your Network .............................................................. 192
External Printer Servers ............................................................................ 192
Wi-Fi Printer Servers ................................................................................ 194
Built-In Printer Servers ............................................................................... 194
Automatic Printer Switches ........................................................................ 194
Using a Computer as a Printer Server ........................................................ 195
CUPS: The Common Unix Printing System ............................................................... 199
All-in-One Devices ................................................................................................ 199
15
O T H E R T H I NG S Y O U C AN CO N N E C T T O YO U R
N E T W O R K : A U D IO , V I D E O , HO M E E N T E R T A IN M E N T ,
A ND B E Y O N D 203
Using a Microphone and Camera with Your Network ............................................... 204
Internal and External Controllers ............................................................... 204
Networked Cameras and Microphones ..................................................... 205
Home Entertainment Networks ............................................................................... 206
Music Through a Home Network ............................................................................ 206
Audio Servers ......................................................................................... 207
Audio Clients .......................................................................................... 211
Video Through a Home Network ............................................................................ 215
Video Servers ......................................................................................... 215
TiVo and Other Digital Video Recorders ..................................................... 216
Playing Video on a Computer ................................................................... 218
Connecting a TV to Your Network ............................................................. 218
Game Consoles ................................................................................................... 220
Connecting a PlayStation ......................................................................... 220
Connecting a Wii ................................................................................... 221
Connecting an Xbox 360 ......................................................................... 222
Connecting Home Appliances to Your Network ....................................................... 222
Home Automation ................................................................................................ 223
Remote Sensors and Controls ................................................................................. 223
Bar Code Readers and Remote Data Entry ............................................................... 224
If You Can Convert It to Digits, You Can Put It on the Network ................................... 224
16
O T H E R N E T W O R K AP P L IC A T I O N S 225
Remote Desktop ................................................................................................... 226
Windows Remote Desktop ........................................................................ 226
Virtual Network Computing (VNC) ............................................................ 229
MaxiVista: Adding a Screen .................................................................................. 229
Multiple Monitors .................................................................................... 230
Remote Control ....................................................................................... 232
Synchronizing Files .............................................................................................. 232
C on t en ts in D et ail xi
Instant Messaging and Live Communication ............................................................. 233
Servers vs. Peer-to-Peer Messaging ............................................................ 234
Internet-Based IM Services ........................................................................ 234
Messaging Through a LAN ....................................................................... 235
Messaging Through a Virtual Private Network ............................................ 236
Audio and Video Messaging .................................................................... 237
17
T R O UB L E SH O O T IN G 239
General Troubleshooting Techniques ...................................................................... 240
Define the Problem .................................................................................. 240
Look for Simple Solutions First ................................................................... 241
Isolate the Problem .................................................................................. 243
Retrace Your Steps .................................................................................. 243
Keep Notes ............................................................................................ 244
Viruses and Other Nasties ..................................................................................... 245
Other Common Problems ...................................................................................... 245
Configuration Settings .............................................................................. 246
DHCP Settings: DNS and Default Gateway ................................................ 246
Failed Connection to a Specific Site .......................................................... 246
An Alternate Connection to the Internet ................................................................... 247
The Collective Wisdom of the Internet ..................................................................... 247
Software for Troubleshooting ................................................................................ 248
Network Magic ...................................................................................... 248
Protocol Analyzers .................................................................................. 248
ISP Problems ........................................................................................................ 251
Don’t Panic .......................................................................................................... 251
I ND E X 253
xii C on te nt s i n De ta il
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A book like this is always a collaboration, even if only one author’s name
is on the cover. The book in your hands is a huge improvement over the
original manuscript, thanks to the efforts of editors Tyler Ortman and
Kathleen Mish and copyeditors Eric Newman and LeeAnn Pickrell.
Technical editor Michael Kershaw protected me from embarrassing
technical errors. And compositor Riley Hoffman made this the attractive
book you hold in your hands. Thanks to all of you. Of course, any surviving
errors or unclear descriptions are my own responsibility.
Thanks also to Jim Cavin for allowing me to connect his MacBook to my
network and Tommy Tse for his assistance in obtaining evaluation software
from Microsoft.
And thanks as usual to my agent, Carole McClendon, who started the
wheels turning on this project.
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