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 Chaco’s
Northern Prodigies
Salmon, Aztec, and the Ascendancy of the
Middle San Juan Region After AD 1100

Edited by Paul F. Reed

Chaco’s Northern Prodigies
Chaco’s Northern Prodigies
Salmon, Aztec, and the Ascendancy
of the Middle San Juan Region after AD 1100

Edited by
Paul F. Reed

The University of Utah Press

Salt Lake City
© 2008 by The University of Utah Press. All rights reserved.

The Defiance House Man colophon is a registered trademark of

the University of Utah Press. It is based upon a four-foot-tall
Ancient Puebloan pictograph (late PIII) near Glen Canyon, Utah.

12 11 10 09 08    1 2 3 4 5

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Salmon Working Conference (2004:Farmington, N.M.)

Chaco’s northern prodigies : Salmon, Aztec, and the ascendancy of the
middle San Juan region after ad 1100 / edited by Paul F. Reed.
    p. cm.
Proceedings of the Salmon Working Conference held in Farmington, New
Mexico, in April 2004.
Includes bibliographical references.
isbn 978-0-87480-925-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Salmon Site (N.M.)—
Congresses. 2. Pueblo Indians—New Mexico—Antiquities—Congresses.
3. Pueblo Indians—Material culture—New Mexico—Congresses.
4. Excavations (Archaeology)—New Mexico—Congresses. 5. Pueblo pottery—
New Mexico—Congresses. 6. Plant remains (Archaeology)—New Mexico—
Congresses. I. Reed, Paul F. II. Title.
E78.N65S325 2008
978.9'8201—dc22 2008005508

Printed and bound by Sheridan Books, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

Interior printed on recycled paper with 50% post-consumer content.
 Contents

List of Figures   vii

List of Tables   xi
Preface   xiii

Part 1: Introduction
1. Setting the Stage: A Reconsideration of Salmon, Aztec, and the Middle San Juan Region
in Chacoan and Post-Chacoan Puebloan History   3
Paul F. Reed

Part 2: Salmon Pueblo

2. Salmon Ruins: Architecture and Development of a Chacoan Satellite
on the San Juan River   29
Larry L. Baker

3. Salmon Pueblo as a Ritual and Residential Chacoan Great House   42

Paul F. Reed

Part 3: Material Culture Analyses: Salmon Pueblo

4. Subsistence and Plant Use During the Chacoan and Secondary Occupations
at Salmon Ruin   65
Karen R. Adams

5. Parasite Pathoecology of Salmon Pueblo and Other Chacoan Great Houses:

The Healthiest and Wormiest Ancestral Puebloans   86
Karl J. Reinhard

6. Animal Bone from Salmon Ruins and Other Great Houses:

Faunal Exploitation in the Chaco World   96
Kathy Roler Durand and Stephen R. Durand

7. Sighting Along the Grain: Differential Structural Wood Use at the Salmon Ruin   113
Thomas C. Windes and Eileen Bacha

8. Human Remains Recovered from the Tower Kiva at Salmon Ruins   140
Nancy J. Akins

v
Part 4: Material Culture Analyses: Across the Middle San Juan
9. An Initial Assessment of Perishable Relationships Among Salmon, Aztec,
and Chaco Canyon   167
Laurie D. Webster

10. Ceramics of the Middle San Juan Region: Potters, Recipes, and Varieties   190
Lori Stephens Reed

Part 5: New R esearch in the Middle San Juan R egion

11. Puebloan Communities on the South Side of the Middle San Juan River   209
Linda Wheelbarger

12. Animas Anamnesis: Aztec Ruins or Anasazi Capital?   231

Gary M. Brown, Thomas C. Windes, and Peter J. McKenna

13. Comparing Great House Architecture: Perspectives from the Bluff Great House   251
Catherine M. Cameron

Part 6: Sy nthetic Views of the Middle San Juan R egion

14. Chacoan Society: The View from Salmon Ruins   273
Cynthia Irwin-Williams

15. The Position of Salmon Ruins in the Middle San Juan, ad 1000–1300:
A Perspective from Ceramic Design Structure   284
Dorothy Washburn

16. The La Plata, the Totah, and the Chaco: Variations on a Theme   309
H. Wolcott Toll

17. Sacred Landscapes: The Chaco-Totah Connection   334

Ruth M. Van Dyke

Part 7: F rom the Outside: Salmon and the Middle San Juan R egion
in a Larger Context
18. Population Dynamics among Salmon’s Northern Neighbors
in the Central Mesa Verde Region   351
Mark D. Varien, Scott G. Ortman, Susan C. Ryan, and Kristin A. Kuckelman

19. The Middle San Juan and Chaco Canyon   366

R. Gwinn Vivian

Part 8: Conclusion
20. Prodigy, Rebel, or Stepchild? The Middle San Juan Region vis-à-vis Chaco Canyon   379
Paul F. Reed

References   389
Contributors   429
Index   431
vi
 Figures

1.1. Map of the Middle San Juan region   4 3.9. Map of Salmon showing Chacoan rooms
1.2. Timothy O’Sullivan photo of Salmon with trash strata   55
Pueblo   9 3.10. Map of Salmon showing Chacoan rooms
1.3. O’Sullivan photo of Salmon Pueblo   15 with burials   56
2.1. Location of Salmon Ruins in northwest 3.11. Distribution of co-occurring residential
New Mexico   31 features in Chacoan rooms at
2.2. Location of rooms with early tree-ring dates Salmon   59
in Salmon’s east wing   32 3.12. Map of Salmon showing Chacoan rooms
2.3. Rooms with at least two T-shaped with co-occurring residential
doorways   33 features   60
2.4. Abutments and continuous wall sections 5.1. Diagram showing the wide spectrum
of Salmon Pueblo   34 of parasites that infected ancestral
2.5. Astronomical observations and architec- Puebloans   87
tural reference points at Salmon 5.2. Map showing variation in percentages
Pueblo   36 of pinworm parasitism among ancestral
2.6. Reconstructed Palmer Drought Severity Pueblo villages    88
Index (PDSI) values for Chaco Canyon, 5.3. Diagram showing modes of pinworm
ad 1000–1100   39 transmission to human hosts   88
2.7. Comparison of forms and ground plans 5.4. Graph comparing pinworm parasitism
of Salmon Pueblo and Hungo Pavi   40 with porotic hyperostosis prevalence for
3.1. Map showing Chacoan (Primary) occupa- several southwestern locales   89
tion at Salmon Pueblo   46 6.1. Locations of sites and localities in the
3.2. Distribution of Chacoan floor hearths at San Juan Basin and the Four Corners
Salmon Pueblo   48 region discussed in the text   97
3.3. Map of Salmon showing Chacoan rooms 6.2. Generalized ground plan of Salmon
with hearths   49 Ruin   99
3.4. Distribution of Chacoan milling bins at 6.3. Turkey burial from Room 100   106
Salmon Pueblo   50 6.4. The second turkey burial from
3.5. Map of Salmon showing Chacoan rooms Room 100   107
with milling bins   51 6.5. The relationship between sample size
3.6. Distribution of storage features in Chacoan and diversity of all fauna taxa    108
rooms at Salmon Pueblo   52 6.6. The relationship between sample size
3.7. Map of Salmon showing Chacoan rooms and diversity of ritual fauna   109
with storage features    53 7.1. The region around Salmon Ruins showing
3.8. Distribution of trash deposits in Chacoan major drainages and the closest stands of
rooms and units at Salmon Pueblo   54 trees for construction   118

vii
 Figures

7.2. Tree species used in the Chacoan construc- 10.6. Example of Northern San Juan Mancos
tion of Salmon Ruin    119 Black-on-white (Dogoszhi style) Animas
7.3. Beam end treatments recorded at Variety and McElmo Black-on-white
Salmon Ruin   121 Animas Variety from Salmon Ruins   201
7.4. Profiles of the west and east walls of 10.7. Distribution of slip types for Cibola
Room 62   122 Animas Variety Pueblo II and III
7.5. Collapsed roofing in Room 118   124 bowls from Salmon, Aztec, and the
7.6. Tree-ring dates from Salmon Ruin   125 Tommy site   202
7.7. Map of Salmon showing probable third- 10.8. Cibola Chaco Black-on-white Animas
story additions   126 Variety bowl   203
8.1. Distribution of subadult remains in the 11.1. View of the B-Square Ranch from the
Tower Kiva at Salmon   144 Point site   210
8.2. Distribution of burning for subadult 11.2. Boundaries of the B-Square Ranch   211
remains   144 11.3. Puebloan communities on the south
8.3. Distribution of mature remains   160 side of the middle San Juan River   212
8.4. Distribution of burning for mature 11.4. Plan view of the Fort site   214
remains   160 11.5. Photograph of the Fort site   215
9.1. Coiled baskets   170 11.6. Photograph of Needle Rock   217
9.2. Plaited ring baskets   171 11.7. Plan view of the Tommy site   218
9.3. Plaited sandals   172 11.8. Plan view of the major roomblock
9.4. Twined sandals   173 at the Tommy site   219
9.5. Cotton fabrics and looped turkey feather 11.9. View of the Point site, looking northwest
shoe-socks   174 over site area on bench   220
9.6. Painted and turquoise-covered coiled 11.10. Bolack’s plan view of Mine Canyon   224
baskets   178 12.1. Distribution of tree-ring dates from Aztec
9.7. Plaited pouches   180 West Ruin   234
9.8. Twined reed objects   181 12.2. Distribution of tree-ring dates from Aztec
9.9. Fabric-wrapped bundles   182 East Ruin   235
9.10. Weaving tools   185 12.3. Plan maps of Aztec West Ruin and Salmon
10.1. Scatter plot showing ICP signature group Ruin at time of ultimate construction,
membership   195 ad 1200s   236
10.2. Distribution of paint types for Northern 12.4. Late Bonito phase construction sequence
San Juan Animas Variety Pueblo II at Aztec West   239
bowls from Salmon, Aztec, and the 12.5. McElmo phase construction sequence
Tommy site   198 and major remodeling at Aztec
10.3. Distribution of paint types for Northern West   241
San Juan Animas Variety Pueblo III 12.6. Mesa Verde phase construction and major
bowls from Salmon, Aztec, and the remodeling at Aztec West   243
Tommy site   199 12.7. Plan map of Aztec East Ruin showing
10.4. Distribution of paint types for Cibola pattern of latest tree-ring dates within
Animas Variety Pueblo II and III bowls individual structures   244
from Salmon, Aztec, and the 12.8. Distribution of sites in the main Aztec
Tommy site   200 Ruins complex and on the Pleistocene
10.5. Distribution of slip type for Northern terrace to the north   246
San Juan Animas Variety Pueblo II bowls 12.9. Schematic depiction of symmetrical layout
from Salmon, Aztec, and the of major architectural features in the main
Tommy site   201 Aztec Ruins site complex   247

viii
 Figures

13.1. Map of the northern Southwest showing 15.7. Local San Juan simplification of the
the locations of excavated great Chacoan design system   295
houses   252 15.8. Graph of the use of p112 and p1a1 symme-
13.2. Map of the Bluff great house site   253 tries at Salmon and Aztec West, and at
13.3. Map of the Bluff great house showing Mug House and Long House   302
the location of excavation units and 15.9. Designs showing element and motif variety
walls   254 but homogeneity in p112 structure from
13.4. Plan view of the Bluff great house showing Salmon’s Secondary occupation   303
two construction episodes   255 15.10. Two popular p1a1 motif combinations at
13.5. Photo of edge-flaked or “scabbled” masonry Salmon and Aztec West   304
from the western section of the Bluff 15.11. One-dimensional p1a1 pattern (a) that
great house   256 results from truncation of the two-
13.6. Core-and-veneer wall at the Bluff great dimensional­pgg pattern (b)(after Zaslow
house   257 1977: Figure 4)   305
13.7. Kiva roof construction methods for Chaco 16.1. Map of the Totah region in the ad 1000s
style domed roofs and Mesa Verde style through 1200s   312
cribbed roofs   259 16.2. Map showing locations of great houses
13.8. Plan views of Wijiji in Chaco Canyon, in the La Plata Valley and communities
Ida Jean Ruin, and Wallace Ruin   261 defined during the La Plata Highway
13.9. Plan views of Salmon Ruins and Aztec Project   330
West, the largest great houses outside of 17.1. Map of the Middle San Juan and northern
Chaco Canyon   262 Chacoan world   335
13.10. Plan views of Tsin Kletzin and Kin Kletso in 17.2. Aerial photo of Salmon Pueblo   340
Chaco Canyon and Escalante and Morris 17.3. Stein and McKenna’s (1988) map of the
39, termed McElmo style buildings   263 Aztec ritual landscape   342
13.11. Plan view of Chimney Rock Pueblo in the 17.4. Plan views of McElmo great houses
far eastern portion of the Northern San in Chaco   345
Juan region   264 17.5. Photo of Kin Ya’a   347
13.12. Plan views of Edge of the Cedars, Far View, 18.1. Map of the Northern San Juan
and Lowry Ruins in the Northern San Juan region   352
region   265 18.2. Map showing locations of surveys in the
15.1. Designs displaying element and motif study area for the Village Ecodynamics
variety but structural homogeneity in Project   353
the local San Juan design system   289 18.3. Momentary population estimates for the
15.2. Examples of the limited pattern and study area   354
symmetry repertoire of the Chaco design 18.4. Maps showing the intensity of occupation
system   291 at Yellow Jacket Pueblo during four
15.3. Mistakes in executing the Chaco design successive time periods   361
system   292 18.5. Map of the visible architectural remains and
15.4. Chaco Black-on-white p2 pattern on electrical resistivity anomalies at Albert
cylinder jar from Pueblo Bonito   292 Porter Pueblo   363
15.5. Chaco Black-on-white p112 pattern on 18.6. Plan view of the great house at Albert Porter
cylinder jar   293 Pueblo showing structures mentioned in
15.6. Chaco Black-on-white pm pattern on the text   364
cylinder jar   293

ix
 Tables

1.1. Scholars associated with the Salmon 7.2. Construction wood recovered from historic
Research Initiative and the Salmon sites in the Salmon region   117
Working Conference   5 7.3. Unanalyzed dendrochronological
1.2. Chronological sequences used in the samples from the Salmon excavations
Middle San Juan region   18 of 1972   120
2.1. Astronomical observations and architec- 7.4. Construction elements and total trees
tural reference points at Salmon needed for the initial and secondary
Pueblo   37 constructions at Salmon Ruin   123
3.1. Generic categories used in Salmon feature 7.5. Use of tree species in the architectural core
analysis   48 units at Salmon and Aztec West   128
3.2. Chacoan age trash pit features at Salmon 7.6. Tree harvest periods by species and selected
Pueblo   54 years   132
3.3. Estimated Salmon population and deaths 8.1. Subadult remains by age from the Tower
by period   58 Kiva at Salmon   145
4.1. Publications and master’s theses 8.2. Summary of immature remains recovered
focusing on plant remains from Salmon from the Tower Kiva   153
Ruin   66 8.3. Age and completeness of subadult remains
4.2. Methodological contributions to the from the Tower Kiva   156
ethnobotany of Salmon Ruin   67 8.4. Distribution of elements of mature remains
4.3. Plant taxa identified from Salmon from the Tower Kiva   157
Ruin   70 8.5. Comparison of age distributions of Tower
6.1. References for sites included in this Kiva remains and inhumations   159
study   98 8.6. Tower Kiva cumulative age proportions
6.2. Dietary fauna from Chacoan sites   99 compared to other Southwest
6.3. Artiodactyl, lagomorph, and turkey populations   159
indices   100 8.7. Age by predominant burn type from the
6.4. NISP data and indices for selected sites in Tower Kiva   161
the Sand Canyon region   101 8.8. Comparison of burn types on Skeleton 34
6.5. Salmon Ruin strata with eggshell and faunal assemblages from burned roofs
present   102 at LA 6170   162
6.6. Summary of macaw and turkey burials at 9.1. Worked-fiber artifacts from Chaco Canyon,
Salmon Ruin   105 the West Ruin of Aztec, and Salmon
7.1. Construction wood recovered from Pueblo   175
prehistoric small sites in the Salmon region, 10.1. Local and imported varieties of the
ad 600s–1500s   116 Northern San Juan and Cibola ceramic

xi
 Tables

traditions in the Middle San Juan 15.1. Comparison of one- and two-dimensional
region   197 design symmetries at Salmon and
11.1. Tommy site decorated ceramic Aztec   290
counts   221 15.2. Sample of Chaco wares with classifiable
12.1. Chronology of Puebloan occupation at symmetries from the Primary occupations
Aztec Ruins   233 of Salmon and Aztec   294
12.2. Main stages in architectural evolution at 15.3. Distribution at Salmon of axial categories
Aztec West   237 by ceramic type   300
12.3. Outer ring classification on twelfth-century 15.4. Comparison of one-dimensional symme-
cutting and near-cutting dates from Aztec tries on Secondary occupation ceramics
East   249 from San Juan and Mesa Verde sites   301
13.1. Great house layout styles and number 16.1. La Plata Highway Project sites by compo-
of Chaco era and post–Chaco era nent age assignments   310
kivas   260 16.2. Material occurrences by period at La Plata
13.2. Internal characteristics of great house small sites, Chaco small sites, and Pueblo
Chaco era kivas   267 Alto   316

xii
 Preface

The chapters in this volume flow from the Salmon the most descrip­tive label. Cynthia proposed an
Working Conference, convened in Farmington, explicit colonization model for the founding of
New Mexico, in April 2004. I organized the con- Salmon by Chacoan migrants, and she also inspired
ference with the primary goal of gathering archae- and touched scores of people during her short 54
ologists working in the Middle San Juan region years of life. Many of the contributors to this vol-
to explore and discuss renewed archaeological ume are former students of Cynthia or worked
research over the last 10 years. I also invited con- with her in the field at Salmon: Karen ­Adams,
ference discussants with extensive knowledge of Larry Baker, Gary Brown, Cathy Cameron, Steve
Chacoan and Puebloan archaeology. The result was Durand, Steve Lekson, ­Peter ­McKenna, Karl Rein-
a dynamic meeting of minds, with much consensus hard, and ­Dorothy Washburn.
but also much debate. It is my hope that this vol- The Center for Desert Archaeology and Salmon
ume re-creates for readers the lively discourse at the Ruins have supported new research at Salmon and
conference in its presentation of the latest findings across the Middle San Juan region for more than six
of Middle San Juan archaeology. As the final, syn- years. In addition, the Center funded the Salmon
thetic part of the original Salmon Research Initia- Working Conference and the research that went
tive, this volume builds upon the original Salmon into this publication. I thank Bill Doelle and Linda
research from the 1970s and the three-volume, Pierce, and other Center staff, for their encour-
comprehensive Salmon report completed in July agement and assistance over the last several years.
2006, Thirty-Five Years of Archaeological Research Doug Gann of the Center created the digital recon-
at Salmon Ruins, New Mexico (edited by P. Reed), structions of Salmon Pueblo and the Salmon site
published jointly by the Center for Desert Archae- maps used in this book. Catherine Gilman of the
ology and Salmon Ruin Museum. Desert Archaeology Center drafted several addi-
Much of the research discussed in this volume tional maps. Larry Baker, Salmon’s executive direc-
originated because of the foresight, brilliance, and tor, deserves my hearty thanks for encouraging and
persistence of Cynthia Irwin-Williams. Over the supporting renewed research at Salmon and across
last six years, I have come to a great appreciation the Middle San Juan over the last six years. Other
for Cynthia’s ideas about Salmon and the Middle Salmon staff and volunteers helped with this effort,
San Juan region. I think she correctly identified including Diane Hayden, Nancy Sweet Espinosa,
many of the region’s core research issues. She also Marissa Miller, and the late Jim Snyder.
coined the term Chaco Phenomenon. Although it My work at Salmon has benefited from ex-
is now out of vogue—having been replaced over tended conversations with the following archaeo-
the years by Chaco System, Chaco World, Chaco logical colleagues: Larry Baker, Gary Brown, Steve
­Experience, and others—in my mind it may be Durand, Kathy Roler Durand, Lori Stephens Reed,

xiii
 Preface

Dorothy Washburn, Laurie Webster, and Tom Alexis Mills tackled the thankless job of editing
Windes. I wish to thank all the volume authors for this enormous volume, doing her usual magic and
preparing and revising their chapters several times producing an excellent manuscript. John Herbert
and sticking with the publication schedule. Our and his University of Utah Press staff carried the
work in this volume has benefited from reviews by project to completion with great skill, resulting in a
Chuck Riggs and Carroll Riley. During the confer- high-quality book.
ence, Gwinn Vivian and Linda Cordell served as Finally, I thank my wife, Tristan Kwiecinski, for
discussants. Linda was not able to contribute writ- her help with editing and reference chasing, and
ten insights to this volume, but Gwinn’s discerning her unflagging support and love throughout this
comments appear in Chapter 19. I thank Gwinn and long process.
Linda for helping me and the other authors stay on
track and keep our Middle San Juan research prop- Paul F. Reed
erly grounded in the larger Southwest. January 2008

xiv
 Pa rt 1

Introduction
 1

Setting the Stage

A Reconsideration of Salmon, Aztec, and the Middle San Juan
Region in Chacoan and Post-Chacoan Puebloan History

Paul F. Reed

In the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, the and Salmon Ruins Museum), we prefer the lon-
ancient pueblos at Aztec and Salmon in the ­Middle ger, more inclusive, and neutral term: “Middle San
San Juan region rapidly emerged as population and Juan region.” The boundaries of this region go well
political centers during the closing stages of Chaco beyond the area outlined by Toll (this volume) and
Canyon’s ascendancy. Some archaeologists have at- others as the “Totah.” Figure 1.1 shows the Middle
tributed the development of these centers to mi- San Juan region and the locations of Aztec, Salmon,
gration and colonization by people from Chaco and other ancient Puebloan communities.
Canyon, 75 km to the south (e.g., Irwin‑Williams The ruins of Salmon Pueblo lie on the north
and Shelley 1980; Morris 1915). Others have sug- bank of the San Juan River, approximately 3.5 km
gested that the so‑called Chacoan “system” was west of Bloomfield and 15 km east of Farmington,
largely the result of emulation of Chacoan charac- New Mexico. Salmon Pueblo was constructed as a
teristics by local groups in outlying areas (e.g., Van Chacoan outlier in ad 1090 with at least 275 origi-
Dyke 1999; papers in Kantner and Mahoney 2000). nal rooms, an elevated kiva in its central roomblock,
Research over the last five years in the ­Middle San and a great kiva in its plaza. The Chacoan occupa-
Juan region suggests that both of these processes tion lasted into the 1120s. Subsequent use by local
were operating: some sites (e.g., Salmon and Az- San Juan populations (from the mid-1100s through
tec) exhibit architecture, ceramics, and other mate- the late 1200s) resulted in extensive modification
rial culture that support direct Chacoan migration. to the original building, with use of approximately
Other sites seem to reflect local choices to emulate 200 room spaces, subdivision of original large,
Chacoan culture but do not contain clear Chacoan Chacoan rooms, and emplacement of more than 25
hallmarks (e.g., fine Chacoan banded masonry). small kivas into rooms and the plaza. Occupation
The chapters in this volume explore this issue, as of Salmon during this San Juan period continued
well as many others, as the authors detail the latest until the late 1280s or 1290s, when a catastrophic
findings regarding the Chacoan and post-Chacoan fire terminated the use-life of the pueblo.
archaeology of Salmon, Aztec, and the Middle San Through a partnership with the San Juan
Juan region. County Museum Association, the Salmon site
Some archaeologists use the Navajo name Totah was excavated in the 1970s by Dr. Cynthia Irwin-
to describe the ancient Puebloan homeland in the Williams, her colleagues, staff, and students from
Middle San Juan region (McKenna and Toll 2001; Eastern New Mexico University. Approximately
Toll, Wheelbarger, this volume). For the research 30 percent of the site was excavated by field school
reported in this volume (as well as other projects crews, paid professionals, and local volunteers. In
completed by the Center for Desert Archaeology all, more than 700 individuals participated in the

3
 Paul F. Reed

Figure 1.1. Map of the Middle San Juan region in relation to Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde.

fieldwork. Concurrent with the field operations, a multiyear partnership to renew the research po-
laboratories were operated on the premises to wash, tential of the Salmon site. The Salmon Project, part
catalog, and rough-sort artifacts and samples. More of the Center’s Heritage Southwest Project, was in-
than 1.5 million artifacts and samples were recov- tended to bring to fruition to the great effort put
ered from Salmon. In 1980, Irwin-Williams and co- forth by Irwin‑Williams and her staff during the
principal investigator Phillip Shelley compiled and 1970s. A major thrust of the research effort involved
edited a five-volume report to the funding agen- a new look at Salmon Pueblo, not only as a Chacoan
cies (including the National Science Foundation, outlier, but in its regional, thirteenth‑century­Mid-
the National Endowment for the Humanities, and dle San Juan context as well. Publication of a multi-
the Four Corners Regional Commission, among volume technical report and a synthetic, summary
­others; Irwin-Williams and Shelley 1980). Al- volume was the primary goal of the new Salmon
though comprehensive and voluminous, the 1980 Project. The three-volume technical report is pub-
report was assembled quickly, with incomplete ed- lished and available (P. Reed 2006a); this volume
iting, and its distribution was extremely limited. is the synthetic portion. An additional goal of the
Only 100 copies were printed and distributed, pri- Center-Salmon partnership involved reassessment
marily to universities and research libraries. of Middle San Juan Pueblo archaeology and its role
In the summer of 2001, the Center for Desert in the Chacoan and post-Chacoan worlds.
Archaeology and Salmon Ruins Museum initiated To achieve these research and publication goals,

4
 Setting the Stage

Table 1.1. Scholars Associated with the Salmon Research Initiative and the Salmon Working Conference

Salmon Original
Current Salmon Conference Salmon
Name Specialty Researcher Attendee Project
Karen Adams ethnobotany yes yes yes
Nancy Akins osteology yes yes no
Larry Baker architecture yes yes yes
Gary Brown Aztec Ruins architecture no yes yes
Cathy Cameron Bluff site, Chaco no yes yes
Linda Cordell Puebloan archaeology no yes no
Kathy Roler Durand faunal remains, Chaco yes yes no
Steve Durand faunal remains, Chaco yes no yes
Jeff Eighmy archaeomagnetism yes no no
Nancy Espinosa osteology, curation yes yes no
Hayward Franklin Sterling, ceramics no yes yes
Cynthia Irwin-Williams­ Salmon, Chaco no no yes
Steve Lekson Chaco, big picture no yes yes
Peter McKenna Sterling, ceramics no yes no
Tori Myers ceramics yes no no
Lori Stephens Reed ceramics yes yes no
Paul Reed Salmon, Middle San Juan yes yes no
Karl Reinhard coprolites yes yes yes
H. Wolcott Toll La Plata, Chaco no yes no
Ruth Van Dyke Chaco no yes no
Mark Varien northern San Juan no yes no
Gwinn Vivian Chacoan archaeology no yes no
Dorothy Washburn ceramic symmetry yes yes yes
Laurie Webster textiles, perishables yes yes no
Tom Windes wood, tree-ring dating yes yes no

I recruited two groups of scholars: one group to re- presented by the group of outside scholars working
search different aspects of Salmon’s archaeological across the Middle San Juan region (and beyond). A
record, and a second group of outside researchers to central goal of the Salmon Conference was to pro-
contribute data and interpretation of the surround- vide a forum for extended discussion of research
ing Middle San Juan region (Table 1.1). Four years of issues critical to understanding Middle San Juan
work by these two groups of contributors resulted Pueblo archaeology. Extended presentation and
in this synthetic volume, interpreting 35 years of re- discussion windows allowed these interactions to
search at Salmon Ruins, as well as reassessing and take wing. The result was an invigorating seminar,
reinterpreting the ancient Pueblo II–III occupa- going well beyond the basics of a standard confer-
tion of the Middle San Juan region. To set the stage ence. After the conference, participants were asked
for this volume, the Salmon Working Conference to revise their papers in light of the ongoing discus-
was convened in April 2004 in Farmington, New sions and submit finished manuscripts. Except for a
Mexico. Invited scholars presented papers on a va- paper by the late Cynthia Irwin‑Williams (a combi-
riety of topics; more than half of them focused di- nation of her work from 1980 and 1983), the chap-
rectly on aspects of Salmon’s archaeology, history, ters in the book are new, original compositions.
and material culture. The remaining papers were I want to introduce this volume by discussing

5
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