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monumentality in et uscan and ea ly oman a chitectu e

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THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
MONUMENTALITY
IN ETRUSCAN
AND
EARLY ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE
IDEOLOGY AND
INNOVATION
Edited by Michael L. Thomas and Gretchen E. Meyers
Afterword by Ingrid E. M. Edlund-Berry

university of texas press austin

Thomas_5706_BK.indb iii 7/1/12 5:01 PM


This book has been supported by an endowment
dedicated to classics and the ancient world and
funded by the Areté Foundation; the Gladys Krieble
Delmas Foundation; the Dougherty Foundation;
the James R. Dougherty, Jr. Foundation; the Rachael
and Ben Vaughan Foundation; and the National
Endowment for the Humanities.

Copyright © 2012 by the University of Texas Press


All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
First edition, 2012

Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to:
Permissions
University of Texas Press
P.O. Box 7819
Austin, TX 78713-7819
www.utexas.edu/utpress/about/bpermission.html

The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992
(r1997) (Permanence of Paper).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Monumentality in Etruscan and early Roman architecture : ideology and innovation /


edited by Michael L. Thomas and Gretchen E. Meyers.
p cm
Includes bibliography and index.
isbn 978-0-292-73888-1 (cloth : alk. paper) —
1. Architecture, Etruscan. 2. Architecture, Roman—Italy, Central. i. Thomas, Michael
L., 1966— editor of compilation. ii. Meyers, Gretchen E., 1970— author, editor of com-
pilation. iii. Edlund-Berry, Ingrid E. M., author, honouree.
na300.m66 2012
722'.7—dc23 2011048877

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fo ingid

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THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
contents

preface ix
Michael L. Thomas
acknowledgments xi
note on abbreviations xiii

i introduction 1
The Experience of Monumentality in
Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture
Gretchen E. Meyers

ii straw to stone, huts to houses 21


Transitions in Building Practices
and Society in Protohistoric Latium
Elizabeth Colantoni

iii the performance of death 41


Monumentality, Burial Practice, and
Community Identity in Central Italy’s
Urbanizing Period
Anthony Tuck

iv monumentalization of the 61
etruscan round moulding in
sixth-century bce central italy
Nancy A. Winter

v monumental embodiment 82
Somatic Symbolism and the Tuscan Temple
P. Gregory Warden

Thomas_5706_BK.indb vii 7/1/12 5:01 PM


vi the capitoline temple and the 111
effects of monumentality on
roman temple design
John N. Hopkins

vii on the introduction of stone 139


entablatures in republican
temples in rome
Penelope J. E. Davies

afterword reflections 166


Ingrid E. M. Edlund-Berry

about the contributors 175


index 179

v iii contents

Thomas_5706_BK.indb viii 7/1/12 5:01 PM


peface

One needs only to drive Italy’s A1 autostrada


from Florence to Rome to experience an unrivaled combination of stunning land-
scape and historical place. The route takes one past ancient hill towns that have
occupied the same perches for millennia. The approach to Orvieto affords one of
the most stunning views of the trip. At one time an Etruscan temple occupied a
conspicuous position at the edge of the town and was undoubtedly visible to those
approaching from below. Today the massive Orvieto cathedral—most likely built
on top of another Etruscan temple—dominates the skyline, its unmistakable sil-
houette punctuating the view from the A1.
As one enters Rome, especially when approaching the historical center, such
scale is even more prevalent. Buildings such as the Flavian Amphitheater, Trajan’s
Forum, Hadrian’s Temple of Venus and Rome, and the Basilica of Maxentius—to
name just a few—make it clear that in imperial Rome scale, and the technical in-
novation required to construct such immense buildings, was a central theme in
architectural design. These structures have left a mark on the city even today, and
it would be hard to argue that scale was not part of their original message, a design
component that added grandeur both to the patron and to Rome’s cityscape. The
modern viewer sees these buildings as monumental, but as my co-editor points out
in the first essay of this book, there is no Latin equivalent of the word “monumen-
tal.” Walking through the imperial city, ancient Romans experienced monumental-
ity every day, even though they did not know it as such.
The concern with scale and architecture did not start in Rome; like so many
other aspects of classical culture, monumental building design had its origins in
the ancient Near East and in Egypt. Yet the monumentality that dominated the
cityscape of imperial Rome was also very much indebted to an Italic tradition of
large-scale architecture that can be traced back to the Etruscans. What factors
drove the emergence of scale as a defining element of architecture in ancient Italy?
At the most basic level, it seems that nearly all ancient societies—including those in
Italy—utilized massive structures to create emphatic markers, markers that defined
both place and patron. Often this architectural evolution toward monumentality is
seen as a reflection of the changing social and political strategies of those who com-

Thomas_5706_BK.indb ix 7/1/12 5:01 PM


missioned large-scale buildings, in most cases ruling elites. These factors, and their
influence on the origins and development of Etruscan and Roman monumental
architecture, are the focus of this volume.
The impetus for exploring this theme was the retirement of Ingrid Edlund-
Berry, professor of classics at the University of Texas at Austin, whose career—
monumental in itself—has spanned almost four decades. Gretchen Meyers and I
organized a colloquium in her honor for the annual meeting of the Archaeological
Institute of America in 2009. As both a professor and a mentor, Ingrid Edlund-
Berry has played an integral role in our understanding of ancient Italy. A unify-
ing theme of her work—whether it be the acroteria of Poggio Civitate, Etruscan
and Republican Roman architectural mouldings, or sanctuaries in Etruria—has
been the construction and message of monumental architecture. Thus the theme
of monumentality made a fitting tribute. Through a variety of methodologies, six
colloquium participants—Gretchen Meyers, Elizabeth Colantoni, Anthony Tuck,
Nancy Winter, John Hopkins, and Penelope Davies—analyzed the ideological and
technical aspects of architectural monumentality. Greg Warden, the colloquium’s
discussant, reassessed the themes of ideology and innovation, with particular at-
tention to monumentality as a central characteristic in the architectural traditions
of Etruria and Rome.
The overwhelming response to the colloquium led to the publication of this
volume. This collection of papers makes a compelling case that within a wide
chronological span, monumental architecture emerged in early Italy as a product
of both technical innovation and adapted strategies for communicating power and
ideology. Like the drive down the A1, the essays move through Etruria, Latium, and
into Rome, the areas at the center of Ingrid Edlund-Berry’s research. She offers her
own reflections on monumentality in the afterword.

Michael L. Thomas

Thomas_5706_BK.indb x 7/1/12 5:01 PM


acknowledgments

The editors wish to begin by thanking each of


the individual contributors to this volume, all of whom responded eagerly to our
initial invitation to participate in an AIA colloquium on the topic of Etruscan and
early Roman monumentality. It has been a privilege to work with such professional
and enthusiastic colleagues. In addition we both owe a particular debt to Ingrid
Edlund-Berry. We hope that this collection of insightful essays stands as a fitting
tribute to such a dedicated mentor and scholar.
We have been very fortunate to work with Jim Burr at the University of Texas
Press, who has been invaluable both in his support of the project and in his guid-
ance in the publication process; we thank Leslie Tingle and Kerri Cox Sullivan for
their editorial help. We are also grateful to Judith Chien and Kristen Scott for their
assistance in the preparation of the final manuscript.
Finally, as always, we thank our colleagues and families for their encouragement.

Thomas_5706_BK.indb xi 7/1/12 5:01 PM


THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
note on abbeviations

All abbreviations of modern journals and


books and ancient sources conform to the guidelines outlined in the American
Journal of Archaeology 104 (2000), 10–24.

Thomas_5706_BK.indb xiii 7/1/12 5:01 PM


THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
monumentality in et uscan and ea ly oman a chitectu e

Thomas_5706_BK.indb xv 7/1/12 5:01 PM


THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
i intoduction
the expe ience of monumentality in
et uscan and ea ly oman a chitectu e

g etchen e. meye s

A monument is intended to call forth fear or wonder


in the observer: to remind him of the antiquity of
the dynasty, the power of the regime, the wealth of
the community, the truth of its ideology, or of some
event—a military victory or successful revolution—
that demonstrated such wealth, power, or truth.

—D. J. Olsen, The City as a Work of Art

Every society builds, and many, if not all, soci-


eties utilize architectural structures as markers to define place, patron, or expe-
rience. Often we identify these architectural markers as “monuments” or “mon-
umental” buildings. Ancient Rome, in particular, is a society recognized for the
monumentality of its buildings, with landmarks such as the Colosseum, the Pan-
theon, and the massive Imperial bath complexes still dominating the Eternal City’s
urban landscape. While few would deny that the term “monumental” is appropri-
ate for ancient Roman architecture, the nature of this characterization is rarely con-
sidered very carefully. What is “monumental” about Roman architecture? Is it the
size of the buildings? Or is it the splendor of the exterior materials? Does “monu-
mentality” infer great expenditure of time and resources in construction? Must a
monument be visible to many, or only to a few? The answers to such questions are
often taken for granted in discussions of Roman architecture, and as a result the
characterization of Roman architecture as “monumental” has become common-
place and somewhat diluted.
This volume reconsiders the technical and ideological components of monu-
mental building in Etruscan and early Roman architecture. Imperial monumental-
ity may be self-evident, but the early origins of ancient Roman monumentality are
difficult to pinpoint. As with many aspects of Roman architecture, it is necessary
to trace the lineage of monumental practice back through the earliest buildings in
Rome to nearby Etruria. Since the first publication of Axel Böethius’s work in 1970,

Thomas_5706_BK.indb 1 7/1/12 5:01 PM


scholars have recognized that Etruscan architecture and early Roman architecture
are closely related.1 Therefore, in order to study the emergence of monumentality
as building practice in ancient Italy, one must begin in Etruria and the pre-Roman
cultures of Italy. The papers of this volume focus on this crucial period before the
zenith of Imperial Roman building and explore the emergence of monumentality
as a product of evolving technical innovation and adapted strategies to communi-
cate power and ideology. Much as architects do today, ancient Etruscans and Ro-
mans were able to distinguish the monumental from the ordinary through employ-
ment of the concepts of durability, visibility, and commemoration.

Monumentality in Etruscan Architecture

It would be difficult to argue that a single


type of building epitomizes the earliest monumental experience in ancient Italy.
However, two types of structures from Etruria are often designated as “monumen-
tal” early on. The first are the monumental tumulus tombs dating to the Oriental-
izing period in Cerveteri,2 and the second are the “monumental complexes,” some-
times referred to as palazzi,3 also originating in the Orientalizing period and in
use during the Archaic period; this second architectural form does not appear to
continue in central Italy beyond this time.
Although the remains of several central Italic buildings have been classified
under this nomenclature,4 the building type has largely been defined by two domi-
nant examples: the Archaic Building at Poggio Civitate (Murlo) (fig. 1.1) and the
building from the monumental area of Zone F at Acquarossa (fig. 1.2). These struc-
tures share a number of physical similarities visible in the archaeological record:
first and foremost, a similar architectural form—a central courtyard bounded by

Fig. 1.1. Reconstruction of the Archaic Building complex at Poggio Civitate (Murlo) (courtesy A. Tuck).

2 gretchen e. meyers

Thomas_5706_BK.indb 2 7/1/12 5:01 PM


Fig. 1.2. Reconstruction of the monumental area in Zone F at Acquarossa
(after Strandberg Olofsson 1994, fig. 26; courtesy M. Strandberg Olofsson).

Fig. 1.3. Plan of the Archaic Building complex at Poggio Civitate (Murlo)
(original drawing by David Peck; courtesy A. Tuck).

at least two linear wings of accessible spaces; second, analogous building materials,
i.e., stone foundations and tile roofs; third, their larger size in comparison to earlier
building endeavors; and fourth, an elaborate decorative program of architectural
terracottas. These characteristics are often used as evidence in the debate about the
function and cultural significance of these buildings in Archaic Etruria; however,
these are also the very factors that are used to assert their monumentality. In fact
the entanglement of function and perceived monumental qualities is so dense that
in English scholarship the buildings are often referred to generically as “monumen-
tal buildings” or “monumental complexes.”5

introduction 3

Thomas_5706_BK.indb 3 7/1/12 5:01 PM


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