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Omaha Beach A Flawed Victory 1ST Edition Adrian R.
Lewis Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Adrian R. Lewis
ISBN(s): 9780807862582, 0807862584
Edition: 1ST
File Details: PDF, 3.72 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english
OMAHA BEACH
OMAHA
BEACH
A FLAWED VICTORY

ADRIAN R. LEWIS

the university of north carolina press Chapel Hill & London

© 2001
The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
Set in New Baskerville and Champion types
by Tseng Information Systems, Inc.
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for
permanence and durability of the Committee
on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity
of the Council on Library Resources.
Library of Congress
Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lewis, Adrian R.
Omaha Beach : a flawed victory
p. cm.
isbn 0-8078-2609-x (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Operation Neptune. 2. World War, 1939–
1945—Campaigns—France—Normandy.
3. Normandy (France)—History, Military—
20th century.
d756.5.n6 o43 2001
940.54'21421—dc21 00-046692

05 04 03 02 01 5 4 3 2 1

bce
To my wife
Colleen Michele Lewis

And our daughters

Alexandria Adrienne
Allison Michele
Aubrey Danielle
Anastasia Kathryn
Angelica Noelle
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgments, ix
Abbreviations, xi
Introduction, 1
1 The Battle for Omaha Beach, 9
2 Amphibious Doctrine: The British and American Visions, 33
3 Joint and Combined Amphibious Doctrine, 57
4 The British Vision for the Invasion of Europe, 91
5 The Montgomery Plan, 114
6 The American Vision for the Invasion of Europe, 154
7 Obstacle and Minefield Clearance Plan, 194
8 The Joint Fire Plan, 210
9 The 1st Infantry Division’s Battle Plan, 257
Epilogue: The Question of American Military Skill, 291
Notes, 309
Selected Bibliography, 355
Index, 369
ILLUSTRATIONS

Allied Assault Routes, 12

Final Overlord Plan, 14

Invasion Plan, Omaha Beach, 17

Landing Diagram, Omaha Beach, 19

Omaha Beach Assault, 20

Troops exit an lcvp at Omaha Beach, 22

Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk, Lieutenant General Omar Bradley,

Rear Admiral A. D. Struble, and Major General Hugh Keen

watch operations off Normandy, 27

V Corps, 7–8 June 1944, 30

shaef Organization for the Invasion of Europe, 115

First U.S. Army Organization, 176

American Neptune Area, Battery Bombardment Plan, 214

Eighth Air Force, Normandy Invasion Plan, 233

Rocket-firing sequence from an lct(r), 240

dd Tank, 246

German Army, Order of Battle, 278

V Corps, D Day Objectives, 288

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Historians bring to the task of research and writing their life’s experiences.
I have been an infantry soldier most of my life, although I have never
served in combat. This book is the product of two careers, academic and
military.
I have benefited from the knowledge, advice, encouragement, and
friendship of my dissertation supervisors Michael Geyer and Walter Kaegi
at the University of Chicago; John Shy at the University of Michigan; and
Malcolm Muir at Austin Peay State University. To Professor Geyer I owe
much. No one has done more to influence my thinking and my career.
Without his faith and confidence in my ability, his guidance and assistance,
I could not have written this book.
Most of the research for this book was conducted at the Eisenhower
Library, Abilene, Kansas; First Division Museum, Wheaton, Illinois; Ma-
rine Corps University Archives, Quantico, Virginia; National Archives, Ar-
chive II, College Park, Maryland; Naval Historical Center, Washington,
D.C.; U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington, D.C.; and U.S.
Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. I am
grateful for the acumen, knowledge, and courteous assistance of the many
archivists and librarians at these institutions.
Recognition is also due the U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning,
Georgia; Armor School at Fort Knox, Kentucky; 9th Infantry Division
(now deactivated), Fort Lewis, Washington; and U.S. Military Academy,
West Point, New York. These institutions sharpened my analytical abilities
and my understanding of the art and science of war. At Forts Benning and
Knox, I learned to assess terrain, battles, and campaigns—at the desk and
in the mud. I learned how operations and battles ought to be planned
and fought and the American system of command and control. In the 9th
Infantry Division, I had the privilege of serving under an expert in tactical
and operational doctrine—General Richard E. Cavazos. General Cavazos
critiqued every defense my company dug in, and there were many. At West
Point, I had the opportunity to examine the terrain at Omaha Beach in
three consecutive years when I took cadets to Europe to trace the path of
the U.S. Army from Normandy into Germany. It was on Omaha Beach as
I was trying to explain to the cadets and myself the rationale behind the
doctrine employed that this book had its origins.
I would like to thank Paula Wald at the University of North Carolina
Press. Her knowledge and professionalism made the publication process
significantly easier.
Finally, I am indebted to my wife Colleen. Her patience, encourage-
ment, and cheerful attitude made this work possible. She has read every
word of it and made countless helpful recommendations. She has been my
travel partner and has walked many battlefields with me. She sustains me.
In the preparation of this book, I have examined thousands of docu-
ments. I have endeavored to be fair to all concerned. When possible, I have
let decision makers speak for themselves. Nevertheless, if I have erred in
judgment or fact, the fault is mine.
I have tried to provide the best explanation for what happened at
Omaha Beach. To explain failure or near defeat, we must examine leader-
ship at one or more levels. Leaders may fail in the selection of men, the
training of soldiers, the development of technology and doctrine, the plan-
ning of operations, the execution of the plan, or the leading of soldiers in
battle. In war, it is the soldier who pays the cost for leadership failures, and
it is frequently the soldier who makes right on the battlefield failed plans,
flawed doctrine, poorly designed equipment, and inadequate leadership.
This was the case at Omaha Beach, as in other battles won by soldiers
throughout the history of the United States.

x acknowledgments
ABBREVIATIONS

aeaf Allied Expeditionary Air Force

afaf U.S. Navy Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet
bar Browning automatic rifle
cg Commanding general
cossac Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander
ct Combat team
dd Duplex-drive
dukw 2½-ton, 6×6, amphibian truck
esb Engineer Special Brigade
etousa European Theater of Operations, U.S. Army
fm U.S. Army Field Manual
Force ‘‘b’’ Follow-up forces designated for Omaha Beach
Force ‘‘o’’ Forces designated for Omaha Beach
Force ‘‘u’’ Forces designated for Utah Beach
ftp Fleet Training Publication
fusa First U.S. Army
g-1 Personnel Officer or Division, General Staff
g-2 Intelligence Officer or Division, General Staff
g-3 Operations Officer or Division, General Staff
g-4 Logistics Officer or Division, General Staff
id Infantry division
istdc Inter-Services Training and Development Center
lca Landing craft, assault
lcf Landing craft, flak
lcg(l) Landing craft, gun (large)
lci Landing craft, infantry
lcm Landing craft, mechanized
lcp(l) Landing craft, personnel (large)
lct Landing craft, tank
lct(a) Landing craft, tank (armored)
lct(r) Landing craft, tank (rocket)
lcvp Landing craft, vehicle, personnel
lst Landing ship, tank
m-4 Sherman medium tank
nco Noncommissioned officer
raf Royal Air Force
rct Regimental combat team
rlt Regimental landing team
shaef Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force
tac Tactical air command
usstaf U.S. Strategic Air Force

xii a b b r e v i a t i o n s
OMAHA BEACH
Leadership . . . is the
capacity to frame plans
which will succeed and
the faculty of persuading
others to carry them out
in the face of death.
Lord Moran,
The Anatomy of Courage
INTRODUCTION

Walking along Omaha Beach on the coast of Normandy in France, one

is struck by four distinct impressions that come in rapid, logical succes-
sion. The first impression is one of awe. The magnitude of the 1st Infan-
try Division’s assault in World War II almost defies description. The ter-
rain, the configuration of the ground, greatly increased the difficulty of
the task. The length and width of the beach, the dominance of the bluff
that overlooks the beach, the concave shape of the shoreline, which per-
mitted the delivery of direct fire from three directions, the concrete re-
mains of the German defense with its numerous fighting positions along
the bluff, the cliffs that flank the coast from which artillery observers could
deliver indirect fire to any location on the beach, all combine to create the
perception of an impenetrable natural and man-made defense. And this
initial impression is incomplete since the numerous arrays of obstacles and
minefields are now gone.
One can stand on the bluff that overlooks Omaha Beach and visual-
ize thousands of American soldiers and sailors exiting what appear to be
tiny landing craft, trying to cross these open stretches of beach in daylight
under enemy fire. A basic understanding of the capabilities of modern,
rapid-fire weapons suggests the immensity of the task. Of the defense at
Omaha Beach, American naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison wrote: ‘‘Al-
together, the Germans had provided the best imitation of hell for an in-
vading force that American troops had encountered anywhere. Even the
Other documents randomly have
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 Meteorology - Book Review
Fall 2025 - Academy

Prepared by: Professor Davis

Date: August 12, 2025

Appendix 1: Ethical considerations and implications

Learning Objective 1: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 2: Best practices and recommendations
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 18: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 19: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Lesson 3: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 24: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 25: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 27: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Conclusion 4: Research findings and conclusions
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 5: Research findings and conclusions
Practice Problem 40: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 42: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 45: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 6: Theoretical framework and methodology
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 54: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 58: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 7: Critical analysis and evaluation
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 65: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Module 8: Ethical considerations and implications
Practice Problem 70: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 75: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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