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 Networking
Systems
Design and
Development
 IT MAnAGEMEnT TITLES
FROM AuERBACh PuBLICATIOnS AnD CRC PRESS

The Executive MBA in Information Security The Green and Virtual Data Center
John J. Trinckes, Jr Greg Schulz
ISBN: 978-1-4398-1007-1 ISBN: 978-1-4200-8666-9

The Decision Model: A Business The Effective CIO

Logic Framework Linking Business Eric J. Brown, Jr. and William A. Yarberry
and Technology ISBN: 978-1-4200-6460-5
Barbara von Halle and Larry Goldberg
Business Resumption Planning,
ISBN: 978-1-4200-8281-4
Second Edition
The SIM Guide to Enterprise Architecture Leo A. Wrobel
Leon Kappelman, ed. ISBN: 978-0-8493-1459-9
ISBN: 978-1-4398-1113-9
IT Auditing and Sarbanes-Oxley
Lean Six Sigma Secrets for the CIO Compliance: Key Strategies for
William Bentley and Peter T. Davis Business Improvement
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Building an Enterprise-Wide Business
Continuity Program Best Practices in Business Technology
Kelley Okolita Management
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Marketing IT Products and Services
Jessica Keyes Leading IT Projects:
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Jessica Keyes
Cloud Computing: Implementation,
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Management, and Security
John W. Rittinghouse and Knowledge Retention:
James F. Ransome Strategies and Solutions
ISBN: 978-1-4398-0680-7 Jay Liebowitz
ISBN: 978-1-4200-6465-0
Data Protection: Governance, Risk
Management, and Compliance The Business Value of IT
David G. Hill Michael D. S. Harris, David Herron,
ISBN: 978-1-4398-0692-0 and Stasia Iwanicki
ISBN: 978-1-4200-6474-2
Strategic Data Warehousing: Achieving
Alignment with Business Service-Oriented Architecture: SOA
Neera Bhansali Strategy, Methodology, and Technology
ISBN: 978-1-4200-8394-1 James P. Lawler and H. Howell-Barber
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Mobile Enterprise Transition
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Bhuvan Unhelkar Setrag Khoshafian
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 Networking
Systems
Design and
Development

Lee Chao
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Version Date: 20110725

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-9160-1 (eBook - PDF)

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Contents

Preface...................................................................................................................................xi
Motivation..........................................................................................................................xi
Objectives of the Book........................................................................................................xi
Features of the Book......................................................................................................... xii
Organization of the Book.................................................................................................. xii
Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................xvii
The Author..........................................................................................................................xix
1 Linux Networking Overview.........................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Overview of Linux Operating Systems..................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Brief History................................................................................................ 3
1.2.2 Linux Distributions..................................................................................... 4
1.3 Linux Networking.................................................................................................... 8
1.3.1 Linux Network Architecture........................................................................ 9
1.3.2 Linux Networking Tasks and Network Tools............................................ 12
1.4 Book Framework.................................................................................................... 27
1.5 Summary................................................................................................................ 29
2 Network Protocols.......................................................................................................31
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................31
2.2 Application Layer Protocols.................................................................................... 32
2.3 Transport Layer Protocols....................................................................................... 34
2.3.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)........................................................35
2.3.2 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)................................................................ 39
2.4 Internet Layer Protocols.......................................................................................... 39
2.4.1 Internet Protocol (IP)................................................................................ 40
2.4.2 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)............................................... 42
2.4.3 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)........................................................... 43
2.4.4 IP Security (IPSec).................................................................................... 44
2.4.5 Internet Routing Protocols.........................................................................45
2.5 Network Interface Layer Protocols......................................................................... 46
2.6 Network Protocol Graph........................................................................................ 49
2.7 Summary................................................................................................................ 64

v
vi ◾ Contents

3 Network Technologies.................................................................................................71
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 71
3.2 Network Types....................................................................................................... 72
3.2.1 Local Area Network.................................................................................. 72
3.2.1.1 Ethernet..................................................................................... 72
3.2.1.2 Fibre Channel.............................................................................74
3.2.2 Wide Area Network....................................................................................76
3.2.3 Internet...................................................................................................... 79
3.2.4 Wireless Network.......................................................................................81
3.3 Network Media.......................................................................................................81
3.3.1 Modulation................................................................................................81
3.3.2 Multiplexing.............................................................................................. 82
3.3.3 Twisted-Pair Wire...................................................................................... 82
3.3.4 Optical Fiber............................................................................................. 83
3.3.5 Wireless Transmission Media.....................................................................85
3.4 Network Devices.................................................................................................... 86
3.4.1 Network Interface Cards........................................................................... 86
3.4.2 Network Switches...................................................................................... 87
3.4.3 Network Routing Equipment.................................................................... 88
3.6 Summary.............................................................................................................. 100
4 Network Design........................................................................................................103
4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................103
4.2 Network Design....................................................................................................104
4.2.1 Requirement Investigation........................................................................104
4.2.2 Logical Network Model............................................................................104
4.2.3 IP Addressing and Routing Strategy.........................................................106
4.2.4 Security Policy..........................................................................................106
4.2.5 Planning for Physical Implementation......................................................108
4.3 IP Addressing........................................................................................................109
4.3.1 IPv4 IP Addressing...................................................................................109
4.3.2 Special IP Addresses.................................................................................112
4.3.3 Private and Public IP Addressing..............................................................113
4.3.4 IPv6 Addressing.......................................................................................114
4.3.4.1 Unicast IP Address...................................................................116
4.3.4.2 Multicast..................................................................................117
4.3.4.3 Anycast.....................................................................................118
4.4 Subnets..................................................................................................................118
4.4.1 Reasons for Using Subnets........................................................................118
4.4.2 Subnet Masks........................................................................................... 119
4.4.3 Network Subnetting.................................................................................121
4.4.4 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)................................................. 127
4.6 Summary.............................................................................................................. 136
5 Network Services.......................................................................................................139
5.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................139
5.2 User Accounts.......................................................................................................140
5.2.1 Users and Groups.....................................................................................140
 Contents ◾ vii

5.3 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)...................................................148

5.3.1 Dynamic IP Address Assignment Process.................................................148
5.3.2 DHCP Configuration............................................................................... 151
5.4 Name Services.......................................................................................................158
5.4.1 Naming Hierarchy...................................................................................159
5.4.2 DNS Server Hierarchy..............................................................................160
5.4.3 Name Resolution Process.........................................................................161
5.4.4 DNS Zones..............................................................................................162
5.4.5 Types of DNS Records.............................................................................162
5.5 Summary...............................................................................................................171
6 Routing......................................................................................................................173
6.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................173
6.2 Connecting Networks with Routers......................................................................174
6.3 Routing Table........................................................................................................175
6.4 Updating Routing Table........................................................................................176
6.5 Route Calculation.................................................................................................178
6.5.1 Link State Routing Algorithm..................................................................178
6.5.2 Distance Vector Routing Algorithm.........................................................183
6.6 Routing across Networks.......................................................................................188
6.7 Summary.............................................................................................................. 209
7 Linux Network Resource Sharing.............................................................................211
7.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................211
7.2 Network File System (NFS)...................................................................................212
7.2.1 NSF Technology Overview.......................................................................212
7.2.2 NFS Configuration...................................................................................213
7.3 Sharing Network with Windows.......................................................................... 220
7.3.1 Samba Features and Applications............................................................ 220
7.3.2 Configuration of Samba Services..............................................................221
7.4 Remote Access through VPN............................................................................... 226
7.4.1 VPN Technology..................................................................................... 227
7.4.1.1 Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)........................................... 227
7.4.1.2 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) VPN............................................. 228
7.4.1.3 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP).............................. 229
7.4.2 VPN Configuration................................................................................. 230
7.5 Network Address Translation (NAT)................................................................... 239
7.5.1 NAT Technology..................................................................................... 239
7.5.2 NAT Application and Configuration........................................................241
7.6 Summary.............................................................................................................. 246
8 Internet Services........................................................................................................249
8.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................249
8.2 Web Services.........................................................................................................250
8.2.1 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).......................................................251
8.2.2 Web Servers..............................................................................................251
8.2.3 Web Server Configuration........................................................................252
viii ◾ Contents

8.3 File Transfer Service..............................................................................................258

8.3.1 FTP Server and Client..............................................................................258
8.3.2 FTP Connection......................................................................................259
8.3.3 FTP Commands.......................................................................................259
8.3.4 FTP Configuration...................................................................................259
8.4 E-Mail Service...................................................................................................... 264
8.4.1 E-Mail System......................................................................................... 264
8.4.2 E-Mail Transfer........................................................................................265
8.4.3 E-Mail Service Configuration..................................................................267
8.5 Summary.............................................................................................................. 285
9 Network Security.......................................................................................................287
9.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 287
9.2 Security Issues...................................................................................................... 288
9.2.1 Network Security Policies........................................................................ 288
9.2.2 Intrusion into Computer Systems............................................................ 289
9.2.3 Intrusion into Networks.......................................................................... 289
9.2.4 Computer Viruses.................................................................................... 290
9.2.5 Network Security Measures......................................................................291
9.3 Security Technologies........................................................................................... 292
9.3.1 Intrusion Detection System (IDS)............................................................293
9.3.2 IP Security (IPSec).................................................................................. 294
9.3.3 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)......................... 296
9.3.4 Secure Shell (SSH)................................................................................... 298
9.3.5 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)...................................................................... 303
9.3.6 Wi-Fi Protected Access.............................................................................310
9.4 Network Firewalls.................................................................................................312
9.4.1 Firewall Rules...........................................................................................313
9.4.2 Firewall Types.......................................................................................... 315
9.4.3 Firewall Architectures...............................................................................317
9.5 Summary.............................................................................................................. 320
10 Network Resource Management...............................................................................323
10.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 323
10.2 User Account Management...................................................................................324
10.2.1 User Management....................................................................................324
10.2.2 Group Management.................................................................................325
10.2.3 Directory Service Management............................................................... 326
10.3 Network Device Resource Management............................................................... 340
10.3.1 Viewing Device Information................................................................... 340
10.3.2 Device Management Daemons................................................................ 343
10.3.2.1 Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)........................................ 343
10.3.2.2 User Device (udev)...................................................................345
10.3.3 Kernel Management................................................................................ 348
10.4 Summary...............................................................................................................357
 Contents ◾ ix

11 Wireless Networks.....................................................................................................359
11.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................359
11.2 Wireless Network Technologies............................................................................ 360
11.2.1 Wi-Fi Technology.................................................................................... 360
11.2.2 WiMAX Technology............................................................................... 362
11.2.3 Infrared................................................................................................... 363
11.2.4 Bluetooth................................................................................................. 363
11.3 Wireless Network Devices.................................................................................... 364
11.4 Linux-Compatible Wireless Network Devices.......................................................367
11.4.1 Linux Compatibility................................................................................ 368
11.4.2 Wireless Device Chipsets..........................................................................370
11.4.3 Wireless Device Drivers............................................................................371
11.4.4 NDISwrapper...........................................................................................371
11.5 Wireless Network Configuration Tools.................................................................372
11.5.1 Viewing Wireless Network Device Information.......................................373
11.5.2 Configuration of Wireless Network Devices.............................................374
11.6 Summary.............................................................................................................. 386
12 Mobile Networks.......................................................................................................389
12.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 389
12.2 Mobile Linux........................................................................................................ 390
12.3 Mobile Devices..................................................................................................... 394
12.4 Mobile Network....................................................................................................395
12.4.1 Mobile Network System...........................................................................395
12.4.2 First-Generation Mobile Network........................................................... 398
12.4.3 Second-Generation Mobile Network....................................................... 400
12.4.4 Third-Generation Mobile Network.......................................................... 406
12.4.4.1 Universal Mobile Telephone Service (UMTS)......................... 409
12.4.4.2 CDMA2000.............................................................................413
12.4.5 Mobile Network beyond Third Generation..............................................415
12.5 Summary.............................................................................................................. 423
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Preface

Today’s E-commerce is built on various types of networks. The IT industry requires our students
to understand how network systems are used to transmit business information across the world.
The present online teaching/learning environment also requires that networking textbooks be able
to handle new challenges. The author of the book has been motivated by the following factors.

Motivation
More and more universities support Web-based teaching and learning. It is difficult to teach
technology-based online courses because these courses often require hands-on practice on certain
IT products. It is not easy to find a textbook that teaches networking theories as well as hands-on
skills online.
Almost every major university has Linux computer labs to support hands-on practice in the
computer science and information systems curriculum. There are demands for textbooks that are
designed to directly utilize these Linux computer labs for teaching networking-related courses.
The job market now requires IT professionals to understand networking theories and have
hands-on skills for solving real-world network problems. However, theory-based networking text-
books often cover inadequate hands-on practice, and books for hands-on practice may not sys-
tematically cover networking concepts. Therefore, many of our students and instructors prefer a
textbook that integrates both the theories and hands-on practice within the same book.
By considering the fact that most of our students are beginners in the field of networking, and
they may take networking classes online, a textbook should be easy to follow, and the instructions
for the hands-on practice should be step-by-step. The textbook should also include instructions on
setting up the lab environment at home.
With the above motivation, this book is designed with the following objectives to help instruc-
tors, students, and IT professionals to get a quick start in developing network systems.

Objectives of the Book

Online teaching/learning has become mainstream among higher education institutions. More and
more courses in various fields have been offered online. However, for many universities, it is chal-
lenging to offer networking-related courses online due to the requirement of lab activities. The first

xi
xii ◾ Preface

goal of this book is to provide a networking textbook that is suitable for online teaching and learn-
ing in a lab environment and for IT professionals’ self study of Linux ­networking-related topics.
The second goal of this book is to prepare students and IT professionals to get ready for develop-
ing network systems with the Linux operating system. An enterprise network system involves net-
work design, implementation, and management. This book covers the knowledge related to all these
three aspects. It is designed to provide the necessary conceptual knowledge and hands-on skills for
developing a fully functioning network system with open source materials. The content covered in
this book helps readers to create network systems that can be used for daily business activities.
Another intention of this book is to help readers understand how a network works. It is written
so that the networking concepts are introduced in an orderly fashion and progress step by step.

Features of the Book

To achieve its goals, this book is designed with the following features.
◾◾ Self-contained content: For the convenience of readers, the book is self-contained. It includes
some necessary basic networking concepts and theories, and hands-on activities, as well as
the information about Linux networking tools.
◾◾ Suitable for self-study: This book provides detailed instruction that is suitable for self-study.
It does not just state the networking concepts and theories, but explains them through
examples, illustrations, and hands-on activities.
◾◾ Designed for online teaching: The book is specially designed for online teaching. All the lab activities
can be done on a student’s home computer through the use of virtual machine technologies.
◾◾ A wide range of coverage: This book covers various types of networks: wired networks, wire-
less networks, and mobile networks. It discusses Linux-based networking on both the server
side and the client side.
◾◾ Linux technology: The development of a Linux network system costs almost nothing for the
reader. Ubuntu GUN/Linux is used for all the lab activities. Ubuntu is known by its fea-
tures such as versatility, power, and ease of use.
◾◾ Step-by-step instructions: For the hands-on activities, the book provides step-by-step instruc-
tions and illustrations so that even beginners can follow. The book gives directions on setting
up the virtual lab environment for hands-on practice.
◾◾ Real-world approach: Examples, illustrations, and hands-on practice projects are included in
each chapter of this book. These materials are designed for helping readers gain confidence
and skills in developing a network system that can be used in a real-world business.
◾◾ Supplementary materials: To assist teaching and learning, the book provides review ques-
tions and case study projects to enhance readers’ understanding. A solution manual and
PowerPoint presentations are also provided.
With these features, the book can be used for a one-semester networking course. It is also suitable
for IT professionals who do self-study on Linux networking.

Organization of the Book

There are twelve chapters in this book. Each chapter consists of an introduction, main body of the
chapter, summary, review questions, and case study projects. In each chapter, one or more hands-
on activities are provided for readers to enhance understanding and gain practical skills.
 Preface ◾ xiii

Chapter 1 covers two topics, the network architectures and the Linux operating system. First,
this chapter introduces two commonly used network architectures, Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) and TCP/IP. The second topic is about the Linux operating system. After giving a brief his-
tory of the Linux operating system, this chapter introduces several well-known Linux distribu-
tions. It also describes how Linux is used to support networking. The hands-on activity in this
chapter demonstrates the installation of Ubuntu Linux.
As described in Chapter 1, each layer in the TCP/IP architecture has its own set of protocols
to perform network tasks. Chapter 2 provides more detailed information about the commonly
known protocols in the layers of application, transport, Internet, and network interface. After
the discussion of these protocols, this chapter investigates the relationships among the protocols
in each layer and provides a protocol graph to show how the protocols are related. The hands-on
activity examines the tools and services provided by the Ubuntu Linux operating system.
After learning about the protocols and their relationships, readers are ready to explore networks
and network devices. To prepare for network design and development, Chapter 3 first provides
information about the types of networks and their features. Then, it discusses the network media
used to transmit data over networks. It describes how data are transmitted through different types
of media. In Chapter 3, readers also learn about network devices used by local area networks and
wide area networks. Chapter 3 covers network devices such as network interface cards, switches
that can be used to link multiple computers in a network, and routers used to link multiple net-
works so that computers on different networks can communicate with each other. Through the
hands-on practice, readers can learn how to use network tools to configure network interface cards
and test network connection by following the step-by-step instruction.
After learning about the basics of networks and network devices, readers can now look into
network design. Chapter 4 discusses network design–related issues. It first talks about how to col-
lect requirement information from customers. Then, it discusses how to design a network to meet
the requirements. A network model is used to determine if the future network will meet the
requirements. For computers and other network devices to communicate with each other, each
host in a network must be assigned an IP address. Chapter 4 looks at how IP addresses are used to
form a network. It explains why subnetting and supernetting are necessary. Then, it introduces the
theory of subnetting and supernetting. For subnetting and supernetting, readers first learn about
IP conversion between the binary system and the decimal system. Chapter 4 shows how to divide
a network into several small networks and how to form a larger network with several smaller net-
works. The calculation of subnet masks, subnet network IDs, and IP addresses for the hosts in a
subnet is taught in this chapter, which also discusses the calculation of the number of subnets and
the number of hosts in a subnet. The discussion includes both the IPv4 version and IPv6 version
of the IP protocol. The hands-on practice in this chapter explores IPv6 on Linux. It illustrates how
to develop a simple IPv6 Linux network.
Once a network is designed and developed, various network services will be created to help the
network administrator manage the network. Chapter 5 discusses several commonly used network
services in more detail. It first looks at the user authentication service and describes how user
information is stored by the Linux operating system. Through the first hands-on activity, read-
ers can learn how to create a user account and how to assign privileges to the user account. The
second network service discussed in this chapter is called DHCP. DHCP is the service that can
automatically assign an IP address to a computer or network device soon after it is linked to a net-
work. Through the second hands-on activity, readers learn how to implement the DHCP service to
automatically assign IP addresses. The third service covered in Chapter 5 is the name service called
Domain Name System (DNS). DNS is used to translate the name assigned to a computer to an
xiv ◾ Preface

IP address, and vice versa. In this way, users can access computers by using meaningful computer
names instead of IP addresses. Through the third hands-on activity, readers can learn how to
implement the DNS service on a private network.
In a large enterprise-level network, there are multiple networks interconnected to one another.
A router is a device that links multiple networks. Chapter 6 discusses various tasks that can be
accomplished by a router. Readers learn about router-related concepts and how a router works.
Chapter 6 provides a number of examples that demonstrate how a router can dynamically update
its routing table and identify optimal routes to destinations. Two routing table update methods,
static and dynamic, are discussed in this chapter. For the dynamic method, the chapter provides
the information of several commonly used routing protocols. It also shows the reader how to
construct a router with the tools provided by the Linux operating system. Through the hands-on
practice, readers learn how to physically create a router with Linux. They also learn how to connect
multiple networks with routers that are used to pass network traffic from one network to another.
In addition, the hands-on practice demonstrates how the routing table is updated dynamically.
In the real world, network resources are shared by hundreds and even thousands of users
simultaneously. Chapter 7 shows how to share the network resources and how to remotely access
those network resources. First, this chapter introduces the service called NFS which allows the
hosts on a Linux network or UNIX like network to share files, directories, and even hard drives.
The installation and configuration of NFS services are discussed in detail. Through the hands-on
practice in this chapter, readers learn how to let two Linux computers share their files. In an enter-
prise environment, network resources are shared by the networks running on various operating
systems. The second topic in Chapter 7 is about sharing network resources with a network operated
on Windows operating systems. It introduces Samba technology for sharing network resources
with a Windows network. In the hands-on practice, readers learn how to access a Linux server
from a Windows client and share the files of the Linux server. The third topic is about remote
access. Readers learn how to set up a Virtual Private Network (VPN) service that allows users to
remotely log on to a private network. This chapter introduces various VPN products and the tun-
neling protocols used in VPN services. VPN configuration related issues are also discussed in this
chapter. Through the hands-on practice, the reader can learn how to set up a VPN service with the
Linux utilities and determine if the user can remotely access the computers on a private network
through the VPN. The last topic is the Network Address Translation (NAT) service. It discusses
different types of NAT applications and how translation is carried out in these NAT applications.
It also looks at the configuration of NAT. Through the hands-on practice, readers learn how to set
up a NAT service so that the computers on a private network can use the same public IP address
to access the Internet.
The Internet can be considered a global network consisting of various types of individual net-
works. Services created for the Internet are globalized services. Universities and companies depend
on Internet services for globalized online education and e-commerce. Readers will learn about
Internet-based services in Chapter 8. The discussion of the Web server and its services is the first
topic of Chapter 8. The second topic deals with the FTP server and FTP services that allow users
to share files on the Internet. Readers will learn how to install and configure FTP services. The
third topic in Chapter 8 is e-mail service. Through the hands-on practice, readers will learn about
Linux e-mail server installation, configuration, and management.
Once a network is up and running, network security is the top concern of users and network
managers. Chapter 9 addresses the issues of implementing network security measures with the
Linux operating system. The first topic in Chapter 9 deals with issues related to network secu-
rity such as security policies, hacker attacks and computer viruses, and commonly used security
 Preface ◾ xv

measures. The next topic is the introduction of some security technologies. These network tech-
nologies are used to protect private networks and data being transmitted through public networks.
The last topic is about firewalls. Various firewalls and their functions are examined. Through the
hands-on practice, readers learn how to install and configure some network security software such
as SSL, SSH, and firewalls by following the step-by-step instruction.
Chapter 10 introduces several tools for managing network resources. It first discusses some
command-based and GUI-based utilities that manage users and groups. This chapter focuses on
the development of the directory service with Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP).
LDAP is a powerful tool for managing users, computers, and other network resources for an
enterprise-level network. Through the hands-on practice, readers learn how to develop an LDAP
service for network user authentication. The next topic in this chapter is about the issues related
to kernel and driver maintenance. The hands-on practice shows readers how to customize the
Linux kernel by adding new network functions.
The discussion in Chapter 11 focuses on the Linux wireless network system. Readers will learn
about wireless network technologies and how a wireless network works. This chapter examines the
tools for wireless network construction and configuration. To develop a successful Linux wireless
network, one needs to resolve the hardware compatibility issue first. This chapter provides detailed
information on Linux compatible wireless network devices and drivers. The hands-on practice
illustrates how to build a wireless network.
The last chapter in this book is about the Linux mobile network. In Chapter 12, readers
will learn about mobile Linux and mobile network–related topics. This chapter first introduces
mobile Linux and its features. It also provides information about mobile Linux architecture, ker-
nel, user interface, and utilities used for configuring mobile networks. The next topic is about
mobile devices such as PDAs, cell phones, and other mobile devices. Then, this chapter discusses
mobile networks. It describes how mobile networks evolve from the first generation to the fourth
generation. The hands-on practice in this chapter demonstrates how to configure a mobile net-
work modem with Ubuntu Linux. The hands-on practice also illustrates how to set up a personal
computer to run the mobile Linux operating system on a virtual machine.
One or more hands-on activities are included in each of the chapters. It is recommended that
readers complete the activities in the previous chapters before starting a hands-on activity in the
next chapter because some of these activities may depend on the ones in previous chapters.
For the real-world network solution, this book shows that creating a fully functioning network
system does not have to be expensive. The book demonstrates to students and IT professionals how
to take advantage of Linux to develop a fully functioning network system with minimum cost. It
shows how to properly design, implement, and manage network systems. It also provides enough
technical details to help students and IT professionals develop networks of their own. The book
introduces a number of open-source networking tools that can make networking more efficient
and flexible.
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