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(Ebook) Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, Eighth Edition by Barry A. J. Fisher, David Fisher ISBN 9781439810064, 1439810060 Instant Download

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FORENSICS & CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Fisher
Eighth Edition •
Fisher
TECHNIQUES OF
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION


“If you are a Professional Crime Scene Investigator, then this book is a must-have for both your
personal forensic reference library as well as your office reference library.”
—Edward W. Wallace Jr., Certified Senior Crime Scene Analyst
Retired First Grade Detective, NYPD

“Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation is a well-written, comprehensive guide to the


investigative and technical aspects of CSI. The textbook is an educational standard on the theory
and practice of crime scene investigation and includes many informative casework examples and
photographs. On reading this book, students, entry-level personnel, and experienced practitioners

TECHNIQUES OF
will have a better understanding of the strengths and limitations of forensic science in its application
to crime scene investigations.”
—Professor Don Johnson, School of Criminal Justice and Criminalistics
California State University, Los Angeles

The application of science and technology plays a critical role in the investigation and adjudication
of crimes in our criminal justice system. But before science can be brought to bear on evidence, it must
be recognized and collected in an appropriate manner at crime scenes. Written by authors with over
50 years of combined experience in forensic science, Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation, Eighth
Edition examines the concepts, field-tested techniques, and procedures of crime scene investigation.
Detectives, crime scene technicians, and forensic scientists can rely on this updated version of the
“forensics bible” to effectively apply science and technology to the tasks of solving crimes.

What’s New in the Eighth Edition:


• The latest in forensic DNA testing and collection, including low copy number
DNA and familial searching
• A new chapter on digital evidence
• New case studies with color photographs
• End-of-chapter study questions
• Practical tips and tricks of the trade in crime scene processing
• Appendix of web links to videos demonstrating select techniques discussed in the book

Instructor’s guide available with PowerPoint® slides, answers to end-of-chapter questions, and
separate test bank.
Eighth
K10500
Edition

6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW


Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
711 Third Avenue
an informa business New York, NY 10017
w w w. c r c p r e s s . c o m 2 Park Square, Milton Park
Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com
Eighth Edition

TECHNIQUES OF
CRIME SCENE
INVESTIGATION
Also by Barry Fisher

with David Fisher and Jason Kolowski


Forensics Demystified (2007)

with William Tillstone and Catherine Woytowicz


Introduction to Criminalistics: The Foundation of Forensic Science (2009)
Eighth Edition

TECHNIQUES OF
CRIME SCENE
INVESTIGATION
Barry A. J. Fisher David R. Fisher

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the


Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Cover photo by Deputy Dale Falicon (Retired), Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department.

Cover design by Ms. Shayna Murry, Graphic Designer.

The views of the authors of this book are their own and are not necessarily those of the City of New York, the County of
Los Angeles, the National Disaster Medical System, or the US Department of Health and Human Services. Commercial
products mentioned in this book should not be considered as endorsements of such products by the authors.

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works


Version Date: 20120411

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-1006-4 (eBook - PDF)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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for
Susan and Deena
This page intentionally left blank
Contents

Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Authors xxiii
Prologue xxv

1 Introduction 1
Classification and Individualization of Physical Evidence 5
Collection and Preservation of Physical Evidence 8
Important Considerations in Crime Scene Investigations 15
Courtroom Testimony Tips 22
Before Going to Court 22
Giving Expert Testimony 22
Cross-Examination 23
Other Points 23
Teamwork 24
Professional Development 24
Chapter Questions 25

2 First Officer at the Crime Scene 27


The Case of the Lady in Cement 27
First Officer at the Scene 30
Recording the Time 35
When a Suspect Is Found at the Scene 35
Entering the Scene Proper 36
Protecting the Integrity of the Scene 37
Injured Person on the Scene 38
Dead Person on the Scene 39
Summoning the Coroner/Medical Examiner 39
Firearms and Ammunition on the Scene 40
What to Do Until Investigating Personnel Arrive 41
Continued Protection of the Scene 42
Chapter Questions 48

3 The Crime Scene Investigator 51


Introduction and Objectives 51
Actual Examination of the Scene 60
Chapter Questions 65

vii
viii Contents

4 Specialized Personnel at the Crime Scene 67


Introduction 67
Health and Safety Issues at Crime Scenes 75
Terrorist Crime Scenes 76
Conclusion 77
Chapter Questions 77

5 Processing the Crime Scene 79


Plan of Action 79
Note Taking 79
Crime Scene Search 81
Crime Scene Photography 84
Types of Cameras 84
Types of Media 87
Number of Photographs 87
Admissibility of Photographs 92
Video 92
Sketching the Crime Scene 93
Information Included in Crime Scene Sketches 94
Equipment 94
Types of Sketches 94
Locating Objects in the Sketch 95
Computer Programs 95
Admissibility of Sketches 95
Collection of Evidence 96
Chapter Questions 100

6 Establishing Identity 103


Fingerprints and Palm Prints 103
How Does Fingerprint Evidence Occur? 103
Where to Look for Fingerprints 104
Different Types of Fingerprints 107
Fingerprint Developing Techniques 108
Development with Powders 108
Lasers and Alternative Light Sources 115
Image Processing 117
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems 117
Preservation Techniques 118
Preservation by Photography 118
Preservation of Plastic Fingerprints 118
Preservation with Fingerprint-Lifting Tape 119
How Long Does a Fingerprint Remain on an Object? 119
Effect of Temperature Conditions on the Possibility of Developing
Fingerprints 120
Examination of Developed Fingerprints 120
Contents ix

Palm Prints 120


Prints from the Sole of the Foot 120
Ear, Lip, and Other Prints 121
Packing Objects on Which Prints Are Found 121
Taking Fingerprints for Elimination 121
Prints of Gloves 121
Prints of Other Coverings 123
Latent Fingerprints on Human Skin 124
Handwriting Examination 124
Identification of Human Remains 129
Taking Fingerprints 131
Photographing 135
Marks of Trades or Occupations 136
Making a Description 137
Deceased’s Clothing 138
Laundry Marks 139
Watchmaker’s Marks 139
Jewelry 140
Eyeglasses 140
Teeth 140
Medical Devices 142
Facial Reconstruction 142
Determination of Gender 143
Determination of Age 143
Length of Body 144
Hair Color 144
DNA as a Means of Identification 144
Identification in Mass Disasters 145
Chapter Questions 149

7 Trace Evidence 151


Introduction 151
Sources of Trace Evidence 155
Clothing 155
Footwear 157
Evidence from the Body 157
Other Objects as Sources of Trace Evidence 157
Collection and Preservation of Trace Evidence 162
Examples of Trace Evidence 163
Building Materials 163
Asbestos 164
Safe Insulation 164
Paint 164
Rust 166
Metals 166
Textiles and Fibers 167
x Contents

Buttons 171
Cordage and Rope 171
Cigarettes and Tobacco 172
Matches 174
Burned Paper 174
Ash 175
Soil 175
Wood 176
Chips and Splinters of Wood 177
Sawdust, Wood Meal, or Particles of Finely Powdered Wood 177
Plant Material 177
Glass 178
Broken Panes of Glass 179
Glass Perforated by a Bullet 180
Cracked or Burst Panes of Glass 181
Glass Splinters 182
Objects Left at the Crime Scene 183
Paper 183
Articles of Clothing 183
Product Markings 183
Foodstuffs 184
Cosmetics 184
Hair 185
Feathers 187
Electrical Wire 187
Broken Tools 188
Tape 189
Headlamps 189
Chapter Questions 190

8 Blood, Forensic Biology, and DNA 193


A Word of Caution! 193
Contamination 194
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 194
Presumptive Tests for Blood 198
Searching for Bloodstains 202
Description and Recording of Bloodstains 205
Collection and Preservation of Bloodstains 205
Removal of Bloodstains 206
Bloodstained Objects 206
Semen-Stained Objects 207
Forensic DNA Typing 209
PCR-Based Technology 210
High Sensitivity DNA Testing/Touch DNA 211
Mitochondrial DNA 212
Y-STRs 213
Contents xi

CODIS 213
Forensic DNA and Unsolved Cases 214
Partial Matches and Familial Searching 215
Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods 215
DNA Cases 215
Molecular Autopsy 217
Missing Persons 218
Biogeographical Ancestry 219
The Future 219
Chapter Questions 219

9 Impression Evidence 221


Introduction 221
Footprints 226
Value of Footprints 227
Preservation of Footwear and Tire Impressions 228
Footprints on Floors 228
Preservation of Footwear Evidence 229
Photographing Footwear Impressions 229
Casting with Dental Stone 232
Casting Water-Filled Impressions 232
Casting Impressions in Snow 233
Preservation of Footprints (Dust Prints) 234
Taking Comparison Footprints from a Suspect 235
Comparison of Footprints 235
Marks on Clothes and Parts of the Body 236
Fabric Marks 236
Tooth Marks 238
Preservation of Bite Marks 239
Casting Material for Bite Mark Evidence 240
Tool Marks 240
Preservation of Tool Marks 242
Casting Tool Marks 242
Trace Evidence on Tools 242
Preserving a Tool 245
Fragments of Tools 246
Chapter Questions 247

10 Firearms Examination 249


Characteristics of Firearms 249
Ammunition 252
Firearms Evidence 253
Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis 254
Collecting Firearms Evidence 256
Handling of Firearms 259
xii Contents

Cartridge Cases 263


Bullets 266
Marking Bullets 267
Small Shot 271
Test Firing 272
Powder Pattern Examination 273
National Integrated Ballistic Information Network 275
Chapter Questions 276

11 Arson and Explosives 279


Introduction 279
Physical Evidence 282
Explosives 292
Low Explosives 293
High Explosives 294
Blasting Agents 298
Military Explosives 298
Homemade Explosives 299
Bomb Scene Investigation 301
Chapter Questions 305

12 Illicit Drugs and Toxicology 307


Psychoactive Drugs 307
Central Nervous System Depressants 307
Central Nervous System Stimulants 309
Hallucinogens 312
Cannabis 312
Designer Drugs 314
Steroids 315
Nonprescription Drugs 315
Inhalants 316
Crime Scene Search 316
Searching a Suspect 316
Searching a Dwelling 317
Searching a Vehicle 317
Clandestine Drug Laboratories 318
Collection and Preservation of Evidence 320
Field Investigation Drug Officer 322
Toxicology 323
U.S. DEA Drug Schedule Classification 324
Schedule I 324
Schedule II 325
Schedule III 325
Schedule IV 325
Schedule V 325
Chapter Questions 326
Contents xiii

13 Investigating Sexual Assault 329


Rape 329
Preliminary Interview 329
Medical Examination 330
Date Rape Drugs 336
Other Assaults 337
Sexual Child Molestation and Incest 337
Public Lewdness/Forcible Touching 339
Conclusion 340
Chapter Questions 340

14 Burglary Investigation 343


Points of Entry 345
Entry through Windows 345
Entry through Doors 345
Entry through Basement Windows and Skylights 348
Entry through Roofs 348
Entry through Walls 348
Entry through Floors 350
Simulated Burglaries 350
Detailed Examination of the Scene 351
Safe Burglaries 353
Safe Burglaries Using Explosives 355
Chapter Questions 358

15 Motor Vehicle Investigation 361


Vehicle Theft 361
Abandoned Vehicles 364
Homicide in a Vehicle 366
Hit-and-Run Investigation 367
Marks from Vehicles 372
Wheel Marks 372
Skid Marks 374
Chapter Questions 377

16 Homicide Investigation 379


Murder, Suicide, or Accident? 380
Cause of Death 380
Suicide 381
Signs of Struggle 383
Location of Weapon 385
Examination of a Dead Body at the Crime Scene 386
Murder 388
Detailed Examination of the Scene of the Crime 390
xiv Contents

Outdoor Crime Scenes 397


Discovering a Body Hidden at Another Location 400
Investigation of a Greatly Altered Body or Skeleton 401
Scene of Discovery 403
Outdoors 403
Indoors 407
Packing and Transporting 410
Examining Remains of Clothing and Other Objects 411
Clothing 411
Boots and Shoes 412
Other Objects 412
Estimating the Time of Death 412
Postmortem Signs of Death 412
Changes in the Eyes 413
Temperature of the Body 413
Rigidity of the Body 413
Lividity 413
Decomposition of the Body 414
Action of Insects and Other Animals on a Dead Body 415
Other Indications of Time of Death 417
Autopsy 418
Injuries from External Mechanical Violence 419
Abrasions 419
Contusions or Bruises 420
Crushing Wounds 420
Bone Injuries 421
Injuries from Sharp External Violence 421
Cutting Wounds 421
Stab Wounds 422
Chopping Wounds 426
Marks or Damage on Clothing 426
Defense Injuries 426
Firearm Injuries 427
Bullet Injuries 427
Close and Distant Shots 429
Marks from Primers 430
Traces from Bullets 430
Traces from Cartridge Cases 431
Traces from the Barrel of the Weapon 431
Injuries from Small Shot 431
Damage to Clothes from Shooting 431
Modes of Death from Shooting 431
Explosion Injuries 433
Death by Suffocation 434
Hanging 434
Strangling 436
Blocking of the Mouth or Nose 438
Contents xv

Blocking of the Larynx and Air Passages 439


Squeezing to Death 439
Drowning 439
Death from Electric Currents 440
Violent Death in Fires 440
Death by Freezing 441
Death by Poisoning 441
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 444
Rape–Homicide and Sexual Assault–Related Murders 445
Infanticide and Child Abuse 447
Trunk Murder, Dismemberment of the Body 448
Accidental Death 448
Serial Murders 449
Chapter Questions 450

17 Digital Evidence 453


Computer Seizure 454
Steps to Remember 455
Collecting Video Evidence 457
Determine if There Is a Video 457
Stop the Recorder 458
Confiscate the Recording Medium Immediately 458
Document the Video System’s Physical Relationship to the Crime Scene 460
Seek Technical Assistance if Problems Occur 460
Conclusion 461
Chapter Questions 462

Appendix A: Equipment for Crime Scene Investigations 463


Appendix B: Forensic Science–Related Websites 467
Bibliography 473
Index 495
This page intentionally left blank
Foreword

The efforts of law enforcement to stay one step ahead of those who actively choose to vio-
late the law are part of an ongoing and evolutionary process. When there are those who
are creating new ways to commit the “perfect crime,” the law enforcement community
must respond and scour the evidence left behind, no matter how obscure or limited it is, to
find the person(s) responsible for those crimes and bring them to justice. This process fre-
quently involves the dedicated men and women of local, state, and federal forensic labora-
tories. They cannot settle for the status quo but must continue to push forward in scientific
endeavors to support the judicial system in its search for truth and justice.
The education of those fine forensic science professionals is also an ongoing endeavor
that can take years of study and training to reach the required level of competency, which
is then followed by a lifetime of continuing education to remain proficient. This text is a
resource for those who have chosen their specialty within the field but still want to keep up
on the advances and capabilities of the other disciplines in the forensic sciences.
With the repercussions of the congressionally directed report by the National Academy
of Sciences, Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward, still echo-
ing across the land, a new spotlight has been brought on those who provide forensic ser-
vices for public agencies. Ensuring that the appropriate scientific techniques and principles
are used to bring out the truth in criminal investigations will continue to be the task for
all levels of forensic practitioners throughout the nation. Validating the science underly-
ing those techniques will also be the responsibility of this generation’s forensic scientists.
With that in mind, this text that has been a standard for years will continue to be used as a
resource for those who wish to study and master the noble field of forensic science.
The Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department was honored to have Barry A. J. Fisher
as the director of our Scientific Services Bureau for more than two decades. Leaders like
him have helped build it into one of the largest and most respected municipal crime labora-
tories in the world. I am honored to once again write a foreword for this volume, the eighth
edition of Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation and look forward to its contribution as a
trusted resource for the criminal justice community.

Leroy D. Baca
Sheriff, Los Angeles County

xvii
This page intentionally left blank
Preface

In the late 1970s, I was invited to revise the classic criminal justice textbook, Techniques
of Crime Scene Investigation, which was first published in 1949 in Swedish under the title
HANDBOK I BROTTSPLATSUNDERSÖKING and subsequently in English in 1964. The
original authors were Arne Svensson and Otto Wendel, two police investigators from
Sweden. In 1981, I revised the text in the third edition and since then have served as the
principal author. In this eighth edition, I have the pleasure to introduce a new collaborator,
David R. Fisher, a supervising criminalist with the New York City Office of Chief Medical
Examiner, Department of Forensic Biology. The reader might notice that we share the same
last name; David is my elder son. It certainly makes a father feel proud to have his son fol-
low in his career path.
You may ask why we wrote this new edition; after all, crime scene investigation is
a fairly static field with few changes. True enough. However, recently there has been an
increased focus on the forensic sciences due in large part to the report put out by the
National Academy of Sciences, Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path
Forward. New practitioners and students of crime scene investigations must be made aware
of the increased scrutiny that they will face in the judicial system. Judges are taking a more
involved role than ever before as far as the types of evidence and testimony that they allow
into their courtrooms. No longer will substandard forensic science or crime scene investi-
gations be acceptable.
Having said this, criminal investigations remain as complex as ever and require profes-
sionals from many disciplines to work cooperatively toward one common goal: the deliv-
ery of justice in a fair and impartial manner. The effective use of science and technology is
critical to crime solving, reducing the number of wrongful convictions and exonerations.
Police investigators, prosecutors, and defense attorneys must be able to use these resources
to their fullest potential.
Science and technology applied to the solution of criminal acts solve crimes and poten-
tially save lives. Scientific crime scene investigation aids police investigators in identify-
ing suspects and victims of crimes, clearing innocent persons of suspicion and ultimately
bringing the wrongdoers to justice. When the justice system is able to remove a criminal
from society, innocent persons do not become new victims of criminal acts.
This book is about the proper and effective use of science and technology in support
of justice. The eighth edition of Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation is written for stu-
dents of crime scene investigation, police investigators, crime scene technicians, forensic
scientists, and attorneys. The material presented in this text is basic, covering the proper
ways to examine crime scenes and collect a wide variety of physical evidence that may be
encountered at crime scenes. It is not possible to cover every imaginable situation, but this
book is a guide that attempts to promote best practices. The areas are discussed in general
terms to give the reader some idea of the information that can be developed from physi-
cal evidence if it is collected properly. Few of the procedures mentioned in the book are

xix
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5
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