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A Joint Report by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency
and the International Atomic Energy Agency
2010

Uranium 2009:
Resources, Production
and Demand

N U C L E A R E N E R G Y A G E N C Y
A Joint Report by
The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency
And the International Atomic Energy Agency

Uranium 2009:
Resources, Production
and Demand

© OECD 2010
NEA No. 6891

NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
 ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 31 democracies work together to address the
economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to
understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate
governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides
a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify
good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg,
Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the
work of the OECD.
OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research
on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed
by its members.

This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The
opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official
views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.

NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY

The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) was established on 1st February 1958 under the name of the
OEEC European Nuclear Energy Agency. It received its present designation on 20th April 1972, when Japan
became its first non-European full member. NEA membership today consists of 28 OECD member countries:
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the
Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The
Commission of the European Communities also takes part in the work of the Agency.
The mission of the NEA is:
– to assist its member countries in maintaining and further developing, through international co-
operation, the scientific, technological and legal bases required for a safe, environmentally friendly
and economical use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, as well as
– to provide authoritative assessments and to forge common understandings on key issues, as input
to government decisions on nuclear energy policy and to broader OECD policy analyses in areas
such as energy and sustainable development.
Specific areas of competence of the NEA include safety and regulation of nuclear activities, radioactive
waste management, radiological protection, nuclear science, economic and technical analyses of the nuclear
fuel cycle, nuclear law and liability, and public information.
The NEA Data Bank provides nuclear data and computer program services for participating countries. In
these and related tasks, the NEA works in close collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency in
Vienna, with which it has a Co-operation Agreement, as well as with other international organisations in the
nuclear field.

Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda.

© OECD 2009
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Cover credits: Cameco, Canada; AREVA, France.

 PREFACE

Since the mid-1960s, with the co-operation of their member countries and states, the OECD
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have jointly
prepared periodic updates (currently every two years) on world uranium resources, production and
demand. These updates have been published by the OECD/NEA in what is commonly known as the
“Red Book”. This 23rd edition of the Red Book replaces the 2007 edition and reflects information
current as of 1st January 2009.

The Red Book features a comprehensive assessment of current uranium supply and demand and
projections to the year 2035. The basis of this assessment is a comparison of uranium resource
estimates (according to categories of geological certainty and production cost) and mine production
capability with anticipated uranium requirements arising from projections of installed nuclear
capacity. In cases where longer-term projections of installed nuclear capacity were not provided by
national authorities, projected demand figures were developed with input from expert authorities.
Current data on resources, exploration, production and uranium stocks are also presented, along with
historical summaries of exploration and production, and plans for future mine production. In addition,
individual country reports provide detailed information on recent developments in uranium
exploration and production, updates on environmental activities and information on relevant national
uranium and nuclear energy policies.

The Red Book also includes a compilation and evaluation of previously published data on
unconventional uranium resources. Available information on secondary sources of uranium is
presented and their potential market impact is assessed.

This publication has been prepared on the basis of data obtained through questionnaires sent by
the NEA to OECD member countries (17 countries responded and one country report was prepared by
the Secretariat of the Joint NEA/IAEA Group on Uranium) and by the IAEA for those states that are
not OECD member countries (18 countries responded and four country reports were prepared by the
Secretariat). The opinions expressed in Parts I and II do not necessarily reflect the position of the
member countries or the international organisations concerned. This report is published on the
responsibility of the OECD Secretary-General.

Acknowledgement

The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), Paris, and the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA), Vienna, would like to acknowledge the co-operation of those organisations (see Appendix 2)
which replied to the questionnaire.

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE .............................................................................................................................................. 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 9
I. URANIUM SUPPLY ................................................................................................................. 15

A. URANIUM RESOURCES .................................................................................................. 15

• Identified Conventional Resources .............................................................................. 15
• Distribution of Identified Conventional Resources by Categories and Cost Ranges ... 16
• Distribution of Resources by Production Method ........................................................ 21
• Distribution of Resources by Deposit Type ................................................................. 22
• Proximity of Resources to Production Centres ............................................................ 26
• Undiscovered Resources .............................................................................................. 27
• Other Resources and Materials .................................................................................... 29
• Thorium........................................................................................................................ 32

B. URANIUM EXPLORATION ............................................................................................. 34

• Current Activities and Recent Developments .............................................................. 38

C. URANIUM PRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 44

• Present Status of Uranium Production ......................................................................... 48
• Ownership .................................................................................................................... 49
• Employment ................................................................................................................. 51
• Production Methods ..................................................................................................... 52
• Projected Production Capabilities ................................................................................ 53
• Changes in Production Facilities.................................................................................. 54

II. URANIUM DEMAND .............................................................................................................. 59

A. CURRENT COMMERCIAL NUCLEAR GENERATING CAPACITY

AND REACTOR-RELATED URANIUM REQUIREMENTS .......................................... 59

B. PROJECTED NUCLEAR POWER CAPACITY AND RELATED URANIUM

REQUIREMENTS TO 2035 ............................................................................................... 75
• Factors Affecting Capacity and Uranium Requirements ............................................. 75
• Projections to 2035....................................................................................................... 77

C. URANIUM SUPPLY AND DEMAND RELATIONSHIPS .............................................. 84

• Primary Sources of Uranium Supply ........................................................................... 84
• Secondary Sources of Uranium Supply ....................................................................... 85
• Uranium Market Developments ................................................................................... 96
• Supply and Demand to 2035 ...................................................................................... 100

D. THE LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVE ................................................................................ 103

5
III. NATIONAL REPORTS ON URANIUM EXPLORATION, RESOURCES,
PRODUCTION, DEMAND AND THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................. 109

Argentina ................................................................................................................................... 110

Armenia ..................................................................................................................................... 120
Australia .................................................................................................................................... 122
Botswana ................................................................................................................................... 134
Brazil ......................................................................................................................................... 136
Bulgaria ..................................................................................................................................... 146
Canada ....................................................................................................................................... 154
China ......................................................................................................................................... 168
Czech Republic.......................................................................................................................... 179
Denmark .................................................................................................................................... 190
Egypt ......................................................................................................................................... 192
Finland ....................................................................................................................................... 195
France ........................................................................................................................................ 203
Germany .................................................................................................................................... 208
Hungary ..................................................................................................................................... 213
India ........................................................................................................................................... 221
Indonesia ................................................................................................................................... 235
Iran, Islamic Republic of ........................................................................................................... 240
Japan .......................................................................................................................................... 247
Jordan ........................................................................................................................................ 253
Kazakhstan ................................................................................................................................ 255
Korea, Republic of..................................................................................................................... 270
Malawi ....................................................................................................................................... 272
Mongolia ................................................................................................................................... 276
Namibia ..................................................................................................................................... 286
Niger .......................................................................................................................................... 302
Peru............................................................................................................................................ 312
Poland ........................................................................................................................................ 315
Portugal ..................................................................................................................................... 319
Russian Federation .................................................................................................................... 325
Slovak Republic ........................................................................................................................ 338
Slovenia ..................................................................................................................................... 343
South Africa .............................................................................................................................. 348
Spain .......................................................................................................................................... 364
Sweden ...................................................................................................................................... 371
Tanzania .................................................................................................................................... 376
Turkey ....................................................................................................................................... 381
Ukraine ...................................................................................................................................... 384
United Kingdom ........................................................................................................................ 396
United Sates of America............................................................................................................ 399

6
 APPENDICES

1. Members of the Joint NEA-IAEA Uranium Group................................................................... 419

2. List of Reporting Organisations and Contact Persons ............................................................... 423

3. Glossary of Definitions and Terminology ................................................................................. 427

4. Acronym List ............................................................................................................................. 439

5. Energy Conversion Factors ....................................................................................................... 441

6. Listing of all Red Book Editions (1965-2010) and National Reports ....................................... 445

7. Currency Exchange Rates.......................................................................................................... 453

8. Grouping of Countries and Areas with Uranium-related Activities .......................................... 455

7
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Uranium 2009 – Resources, Production and Demand presents, in addition to updated resource
figures, the results of the most recent review of world uranium market fundamentals and provides a
statistical profile of the world uranium industry as of 1 January 2009. First published in 1965, this is
the 23rd edition of what has become known as the “Red Book.” It contains official data provided by
35 countries (and five Country Reports prepared by the Secretariat) on uranium exploration, resources,
production and reactor-related requirements. Projections of nuclear generating capacity and reactor-
related uranium requirements through 2035 are provided as well as a discussion of long-term uranium
supply and demand issues.

Exploration
Worldwide exploration and mine development expenditures in 2008 totalled about
USD 1.641 billion, an increase of 133% compared to updated 2006 figures, despite declining market
prices since mid-2007. Most major producing countries reported increasing expenditures, as efforts to
identify new resources and bring new production centers online moved forward. The majority of
global exploration activities remain concentrated in areas with potential for hosting unconformity-
related and ISL (in situ leach; sometimes referred to as in situ recovery, or ISR) amenable sandstone
deposits, primarily in close proximity to known resources and existing production facilities. However,
generally higher prices for uranium since 2003, compared to the preceding two decades, have
stimulated “grass roots” exploration, as well as increased exploration in regions known to have good
potential based on past work. About 80% of the exploration and development expenditures in 2008
were devoted to domestic activities. Non-domestic exploration and development expenditures,
although reported by only China, France, Japan and the Russian Federation, declined to
USD 324.3 million in 2008 from USD 352.5 million in 2007, but remain significantly above the
USD 19.2 million reported in 2003. Domestic exploration and development expenditures are expected
to decline somewhat but remain strong throughout 2009, amounting to about USD 1.342 billion.

Resources1

1. Uranium Resources are classified by a scheme (based on geological certainty and costs of production) developed to
combine resource estimates from a number of different countries into harmonised global figures. “Identified
Resources” (RAR and Inferred) refer to uranium deposits delineated by sufficient direct measurement to conduct pre-
feasibility and sometimes feasibility studies. For Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR), high confidence in estimates of
grade and tonnage are generally compatible with mining decision making standards. Inferred Resources are not defined
with such a high a degree of confidence and generally require further direct measurement prior to making a decision to
mine. “Undiscovered Resources” (Prognosticated and Speculative) refer to resources that are expected to occur based
on geological knowledge of previously discovered deposits and regional geological mapping. Prognosticated
Resources refer to those expected to occur in known uranium provinces, generally supported by some direct evidence.
Speculative Resources refer to those expected to occur in geological provinces that may host uranium deposits. Both
Prognosticated and Speculative Resources require significant amounts of exploration before their existence can be
confirmed and grades and tonnages can be defined. For a more detailed description see Appendix 3.

9
 Total Identified Resources (Reasonably Assured & Inferred) as of 1 January 2009 declined
slightly to 5 404 000 tonnes of uranium metal (tU) in the <USD 130/kgU (<USD 50/lb U3O8) category
(a decrease of 1.2% compared to 1 January 2007), but increased to 6 306 300 tU in the re-introduced
high-cost (<USD 260/kgU or <USD 100/lb U3O8) category (an increase of 15.5% compared to total
2007 resources reported in the <USD 130/kgU cost category).

The high-cost category of <USD 260/kgU was added to this edition in response to both the
overall increase in market prices for uranium since 2003 and increased mining costs. Although total
Identified Resources have increased overall, there has been a significant reduction in lower cost
resources owing principally to increased mining costs (a 73% reduction of <USD 40/kgU and a 16%
reduction of <USD 80/kgU). Though a portion of the overall increases in the new high cost category
relate to new discoveries, the majority result from re-evaluations of previously Identified Resources.
At current (2008) rates of consumption, Identified Resources are sufficient for over 100 years of
supply for the global nuclear power fleet.

Total Undiscovered Resources (Prognosticated Resources & Speculative Resources) as of

1 January 2009 amounted to more than 10 400 000 tU, declining slightly from the 10 500 000 tU
reported in 2007. It is important to note however that some countries, including major producers with
large identified uranium resource inventories, do not report resources in this category.

The uranium resource figures presented in this volume are a “snapshot” of the situation as of
1 January 2009. Resource figures are dynamic and related to commodity prices. The overall increase
in Identified Resources from 2007 to 2009, including the re-introduced high cost category, equivalent
to over 13 years of supply of 2009 uranium requirements, demonstrates that uranium prices impact
resource totals and new resources are readily identified with appropriate market incentives. Favourable
market conditions will stimulate exploration and, as in the past, increased exploration effort will lead
to the identification of additional resources through intensified effort on existing deposits and the
discovery of new deposits of economic interest. For example, recent efforts in Australia have led to the
discovery of several new deposits and potentially significant occurrences: Double 8 (Western
Australia), Beverley North and Blackbush (South Australia), Ranger 3 Deeps, Thunderball, N147 and
Crystal Creek (Northern Territory). Continued effort in Canada has led to high-grade discoveries in
the Athabasca Basin, such as Centennial, Shea Creek, Wheeler River and Roughrider.

Production

Uranium production in 2008 totalled 43 880 tU, a 6% increase from the 41 244 tU produced in
2007 and an 11% increase from the 39 617 tU produced in 2006. As in 2006, a total of 20 countries
reported output in 2008. Global production increases between 2006 and 2008 were driven principally
by significantly increased output in Kazakhstan (61%). More modest increases were recorded in
Australia, Brazil, Namibia and the Russian Federation. Reduced production was recorded in a number
of countries between 2006 and 2008 (including Canada, Niger and the United States) owing to a
combination of lower than expected ore grades, technical difficulties and preparations for mine
expansions. Underground mining accounted for 32% of global production in 2008; ISL mining, 30%
(rising rapidly in importance, principally because of capacity increases in Kazakhstan); open pit
mining, 27%; with co-product and by-product recovery from copper and gold operations and other
unconventional methods accounting for most of the remaining 11%. Global uranium production in
2009 is expected to increase by 16% to over 51 000 tU, with production beginning in Malawi and
continuing to ramp up in Kazakhstan (the largest production increase – more than 60% from 2008 to
2009 – is expected to occur once again in Kazakhstan).

10
Environmental aspects of uranium production

Although the focus of the Red Book remains uranium resources, production and demand,
environmental aspects of the uranium production cycle are once again included in some Country
Reports in this volume. Efforts can generally be divided into two areas. The first encompasses work to
remediate the consequences of uranium production practices, no longer licensed today, that resulted in
a number of legacy uranium mining sites in several countries (e.g. Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, the Czech
Republic, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Ukraine and the United States).
Included in this volume are updates of some of these activities. These experiences are an important
reminder of the consequences of outdated mining practices that must continue to be avoided in coming
years as uranium production is poised to expand to countries with no past experience in this type of
activity.

The second area encompasses efforts to ensure that ongoing operations are conducted in ways
that protect people and the environment and avoid the creation of new uranium mining legacies.
Information presented in a number of National Reports includes notes on crucial aspects of modern
uranium mine development, such as environmental assessment processes prior to mine openings or
expansions (e.g. Australia, Canada), monitoring programmes at currently operating mines (e.g.
Kazakhstan), efforts to reduce water consumption (e.g. Namibia) and the establishment of new, more
stringent environmental radiation protection regimes (e.g. China). Uranium mining is bringing benefits
to local populations and the use of revenues arising from taxes on uranium mining operations, as well
as efforts by the mining companies themselves, to improve living conditions of people in the vicinity
of mining operations (e.g. Kazakhstan, Namibia) are outlined. Uranium mining companies also
continue to obtain the internationally recognised ISO 14001 series of international standards on
environmental management to enhance sustainable management and environmental protection at their
operations (achievements in this regard are noted in Namibia and Niger).

Additional information on these two areas of environmental aspects of uranium production may
be found in a joint NEA/IAEA Uranium Group publications entitled Environmental Remediation of
Uranium Production Facilities, Paris, OECD, 2002 and Environmental Activities in Uranium Mining
and Milling, Paris, OECD, 1999.

Uranium demand

At the end of 2008, a total of 438 commercial nuclear reactors were connected to the grid with a
net generating capacity of about 373 GWe requiring about 59 065 tU, as measured by uranium
acquisitions. Uranium acquisitions have declined in recent years because increased uranium costs have
motivated utilities to specify lower tails assays at enrichment facilities in order to reduce uranium
consumption and due to inventory drawdown. By the year 2035, world nuclear capacity is projected to
grow to between about 511 GWe net in the low demand case and 782 GWe net in the high demand
case, increases of 37% and 110% from 2009 capacity, respectively. Accordingly, world annual
reactor-related uranium requirements are projected to rise to between 87 370 tU and 138 165 tU by
2035.

The nuclear capacity projections vary considerably from region to region. The East Asia region
is projected to experience the largest increase that, by the year 2035, could result in the installation of
between 120 GWe and 167 GWe of new capacity, representing increases of over 150% to more than
210% compared to 2009 capacity, respectively. Nuclear capacity in non-European Union countries in
Europe is also expected to increase considerably (between 75% and 170%). Other regions projected to
experience growth include the Middle East and Southern Asia; Central and South America; Africa and

11
South-eastern Asia. Nuclear capacity and requirements display wide variation in North America (from
a decrease of 30% to an increase of over 40%) and in the European Union (from a decrease of 10% to
an increase of almost 20%).

However, there are uncertainties in these projections as there is ongoing debate on the role that
nuclear energy will play in meeting future energy requirements. Key factors that will influence future
nuclear energy capacity include projected base load electricity demand, non-proliferation concerns,
public acceptance of nuclear energy and proposed waste management strategies, as well as the
economic competitiveness of nuclear power plants, the ability to fund such capital intensive projects
and the cost of fuel compared to other electricity generating technologies. Concerns about longer-term
security of supply of fossil fuels and the extent to which nuclear energy is seen to be beneficial in
meeting greenhouse gas reduction targets could contribute to even greater projected growth in uranium
demand.

Supply and demand relationship

In 2008, world uranium production (43 880 tU) provided about 74% of world reactor
requirements (59 065 tU), with the remainder being met by supplies of already mined uranium (so-
called secondary sources) including excess government and commercial inventories, low enriched
uranium (LEU) produced by down-blending highly enriched uranium (HEU) from the dismantling of
nuclear warheads, re-enrichment of depleted uranium tails and spent fuel reprocessing.

Uranium mine development has responded to the market signal of increased prices and rising
demand. As currently projected, primary uranium production capabilities including Existing,
Committed, Planned and Prospective production centres could satisfy projected high case world
uranium requirements through 2028 and low case requirements through 2035. Beyond this date, in
order for production to be able to provide fuel for all reactors for their entire operational lifetime,
including new reactors added to the grid to 2035, additional resources will need to be identified and
new mines and mine expansions will need to take place in a timely fashion. Should demand increase
as projected growth in nuclear power is realised, uranium prices would be expected to rise, stimulating
additional investment in mine production capacity. However, sufficiently high uranium market prices
will be required to fund these activities, especially in light of rising costs of production. Secondary
sources will continue to be required, complemented to the extent possible by uranium savings
achieved by specifying low tails assays at enrichment facilities and developments in fuel cycle
technology.

Although information on secondary sources is incomplete, they are generally expected to

decline in market importance, particularly after 2013. However, there remains a potentially significant
amount of previously mined uranium (including material held by the military), and it is feasible that at
least some of this material could make its way to the market in a controlled fashion. As secondary
supplies are reduced in the coming years, reactor requirements will have to be increasingly met by
mine production. The introduction of alternate fuel cycles, if successfully developed and implemented,
could profoundly impact the market balance, but it is too early to say how cost-effective and widely
implemented these proposed fuel cycles will be. What is clear is that a sustained strong market for
uranium will be needed to stimulate the timely development of production capability and to increase
Identified Resources. Because of the long lead-times required to identify new resources and to bring
them into production (typically on the order of 10 years or more), the relatively sparse global network
of uranium mine facilities, and geopolitical uncertainties in some important producing countries, the
market will have to provide the incentive for exploration and mine development activities to continue
in order to avoid potential uranium supply shortfalls.

12
Conclusion

Despite recent declines stemming from the global economic and financial crisis, world demand
for electricity is expected to continue to grow significantly over the next several decades to foster
economic growth and meet the needs of an increasing population. The recognition by many
governments that nuclear power can produce competitively-priced, base-load electricity that is
essentially free of greenhouse gas emissions, combined with the role that nuclear can play in
enhancing security of energy supplies, increase the prospects for growth in nuclear generating
capacity, although the magnitude of that growth remains uncertain.

Regardless of the role that nuclear energy ultimately plays in meeting rising electricity demand,
the uranium resource base described in this document is more than adequate to meet projected
requirements. Meeting even high-case requirements to 2035 would consume less than half of the
identified resources described in this volume. Nonetheless, the challenge remains to develop
environmentally sustainable mining operations and to bring increasing quantities of uranium to the
market in a timely fashion. A strong market will be required for resources to be developed within the
timeframe required to meet projected uranium demand.

13
 I. URANIUM SUPPLY

This chapter summarises the current status of worldwide uranium resources, exploration and
production. In addition, production capabilities in reporting countries for the period ending in the
year 2035 are presented and discussed.

A. URANIUM RESOURCES

Identified Conventional Resources

In this edition, Identified Resources consist of Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR) and
Inferred Resources (previously EAR-I), recoverable at a cost of less than USD 260/kgU
(USD 100/lbU3O8).1 A higher cost resource category (USD 130/kgU to USD 260/kgU) was added to
complement previous editions that tabulated resources available at costs up to the USD 130/kgU
(USD 50/lbU3O8). Relative changes in different resource and cost categories of Identified Resources
between this edition and the 2007 edition of the Red Book are summarised in Table 1. As shown in
Table 1, Identified Resources recoverable at costs of <USD 130/kgU decreased by some 65 000 tU
between 2007 and 2009 (about 1.2%) to a total of 5 404 000 tU, mainly the result of significant
reductions reported in Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Ukraine and the United
States amounting to more than additions reported in Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, India,
Malawi and Namibia. Reduced resources were principally the result of re-classification of previously
known resources into higher cost categories in light of increased mining costs.

Despite the decline in resources recoverable at costs of <USD 130/kgU, the overall increase in
Identified Resources recoverable at <USD 260/kgU between 2007 and 2009 (above those reported in
the 2007 <USD 130/kgU category), amount to over 837 000 tU, equivalent to over 13 years of supply
of 2009 uranium requirements. Though some of these reported increases are due to new discoveries
resulting from increased exploration, most relate to re-evaluations of known deposits and increased
exploration effort to extend the lives of or to expand production at existing mining facilities.

In contrast to the overall increase in the highest cost category, Identified Resources in the two
lowest cost categories (USD 40/kgU and USD 80/kgU; or about USD 15/lbU3O8 and USD 30/lbU3O8)
declined by almost 2 174 000 tU and 715 000 tU, respectively (decreases of 73% and 16% compared
to 2007). Significant reductions occurred in RAR and Inferred Resources (IR) in the lowest cost

1. All Identified Conventional Resources are reported as recoverable uranium. In cases where resources were
reported by countries as in situ, resource figures were adjusted to estimate recoverable resources either by
using recovery factors provided by the country or applying Secretariat estimates according to expected
production method (see Recoverable Resources in Appendix 3).

15
category (<USD 40/kgU), principally the result of reclassification of resources into higher cost
categories in Australia, Kazakhstan, Namibia, Niger, the Russian Federation, South Africa and
Ukraine. However, it is important to note that the decline in the lowest cost category in Australia may
not be as great as indicated owing to the inability to estimate the cost of producing uranium as a by-
product at Olympic Dam, site of the world’s largest uranium deposit. Current estimates of
Identified Resources, RAR and Inferred Resources, on a country-by-country basis, are presented in
Tables 2, 3 and 4, respectively.

Distribution of Identified Conventional Resources by Categories and Cost Ranges

The most significant changes between 2007 and 2009 in the overall amount of Identified
Conventional Resources (Table 2) occurred in Australia, Canada, Namibia and the United States. The
distribution of Identified Resources, RAR and Inferred Resources, among countries with major
resources, is shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

Table 1. Changes in Identified Resources 2007-2009

(1 000 tU)
Resource category 2007 2009 Changes(a)
Identified (Total)
<USD 260/kgU NA > 6 306 + 837(b)
<USD 130/kgU 5 469 5 404 - 65
<USD 80/kgU >4 456 3 742 - 715
(c)
<USD 40/kgU 2 970 > 796 - 2 174
RAR
<USD 260/kgU NA > 4 004 + 666(b)
<USD 130/kgU >3 338 3 525 + 187
<USD 80/kgU 2 598 > 2 516 - 82
(c)
<USD 40/kgU >1 766 570 - 1 196
Inferred Resources
<USD 260/kgU NA 2 302 + 172(b)
<USD 130/kgU >2 130 > 1 879 - 251
<USD 80/kgU >1 858 1 226 - 632
(c)
<USD 40/kgU 1 204 > 226 - 978

(a) Changes might not equal differences between 2007 and 2005 because of independent rounding.
(b) Above those reported in the 2007 <USD 130/kgU category.
(c) Resources in the cost categories of <USD 40/kgU are likely higher than reported, because some
countries have indicated that either detailed estimates are not available, or the data are confidential.

16
 Figure 1. Global Distribution of Identified Resources (<USD 130/kgU)

17
The global distribution of Identified Resources amongst 14 countries that are either major uranium producers or have significant plans for
growth of nuclear generating capacity illustrates the widespread distribution of these resources. Together, these 14 countries are endowed with
97% of the identified global resource base in this cost category (the remaining 3% are distributed among another 19 countries). The widespread
distribution of uranium resources is an important geographic aspect of nuclear energy in light of security of energy supply.
 Table 2. Identified Resources (RAR + Inferred)
(recoverable resources as of 1 January 2009, tonnes U, rounded to nearest 100 tonnes)
Cost Ranges
COUNTRY
<USD 40/Kg U <USD 80/Kg U <USD 130/Kg U <USD 260/Kg U
Algeria (a) (b) (c) 0* 0* 19 500 19 500
Argentina 0 11 400 19 100 19 100
Australia NA 1 612 000 1 673 000 1 679 000
Brazil 139 900 231 300 278 700 278 700
Canada 366 700 447 400 485 300 544 700
Central African Republic (a) (b) (c) 0* 0* 12 000 12 000
Chile (c) 0 0 0* 1 500
China (c) 67 400 150 000 171 400 171 400
Congo, Dem. Rep. of (a) (b) (c) 0 0* 0* 2 700
Czech Republic 0 500 500 500
Denmark (b) (c) 0 0 0 85 600*
Egypt 0 0 0 1 900
Finland (b) (c) 0 0 1 100 1 100
France 0 0 100 9 100
Gabon (a) (b) 0 0 4 800 5 800
Germany (b) (c) 0 0 0 7 000
Greece (a) (b) 0* 0* 0* 7 000
Hungary 0 0 0 8 600
India (c) (d) 0 0 80 200 80 200
Indonesia (b) (c) 0* 0* 4 800 6 000
Iran, Islamic Republic of 0 0 0* 2 200
Italy (a) (b) 0 0 4 800 6 100
Japan (b) 0 0* 6 600 6 600
Jordan (a) (c) 0* 111 800 111 800 111 800
Kazakhstan (c) 44 400 475 500 651 800 832 000
Malawi* 0 8 100 15 000* 15 000
Mexico (a) (b) (c) 0 0 0* 1 800
Mongolia (b) (c) 0 41 800 49 300 49 300
Namibia (a) (c)* 0 2 000 284 200 284 200
Niger (a) (c)* 17 000 73 400 272 900 275 500
Peru (c) 0 0 2 700 2 700
Portugal (a) (b) 0 4 500 7 000 7 000
Romania (a) 0 0 6 700 6 700
Russian Federation 0 158 100 480 300 566 300
Slovakia* 0 0 0 10 200
Slovenia (a) (b) (c) 0 0* 9 200 9 200
Somalia (a) (b) (c) 0 0* 0* 7 600
South Africa (b) (f) 153 300 232 900 295 600 295 600
Spain (b) 0 2 500 11 300 11 300
Sweden (a) (b) 0 0 10 000 10 000
Tanzania (c) 0 0 0 28 400*
Turkey (b) (c) 0 0* 7 300 7 300
Ukraine (c) 5 700 53 500 105 000 223 600
United States 0 39 000 207 400 472 100
Uzbekistan (a) (c) (e) 0 86 200* 114 600* 114 600*
Vietnam (a) (b) (c) 0 0* 0* 6 400
Zimbabwe (a) (b) (c) 0 0* 0* 1 400
Total (g) 796 400 3 741 900 5 404 000 6 306 300
NA Data not available.
* Secretariat estimate.
(a) Not reported in 2009 responses, data from previous Red Book
(b) Assessment not made within the last five years.
(c) In situ resources were adjusted by the Secretariat to estimate recoverable resources using recovery factors provided
by countries or estimated by the Secretariat according to the expected production method.
(d) Cost data not provided, therefore resources are reported in the < USD 130/kgU category.
(e) Data from previous Red Book, reduced by past production.
(f) Resource estimates do not account for production.
(g) Totals related to costs <USD 40/kgU and <USD 80/kgU are higher than reported because certain countries do not
report low-cost resources. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

18
 Table 3. Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR)
(recoverable resources as of 1 January 2009, tonnes U, rounded to nearest 100 tonnes)
Cost Ranges
COUNTRY
<USD 40/Kg U <USD 80/Kg U <USD 130/Kg U <USD 260/Kg U
Algeria (a) (b) (c) 0* 0* 19 500 19 500
Argentina 0 7 000 10 400 10 400
Australia NA 1 163 000 1 176 000 1 179 000
Brazil 139 900 157 700 157 700 157 700
Canada 267 100 336 800 361 100 387 400
Central African Republic (a) (b) (c) 0* 0* 12 000 12 000
Chile (c) 0 0 0* 800
China (c) 52 000 100 900 115 900 115 900
Congo, Dem. Rep. of (a) (b) (c) 0 0* 0* 1 400
Czech Republic 0 400 400 400
Finland (b) (c) 0 0 1 100 1 100
France 0 0 0 9 000
Gabon (a) (b) 0 0 4 800 4 800
Germany (b) (c) 0 0 0 3 000
Greece (a) (b) 0* 0* 0* 1 000
India (c) (d) 0 0 55 200 55 200
Indonesia (b) (c) 0* 0* 4 800 4 800
Iran, Islamic Republic of 0 0 0* 700
Italy (a) (b) 0 0* 4 800 4 800
Japan (b) 0 0* 6 600 6 600
Jordan (a) (c) 0* 44 000 44 000 44 000
Kazakhstan (c) 14 600 233 900 336 200 414 200
Malawi* 0 8 100 13 600 13 600
Mexico (a) (b) (c) 0 0 0* 1 300
Mongolia (b) (c)* 0 37 500 37 500 37 500
Namibia (e) 0* 2 000* 157 000* 157 000
Niger (a) (c)* 17 000 42 500 242 000 244 600
Peru (c) 0 0* 1 300 1 300
Portugal (a) (b) 0 4 500* 6 000 6 000
Romania (a) 0 0 3 100 3 100
Russian Federation 0 100 400 181 400 181 400
Slovakia* 0 0 0 5 100
Slovenia (a) (b) (c) 0 0* 1 700* 1 700
Somalia (a) (b) (c) 0 0 0* 5 000
South Africa (b) (f) 76 800 142 000 195 200 195 200
Spain (b) 0 2 500 4 900 4 900
Sweden (a) (b) 0 0 4 000 4 000
Tanzania (c) 0 0 0 8 900*
Turkey (b) (c) 0 0* 7 300 7 300
Ukraine (c) 2 500 38 700 76 000 142 400
United States 0 39 000 207 400 472 100
Uzbekistan (a) (b) (e) 0 55 200* 76 000* 76 000*
Vietnam (a) (b) (c) 0 0 0* 1 000
Zimbabwe (a) (b) (c) 0 0 0* 1 400
Total (g) 569 900 2 516 100 3 524 900 4 004 500
NA Data not available.
* Secretariat estimate.
(a) Not reported in 2009 responses, data from previous Red Book
(b) Assessment not made within the last five years.
(c) In situ resources were adjusted by the Secretariat to estimate recoverable resources using recovery factors provided by
countries or estimated by the Secretariat according to the expected production method.
(d) Cost data not provided, therefore resources are reported in the < USD 260/kgU category.
(e) Data from previous Red Book, reduced by past production.
(f) Resource estimates do not account for production.
(g) Totals related to costs <USD 40/kgU and <USD 80/kgU are higher than reported because certain countries do not
report low-cost resources. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

19
 Table 4. Inferred Resources
(recoverable resources as of 1 January 2009, tonnes U, rounded to nearest 100 tonnes)
Cost Ranges
COUNTRY
<USD 40/Kg U <USD 80/Kg U <USD 130/Kg U <USD 260/Kg U
Argentina 0 4 400 8 700 8 700
Australia NA 449 000 497 000 500 000
Brazil 0 73 600 121 000 121 000
Canada 99 700 110 600 124 200 157 200
Chile (a) (b) (c) 0 0 0 700
China (c) 15 400 49 100 55 500 55 500
Congo, Dem. Rep. of (a) (b) (c) 0 0* 0* 1 300
Czech Republic 0 100 100 100
Denmark (b) (c) 0 0 0 85 600*
Egypt 0 0 0* 1 900
France (b) 0 0 100* 100
Gabon (a) (b) 0 0 0* 1 000
Germany (b) (c) 0 0 0 4 000
Greece (a) (b) 0* 0* 0* 6 000
Hungary 0 0 0 8 600
India (c) (d) 0 0 24 900 24 900
Indonesia (b) (c) 0 0* 0* 1 200
Iran, Islamic Republic of (c) 0 0 0* 1 400
Italy (a) (b) 0 0 0* 1 300
Jordan (a) (c) 0* 67 800 67 800 67 800
Kazakhstan (c) 29 800 241 500 315 600 417 900
Malawi* 0 0 1 500 1 500
Mexico (a) (b) (c) 0 0 0* 500
Mongolia (b) (c) 0 4 300* 11 800* 11 800*
Namibia (a) (c) (d)* 0 0 127 200 127 200
Niger (a) (c)* 0 30 900 30 900 30 900
Peru (b) (c) 0 0* 1 400* 1 400*
Portugal (a) (b) 0 0* 1 000 1 000
Romania (a) 0 0 3 600 3 600
Russian Federation 0 57 700 298 900 384 900
Slovakia* 0 0 0 5 200
Slovenia (a) (b) (c) 0 0* 7 500 7 500
Somalia (a) (b) (c) 0 0 0* 2 600
South Africa (b) (e) 78 500 90 900 100 400 100 400
Spain (b) 0 0 6 400 6 400
Sweden (a) (b) 0 0 6 000 6 000
Tanzania* 0 0 0 19 500
Ukraine (c) 3 200 14 900 29 000 81 200
Uzbekistan (a) (b) (c) 0 31 000 38 600 38 600
Vietnam (a) (b) (c) 0 0* 0* 5 400
Total (e) 226 600 1 225 800 1 879 100 2 301 800
NA Data not available.
* Secretariat estimate.
(a) Not reported in 2009 responses, data from previous Red Book using Inferred or EAR-I data.
(b) Assessment not made within the last five years.
(c) In situ resources were adjusted to estimate recoverable resources, using recovery factors provided by the countries or
estimated by the Secretariat according to the expected production method.
(d) Cost data not provided, therefore resources are reported in the < USD 130/kgU category.
(e) Totals related to costs <USD 40/kgU and <USD 80/kgU are higher than reported because certain countries do not
report low-cost resources. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

Reasonably Assured Conventional Resources (RAR) recoverable at costs <USD 40/kgU, the
most economically attractive category, decreased by 1 196 500 tU since 2007 to a total of 569 900 tU
(a decrease from 2007 of about 68%). Significant decreases were recorded in Australia, Kazakhstan,
Namibia, the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. RAR recoverable at a cost of
<USD 130/kgU increased by 186 600 tU, compared to 2007 (about 6%), to a total of 3 524 900 tU, as

20
significant increases reported by Australia, and to a lesser extent in Canada, China and the Russian
Federation, were greater than decreases reported by Kazakhstan, Ukraine and the United States.
Inclusion of the new higher cost category (USD 130/kgU to USD 260/kgU) added 666 200 tU to RAR,
principally as a result of resources reported in Kazakhstan, Ukraine and the United States, and to a
lesser extent Australia and Canada. Overall, these changes were principally the result of re-evaluation
of known deposits. Of particular note are changes reported by Australia and Kazakhstan. In Australia,
low cost RAR (<USD 40/kgU) are no longer reported, owing to rapidly increasing mining costs and
the challenge of determining mining costs at Olympic Dam, where uranium is produced as a by-
product with copper, gold and silver. In Kazakhstan, low cost RAR (<USD 40/kgU) decreased by over
220 000 tU and decreases were also reported in the <USD 80/kgU (over 110 000 tU) and
<USD 130/kgU (over 41 000 tU), owing to rising costs and changes in the tax system. Similar, but less
extensive reclassifications were reported by the Russian Federation, Ukraine and the United States.
Inferred Conventional Resources (IR) decreased in all cost categories, with the exception of the
new high cost category (USD 130/kgU to USD 260/kgU). Low cost IR (USD 40/kgU) was reduced by
as much as 977 000 tU (81%, compared to 2007). Australia, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and
Ukraine all reported declining IR, with Kazakhstan registering the greatest decreases. Kazakhstan, the
Russian Federation and Ukraine re-classified a significant amount of resources into the highest cost
category, principally the result of re-evaluation of resources in light of increased costs of production,
while exploration efforts in Canada, China and Denmark (Greenland) resulted in the introduction of
new high cost IR.
Together, the changes in Identified Conventional Resources (i.e. RAR plus IR), recoverable at a
cost of <USD 40/kgU, decreased by 2 173 600 tU (about 73% from 2007) and at costs <USD 130/kgU
decreased by 64 800 tU, some 1.2% less than in 2007. Resources reported in the newly introduced
highest cost category (USD 130/kgU to USD 260/kgU) contributed 837 500 tU to the overall
Conventional Resource base as of 1 January 2009.
Distribution of Resources by Production Method
In 2009, countries reported Identified Resources by cost categories and by the expected
production method, i.e., open-pit or underground mining, in situ leaching, heap leaching or in-place
leaching, co-product/by-product or as unspecified.
Of the remaining low-cost RAR (<USD 40/kgU) reported by production method, recovery by
underground mining is the most important (mainly in Canada), followed by co-product/by-product
production and ISL (Table 6), although the co-product/by-product contribution is likely under-
estimated owing to the difficulty in attributing mining costs to uranium production in these operations,
in particular the Olympic Dam mine in Australia. With respect to RAR recoverable at costs
<USD 130/kgU, most are expected to be produced by underground mining (almost 1/3 of the reported
resources), followed by co-product/by-product, open-pit mining and ISL. The ranking is the same for
resources reported in the new high cost category (<USD 260/kgU).
With respect to Inferred Resources (Table 7), what remains in the <USD 40/kgU category is
dominated by underground and ISL. In the <USD 130/kgU category, underground mining is expected
to be the most important production method, followed by recovery as co-product/by-product, ISL and
open-pit mining. The ranking is much the same for the new high cost category (<USD 260/kgU),
although open-pit mining is slightly more important than co-product/by-product in this cost category.

21
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