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Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) include two sets of values In addition to the values that serve as goals for nutrient in­
that serve as goals for nutrient intake—Recommended Dietary takes (presented in the tables on these two pages), the DRI in­
Allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intakes (AI). The RDA reflect clude a set of values called Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL).
the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to The UL represent the maximum amount of a nutrient that ap­
meet the needs of most healthy people. If there is insufficient pears safe for most healthy people to consume on a regular ba­
evidence to determine an RDA, an AI is set. AI are more ten­ sis. Turn the page for a listing of the UL for selected vitamins
tative than RDA, but both may be used as goals for nutrient and minerals.
intakes. (Chapter 9 provides more details.)

Estimated Energy Requirements (EER), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA),

and Adequate Intakes (AI) for Water, Energy, and the Energy Nutrients
ht
ht

g/da cid c
Heig

y)
m 2) BMI

Wei

y)

(g/d te

g/da id

g/da
ay) d
l/da

AI ( lenic A
ay)
RDA ohydra

AI ( leic Ac
AI ( l Fiber
(kg/ rence

cm rence

kg ( rence

y)

y)

y)

y)
y)

AI ( l Fat

(g/k
(kca

(g/d
g/da

g/da
L/da

RDA ein

RDA ein
a

EER b gy
(in)

lb)

AI ( er
Refe

Refe

Refe

C ar b
r

Lino

Lino
Tota

Tota

P ro t

P ro t
Wat

Ene
Age (yr)
Males
0–0.5 — 62 (24) 6 (13) 0.7e 570 60 — 31   4.4 0.5 9.1 1.52
0.5–1 — 71 (28) 9 (20) 0.8f 743 95 — 30   4.6 0.5 11   1.20
1–3g — 86 (34) 12 (27) 1.3 1046 130 19 —   7 0.7 13 1.05
4–8g 15.3 115 (45) 20 (44) 1.7 1742 130 25 — 10 0.9 19 0.95
9–13 17.2 144 (57) 36 (79) 2.4 2279 130 31 — 12 1.2 34 0.95
14–18 20.5 174 (68) 61 (134) 3.3 3152 130 38 — 16 1.6 52 0.85
19–30 22.5 177 (70) 70 (154) 3.7 3067h 130 38 — 17 1.6 56 0.80
31–50 22.5i 177 (70)i 70 (154)i 3.7 3067h 130 38 — 17 1.6 56 0.80
>50 22.5i 177 (70)i 70 (154)i 3.7 3067h 130 30 — 14 1.6 56 0.80
Females
0–0.5 — 62 (24) 6 (13) 0.7e 520 60 — 31   4.4 0.5 9.1 1.52
0.5–1 — 71 (28) 9 (20) 0.8f 676 95 — 30   4.6 0.5 11 1.20
1–3g — 86 (34) 12 (27) 1.3 992 130 19 —   7 0.7 13 1.05
4–8g 15.3 115 (45) 20 (44) 1.7 1642 130 25 — 10 0.9 19 0.95
9–13 17.4 144 (57) 37 (81) 2.1 2071 130 26 — 10 1.0 34 0.95
14–18 20.4 163 (64) 54 (119) 2.3 2368 130 26 — 11 1.1 46 0.85
19–30 21.5 163 (64) 57 (126) 2.7 2403 j 130 25 — 12 1.1 46 0.80
i i i
31–50 21.5 163 (64) 57 (126) 2.7 2403 j 130 25 — 12 1.1 46 0.80
>50 21.5i 163 (64)i 57 (126)i 2.7 2403 j 130 21 — 11 1.1 46 0.80
Pregnancy
1st trimester 3.0   +0 175 28 — 13 1.4 46 0.80
2nd trimester 3.0 +340 175 28 — 13 1.4 71 1.10
3rd trimester 3.0 +452 175 28 — 13 1.4 71 1.10
Lactation
1st 6 months 3.8 +330 210 29 — 13 1.3 71 1.30
2nd 6 months 3.8 +400 210 29 — 13 1.3 71 1.30
h
NOTE: For all nutrients, values for infants are AI. Dashes indicate until age 19. Chapter 8 provides equations and tables to determine For males, subtract 10 kcalories per day for each year of age
that values have not been determined. estimated energy requirements. above 19.
a c i
The water AI includes drinking water, water in beverages, and wa- The linolenic acid referred to in this table and text is the omega-3 Because weight need not change as adults age if activity is main-
ter in foods; in general, drinking water and other beverages contrib- fatty acid known as alpha-linolenic acid. tained, reference weights for adults 19 through 30 years are applied
d
ute about 70 to 80 percent, and foods, the remainder. Conversion The values listed are based on reference body weights. to all adult age groups.
e j
factors: 1 L = 33.8 fluid oz; 1 L = 1.06 qt; 1 cup = 8 fluid oz. Assumed to be from human milk. For females, subtract 7 kcalories per day for each year of age
b f
The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) represents the average Assumed to be from human milk and complementary foods and above 19.
dietary energy intake that will maintain energy balance in a healthy beverages. This includes approximately 0.6 L (∼21⁄2 cups) as total
person of a given gender, age, weight, height, and physical activity fluid including formula, juices, and drinking water. SOURCE: Adapted from the Dietary Reference Intakes series, National
g
level. The values listed are based on an “active” person at the refer- For energy, the age groups for young children are 1–2 years and Academies Press. Copyright 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004,
ence height and weight and at the midpoint ages for each group 3–8 years. 2005, 2011 by the National Academies of Sciences.

A Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intakes (AI) for Vitamins

day) acid

/day e
/day a

/day b

/day c

day) d
)

)
)

)
/day

/day

/day

/day
c

/day
(µg 12

day)
AI ( otheni
ay)

ay)
(mg 6
RDA flavin

RDA in A

RDA min D
RDA min B

RDA in B

AI ( min K
RDA min C

RDA min E
(IU/
RDA min
(mg

(mg

(mg

(mg

(mg
µg/d

µg/d
line
(µg

(µg
mg/

mg/
RDA in

RDA e

m
t
i
Ribo

t
Niac
Thia

Biot

Fola
Vita

Vita

Vita

Vita

Vita

Vita

Vita
Cho
Pan
AI (

AI (
Age (yr)
Infants
0–0.5 0.2 0.3 2 5 1.7 0.1 65 0.4 125 40 400 400 (10 µg) 4   2.0
0.5–1 0.3 0.4 4 6 1.8 0.3 80 0.5 150 50 500 400 (10 µg) 5   2.5
Children
1–3 0.5 0.5 6 8 2 0.5 150 0.9 200 15 300 600 (15 µg) 6 30
4–8 0.6 0.6 8 12 3 0.6 200 1.2 250 25 400 600 (15 µg) 7 55
Males
9–13 0.9 0.9 12 20 4 1.0 300 1.8 375 45 600 600 (15 µg) 11 60
14–18 1.2 1.3 16 25 5 1.3 400 2.4 550 75 900 600 (15 µg) 15 75
19–30 1.2 1.3 16 30 5 1.3 400 2.4 550 90 900 600 (15 µg) 15 120
31–50 1.2 1.3 16 30 5 1.3 400 2.4 550 90 900 600 (15 µg) 15 120
51–70 1.2 1.3 16 30 5 1.7 400 2.4 550 90 900 600 (15 µg) 15 120
>70 1.2 1.3 16 30 5 1.7 400 2.4 550 90 900 800 (20 µg) 15 120
Females
9–13 0.9 0.9 12 20 4 1.0 300 1.8 375 45 600 600 (15 µg) 11 60
14–18 1.0 1.0 14 25 5 1.2 400 2.4 400 65 700 600 (15 µg) 15 75
19–30 1.1 1.1 14 30 5 1.3 400 2.4 425 75 700 600 (15 µg) 15 90
31–50 1.1 1.1 14 30 5 1.3 400 2.4 425 75 700 600 (15 µg) 15 90
51–70 1.1 1.1 14 30 5 1.5 400 2.4 425 75 700 600 (15 µg) 15 90
>70 1.1 1.1 14 30 5 1.5 400 2.4 425 75 700 800 (20 µg) 15 90
Pregnancy
≤18 1.4 1.4 18 30 6 1.9 600 2.6 450 80 750 600 (15 µg) 15 75
19–30 1.4 1.4 18 30 6 1.9 600 2.6 450 85 770 600 (15 µg) 15 90
31–50 1.4 1.4 18 30 6 1.9 600 2.6 450 85 770 600 (15 µg) 15 90
Lactation
≤18 1.4 1.6 17 35 7 2.0 500 2.8 550 115 1200 600 (15 µg) 19 75
19–30 1.4 1.6 17 35 7 2.0 500 2.8 550 120 1300 600 (15 µg) 19 90
31–50 1.4 1.6 17 35 7 2.0 500 2.8 550 120 1300 600 (15 µg) 19 90
c
NOTE: For all nutrients, values for infants are AI. Vitamin A recommendations are expressed as retinol activity equivalents (RAE).
a d
Niacin recommendations are expressed as niacin equivalents (NE), except for recommendations for infants Vitamin D recommendations are expressed as cholecalciferol and assume an absence of adequate exposure
younger than 6 months, which are expressed as preformed niacin. to sunlight.
b e
Folate recommendations are expressed as dietary folate equivalents (DFE). Vitamin E recommendations are expressed as α-tocopherol.

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intakes (AI) for Minerals
)
)

(µg m
)

)
/day
/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day
(mg us
day)

day)

day)

day)

day)
RDA esium

AI ( ganese

ay)

RDA bdenu
AI ( ssium

AI ( mium
RDA nium
or
AI ( r ide

AI ( r ide
(mg
RDA ium

µg/d
(mg

(mg

(mg
AI ( um

(µg

(µg

(µg
sph
mg /

mg /

mg /

mg /

mg /
per
n e
n

y
Chro
Pota

Zinc
i

Chlo

Fluo
Sele
Iron

Iodi

Man
Calc

Mag
Pho

Cop
S od

Mol
RDA
RDA

RDA

RDA

RDA

Age (yr)
Infants
0–0.5 120 180 400 200 100 30 0.27 2 110 15 200 0.003 0.01 0.2 2
0.5–1 370 570 700 260 275 75 11 3 130 20 220 0.6 0.5 5.5 3
Children
1–3 1000 1500 3000 700 460 80 7 3 90 20 340 1.2 0.7 11 17
4–8 1200 1900 3800 1000 500 130 10 5 90 30 440 1.5 1.0 15 22
Males
9–13 1500 2300 4500 1300 1250 240 8 8 120 40 700 1.9 2 25 34
14–18 1500 2300 4700 1300 1250 410 11 11 150 55 890 2.2 3 35 43
19–30 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 400 8 11 150 55 900 2.3 4 35 45
31–50 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 420 8 11 150 55 900 2.3 4 35 45
51–70 1300 2000 4700 1000 700 420 8 11 150 55 900 2.3 4 30 45
>70 1200 1800 4700 1200 700 420 8 11 150 55 900 2.3 4 30 45
Females
9–13 1500 2300 4500 1300 1250 240 8 8 120 40 700 1.6 2 21 34
14–18 1500 2300 4700 1300 1250 360 15 9 150 55 890 1.6 3 24 43
19–30 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 310 18 8 150 55 900 1.8 3 25 45
31–50 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 320 18 8 150 55 900 1.8 3 25 45
51–70 1300 2000 4700 1200 700 320 8 8 150 55 900 1.8 3 20 45
>70 1200 1800 4700 1200 700 320 8 8 150 55 900 1.8 3 20 45
Pregnancy
≤18 1500 2300 4700 1300 1250 400 27 12 220 60 1000 2.0 3 29 50
19–30 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 350 27 11 220 60 1000 2.0 3 30 50
31–50 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 360 27 11 220 60 1000 2.0 3 30 50
Lactation
≤18 1500 2300 5100 1300 1250 360 10 13 290 70 1300 2.6 3 44 50
19–30 1500 2300 5100 1000 700 310 9 12 290 70 1300 2.6 3 45 50
31–50 1500 2300 5100 1000 700 320 9 12 290 70 1300 2.6 3 45 50
NOTE: For all nutrients, values for infants are AI.

 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 B
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) for Vitamins

/day 6

(µg min A

(IU/ min D
(mg min B

(mg min C

(mg min E
/day a

/day c
/day b
/day a
)

)
)

day)
(mg ine
/day

/day
(mg in

(µg te

l
Niac

Fola
Vita

Vita

Vita

Vita

Vita
Cho
Age (yr)
Infants
0–0.5 — — — — — 600 1000 (25 µg) —
0.5–1 — — — — — 600 1500 (38 µg) —
Children
1–3 10 30 300 1000 400 600 2500 (63 µg) 200
4–8 15 40 400 1000 650 900 3000 (75 µg) 300
9–13 20 60 600 2000 1200 1700 4000 (100 µg) 600
Adolescents
14–18 30 80 800 3000 1800 2800 4000 (100 µg) 800
Adults
19–70 35 100 1000 3500 2000 3000 4000 (100 µg) 1000
>70 35 100 1000 3500 2000 3000 4000 (100 µg) 1000
Pregnancy
≤18 30 80 800 3000 1800 2800 4000 (100 µg) 800
19–50 35 100 1000 3500 2000 3000 4000 (100 µg) 1000
Lactation
≤18 30 80 800 3000 1800 2800 4000 (100 µg) 800
19–50 35 100 1000 3500 2000 3000 4000 (100 µg) 1000
a c
The UL for niacin and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from The UL for vitamin E applies to any form of supplemental
supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. α-tocopherol, fortified foods, or a combination of the two.
b
The UL for vitamin A applies to the preformed vitamin only.

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) for Minerals

/day num
(mg phorus

(mg nesium

(mg ganese

(mg dium
/day d

(µg nium
(mg r ide

e
(mg r ide
)

)
(mg ium

)
(mg um
/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day

/day
ybd
(µg er
/day

/day

/day
(µg ne

(mg el
(mg n
p

a
s

Boro

Nick
i

Chlo

Fluo
Sele
Iron

Zinc

Iodi

Man
Calc

Mag
Pho

Van
Cop
S od

Mol
(mg

(mg

(µg
Age (yr)
Infants
0–0.5 — — 1000 — — 40 4 — 45 — — 0.7 — — — —
0.5–1 — — 1500 — — 40 5 — 60 — — 0.9 — — — —
Children
1–3 1500 2300 2500 3000 65 40 7 200 90    1000 2 1.3 300 3 0.2 —
4–8 1900 2900 2500 3000 110 40 12 300 150    3000 3 2.2 600 6 0.3 —
9–13 2200 3400 3000 4000 350 40 23 600 280    5000 6 10 1100 11 0.6 —
Adolescents
14–18 2300 3600 3000 4000 350 45 34 900 400    8000 9 10 1700 17 1.0 —
Adults
19–50 2300 3600 2500 4000 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 1.8
51–70 2300 3600 2000 4000 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 1.8
>70 2300 3600 2000 3000 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 1.8
Pregnancy
≤18 2300 3600 3000 3500 350 45 34 900 400    8000 9 10 1700 17 1.0 —
19–50 2300 3600 2500 3500 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 —
Lactation
≤18 2300 3600 3000 4000 350 45 34 900 400    8000 9 10 1700 17 1.0 —
19–50 2300 3600 2500 4000 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 —
d
The UL for magnesium applies to synthetic forms obtained from supplements or drugs only. SOURCE: Adapted with permission from the Dietary Reference Intakes series, National Academies Press.
NOTE: An Upper Limit was not established for vitamins and minerals not listed and for those age groups Copyright 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2011 by the National Academies of Sciences.
listed with a dash (—) because of a lack of data, not because these nutrients are safe to consume at any
level of intake. All nutrients can have adverse effects when intakes are excessive.

C Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 ADVANCED NUTRITION
AND HUMAN METABOLISM
SEVENTH EDITION

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
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 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
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 ADVANCED NUTRITION
AND HUMAN METABOLISM
SEVENTH EDITION

Sareen S. Gropper
FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY
AUBURN UNIVERSITY (PROFESSOR EMERITUS)

Jack L. Smith
UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE

Timothy P. Carr
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
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 Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism, © 2018, 2013 Cengage Learning
Seventh Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
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 To my children Michelle and Michael, and to my husband, Daniel, for their
ongoing encouragement, support, faith, and love and to the students who
continue to impress and inspire me.
Sareen Gropper

To my wife, Carol, for her continued support, constant inspiration, and

assistance in the preparation of this book.
Jack Smith

To my family—Rebecca, Erin, and Marion—for their unwavering support and to

the many students who have made my career so enjoyable.
Tim Carr

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 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
BRIEF CONTENTS

Preface xvii

SECTION I Cells and Their Nourishment

1 The Cell: A Microcosm of Life 1
2 The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body 29

SECTION II Macronutrients and Their Metabolism

3 Carbohydrates 61
4 Fiber 107
5 Lipids 125
6 Protein 175
7 Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact
of Exercise 245
8 Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Healthy Weight 273

SECTION III The Regulatory Nutrients

9 Water-Soluble Vitamins 299
10 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 369
11 Major Minerals 425
12 Water and Electrolytes 455
13 Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals 479
14 Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals 543

Glossary 557
Index 563

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
CONTENTS

Preface xvii Coordination and Regulation of the Digestive

Process 55
Neural Regulation 55
SECTION I Regulatory Peptides 55
Cells and Their Nourishment Summary 58
PERSPECTIVE The Nutritional Impact of Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass,
CHAPTER 1 The Cell: A Microcosm of Life 1 A Surgical Approach for the Treatment of Obesity 59
Components of Cells 1
Plasma Membrane 1
Cytoplasmic Matrix 4 SECTION II
Mitochondrion 4
Nucleus 6 Macronutrients and Their Metabolism
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus 10
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes 11 CHAPTER 3 Carbohydrates 61
Selected Cellular Proteins 11 Overview of Structural Features 61
Receptors 11 Simple Carbohydrates 62
Catalytic Proteins (Enzymes) 13 Monosaccharides 62
Apoptosis 16 Disaccharides 65
Biological Energy 17 Complex Carbohydrates 66
Energy Release and Consumption in Chemical Oligosaccharides 66
Reactions 18 Polysaccharides 66
Expressions of Energy 18 Digestion 67
The Role of High-Energy Phosphate in Energy Digestion of Polysaccharides 68
Storage 21 Digestion of Disaccharides 68
Coupled Reactions in the Transfer of Energy 21 Absorption, Transport, and Distribution 68
Reduction Potentials 23 Intestinal Absorption
Summary 24 of Glucose and Galactose 68
PERSPECTIVE Nutritional Genomics: A New Perspective on Food by Intestinal Absorption of Fructose 71
Ruth DeBusk, PhD, RD 26 Post-Absorption Facilitated Transport 71
Glucose Transporters 71
Glucose Entry into Interstitial Fluid 74
CHAPTER 2 The Digestive System: Mechanism for Maintenance of Blood Glucose
Nourishing the Body 29 Concentration 75
The Structures of the Digestive Tract And the Digestive Glycemic Response to Carbohydrates 75
and Absorptive Processes 29 Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load 75
The Oral Cavity 32 Integrated Metabolism in Tissues 77
The Esophagus 33 Glycogenesis 77
The Stomach 35 Glycogenolysis 80
The Small Intestine 40 Glycolysis 81
The Accessory Organs 43 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 84
The Absorptive Process 49 Formation of ATP 87
The Colon (Large Intestine) 51 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Hexose
Monophosphate Shunt) 94

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 ix
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
x CO N T E N T S

Gluconeogenesis 95 Dietary Sources 136

Regulation of Metabolism 98 Recommended Intakes 138
Allosteric Enzyme Modulation 98 Digestion 138
Covalent Regulation 99 Triacylglycerol Digestion 139
Genetic Regulation 99 Phospholipid Digestion 140
Directional Shifts Cholesterol Ester Digestion 140
in Reversible Reactions 99 Absorption 141
Metabolic Control of Glycolysis and Fatty Acid, Monoacylglycerol, and
Gluconeogenesis 100 Lysophospholipid Absorption 141
Summary 101 Cholesterol Absorption 142
PERSPECTIVE What Carbohydrates Do Americans Eat? 104 Lipid Release into Circulation 143
Transport and Storage 143
Lipoprotein Structure 143
CHAPTER 4 Fiber 107 Lipoprotein Metabolism 145
Definitions 107 Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Cardiovascular
Fiber and Plants 108 Disease Risk 151
Chemistry and Characteristics of Fiber 108 Cholesterol 152
Cellulose 108 Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids 152
Hemicellulose 111 Trans Fatty Acids 153
Pectins 111 Lipoprotein(a) 153
Lignin 111 Apolipoprotein E 153
Gums 111 Integrated Metabolism in Tissues 154
b-Glucans 111 Catabolism of Triacylglycerols and Fatty Acids 154
Fructans 112 Formation of Ketone Bodies 157
Resistant Starch 112 Synthesis of Fatty Acids 158
Mucilages (Psyllium) 112 Synthesis of Triacylglycerols and Phospholipids 163
Polydextrose and Polyols 113 Synthesis, Catabolism,
Resistant Dextrins 113 and Whole-Body Balance of Cholesterol 163
Chitin and Chitosan 113 Regulation of Lipid Metabolism 165
Selected Properties of Fiber and Their Fatty Acids 165
Physiological Impact 113 Cholesterol 166
Solubility in Water 114 Brown Fat Thermogenesis 166
Viscosity and Gel Formation 114 Ethyl Alcohol: Metabolism and
Fermentability 115 Biochemical Impact 167
Health Benefits of Fiber 115 The Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) Pathway 167
Cardiovascular Disease 115 The Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System
Diabetes Mellitus 117 (MEOS) 168
Appetite and/or Satiety and Weight Control 117 The Catalase System 169
Gastrointestinal Disorders 117 Alcoholism: Biochemical
Food Labels and Health Claims 119 and Metabolic Alterations 169
Recommended Fiber Intake 119 Alcohol in Moderation: The Brighter Side 170
Summary 120 Summary 171
PERSPECTIVE The Flavonoids: Roles in Health and Disease PERSPECTIVE The Role of Lipoproteins and Inflammation

Prevention 122 in Atherosclerosis 173

CHAPTER 5 Lipids 125 CHAPTER 6 Protein 175

Structure and Biological Importance 126 Amino Acid Classification 175
Fatty Acids 126 Structure 175
Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides) 130 Net Electrical Charge 176
Phospholipids 131 Polarity 177
Sphingolipids 133 Essentiality 178
Sterols 133 Sources of Amino Acids 178

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 Environmental Science - Lab Report
Winter 2023 - College

Prepared by: Prof. Davis

Date: July 28, 2025

Exercise 1: Critical analysis and evaluation

Learning Objective 1: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 8: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 9: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Review 2: Learning outcomes and objectives
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 12: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 3: Critical analysis and evaluation
Practice Problem 20: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 21: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 23: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 26: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Chapter 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 30: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 33: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 49: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 6: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 54: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 7: Key terms and definitions
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 69: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice 8: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Practice Problem 70: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 73: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 76: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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