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Harmonic Analysis and Partial Differential Equations
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Author(s): Patricio Cifuentes, Jose Garcia-cuerva, Gustavo Garrigos, Eugenio
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ISBN(s): 9780821894330, 0821894331
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 612

Harmonic Analysis and

Partial Differential Equations
9th International Conference on
Harmonic Analysis and Partial Differential Equations
June 11–15, 2012
El Escorial, Madrid, Spain

Patricio Cifuentes
José García-Cuerva
Gustavo Garrigós
Eugenio Hernández
José María Martell
Javier Parcet
Keith M. Rogers
Alberto Ruiz
Fernando Soria
Ana Vargas
Editors

American Mathematical Society

 Harmonic Analysis and
Partial Differential Equations
9th International Conference on
Harmonic Analysis and Partial Differential Equations
June 11–15, 2012
El Escorial, Madrid, Spain

Patricio Cifuentes
José García-Cuerva
Gustavo Garrigós
Eugenio Hernández
José María Martell
Javier Parcet
Keith M. Rogers
Alberto Ruiz
Fernando Soria
Ana Vargas
Editors
 612

Harmonic Analysis and

Partial Differential Equations
9th International Conference on
Harmonic Analysis and Partial Differential Equations
June 11–15, 2012
El Escorial, Madrid, Spain

Patricio Cifuentes
José García-Cuerva
Gustavo Garrigós
Eugenio Hernández
José María Martell
Javier Parcet
Keith M. Rogers
Alberto Ruiz
Fernando Soria
Ana Vargas
Editors

American Mathematical Society

Providence, Rhode Island
 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Dennis DeTurck, Managing Editor
Michael Loss Kailash Misra Martin J. Strauss

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 31-XX, 35-XX, 42-XX, 46-XX, 47-XX.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

International Conference on Harmonic Analysis and Partial Differential Equations (9th : 2012 :
San Lorenzo del Escorial, Spain)
Harmonic analysis and partial differential equations : 9th International Conference on Har-
monic Analysis and Partial Differential Equations, June 11-15, 2012, El Escorial, Madrid, Spain
/ Patricio Cifuentes [and nine others], editors.
pages cm. – (Contemporary mathematics ; volume 612)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8218-9433-0 (alk. paper)
1. Harmonic analysis–Congresses. 2. Differential equations, Partial–Congresses. I. Cifuentes,
Patricio. II. American Mathematical Society. III. Title.
QA403.C66 2014
512.76–dc23 2013036893
Contemporary Mathematics ISSN: 0271-4132 (print); ISSN: 1098-3627 (online)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/conm/612

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 10 09
 Contents

Introduction vii
Aspects of multilinear harmonic analysis related to transversality
Jonathan Bennett 1
Multi-frequency Calderón-Zygmund analysis and connexion to Bochner-Riesz
multipliers
Frédéric Bernicot 29
Sharp bounds for t-Haar multipliers on L2
Oleksandra Beznosova, Jean Carlo Moraes and Marı́a Cristina
Pereyra 45
Spectra of frame operators with prescribed frame norms
Marcin Bownik and John Jasper 65
Regularity criteria for Hall-magnetohydrodynamics and the space-time
Monopole equation in Lorenz gauge
Jishan Fan and Tohru Ozawa 81
The A2 theorem: Remarks and complements
Tuomas P. Hytönen 91
An invitation to harmonic analysis associated with semigroups of operators
Marius Junge, Tao Mei and Javier Parcet 107
The higher order regularity Dirichlet problem for elliptic systems in the
upper-half space
José Marı́a Martell, Dorina Mitrea, Irina Mitrea, and Marius
Mitrea 123
Perturbations of elliptic operators in chord arc domains
Emmanouil Milakis, Jill Pipher and Tatiana Toro 143
Cauchy non-integral formulas
Andreas Rosén 163

v
 Introduction

This volume contains the Proceedings of the 9th International Conference

on Harmonic Analysis and Partial Differential Equations, which took place in El
Escorial, Madrid (Spain) during the week June 11–15, of 2012.
The celebration of this El Escorial 2012 Conference continues a tradition, ini-
tiated in 1979, thanks to the leadership and enthusiasm of Professor Miguel de
Guzmán. The purpose of that first Conference was to bring together the best
mathematicians in the field and let them show the progress in the area to a wide
audience of senior and, most importantly, young researchers. The success of the
El Escorial 1979 Conference, which, among the main speakers, included Alberto
Calderón, Ronald Coifman, Yves Meyer and Peter Jones, inspired a group of peo-
ple in the Department of Mathematics of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid to
continue to hold an International Conference with the same aim about every four
years. From that first Conference in 1979, another eight have been held, in 1983,
1987, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012. The El Escorial Conferences have
kept growing in size and impact and are now very highly valued and anticipated
mathematical events that take place every olympic year.
The format of these Conferences has always been essentially the same and it
has established a model that counts with general approval within the mathematical
community and is now followed by many conferences in different fields of Mathemat-
ics all over the world. Four outstanding mathematicians in the field of Harmonic
Analysis and Partial Differential Equations are invited to teach a mini-course each.
These mini-courses are intended to present in three or four one-hour sessions the
state of the art in some topic of current interest, assuming minimal background
from the audience, and reaching the level of present day research in such a way
as to be very useful for young researchers who are trying to join those teams that
are doing original work of high quality. Another important part of the Conference
consists of some 15 to 20 invited one-hour lectures that can be of a more special-
ized nature. Finally, some few sessions of short talks are scheduled to provide an
opportunity for those participants who want to present their latest results.
These Proceedings contain the written version of one of the four mini-courses
given at this year’s Conference, namely, that of Jonathan Bennett on “Aspects
of multilinear Harmonic Analysis related to transversality” and also the paper by
Emmanouil Milakis, Jill Pipher, and Tatiana Toro entitled “Perturbations of el-
liptic operators on chord-arc domains”, which reflects and extends the mini-course
delivered at the Conference by Tatiana Toro entitled “Analysis on non-smooth
domains”. Detlef Müller and Joan Verdera, who also gave mini-courses at the Con-
ference, did not submit written versions because the content of their courses, which
dealt, respectively with “Aspects of Harmonic Analysis related to hypersurfaces and

vii
viii INTRODUCTION

Newton diagrams” and “Estimating the maximal singular integral by the singular
integral” had already been published elsewhere.
Also in these Proceedings one can find the contributions of most of the other
invited speakers, eight out of fourteen, to be precise. The topics of these Con-
tributed Lectures cover a wide range in the field of Harmonic Analysis and Partial
Differential Equations and illustrate very well the fruitful interplay between the two
subfields.

The Proceedings of all the El Escorial Conferences have been published in dif-
ferent Mathematical journals of wide circulation. We consider the publication of
the Proceedings as an essential part of the Conference, the very final act and the
starting point of the process to prepare the next El Escorial Conference. On this
occasion, we want to thank the American Mathematical Society for its help to
get the Proceedings of El Escorial 2012 published in its collection “Contemporary
Mathematics”. It is also proper to thank the institutions which have helped finan-
cially with the organization of El Escorial 2012, namely: the Spanish Ministry of
Economı́a and Competitividad, the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, the Insti-
tuto de Ciencias Matemáticas (CSIC-UAM-UC3M-UCM) through its “Excelencia
Severo Ochoa” project and the Real Sociedad Matemática Española. The next El
Escorial Conference will be held in 2016.

The Organizing Committee

Madrid, July 2013
Contemporary Mathematics
Volume 612, 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/conm/612/12221

Aspects of multilinear harmonic analysis related to

transversality

Jonathan Bennett
Abstract. The purpose of this article is to survey certain aspects of multilin-
ear harmonic analysis related to notions of transversality. Particular emphasis
will be placed on the multilinear restriction theory for the euclidean Fourier
transform, multilinear oscillatory integrals, multilinear geometric inequalities,
multilinear Radon-like transforms, and the interplay between them.

1. Introduction
In the 1970’s fundamental work of Fefferman and Stein (such as [29]) led to a
dramatic change of perspective in euclidean harmonic analysis, placing elementary
geometric concepts such as curvature at the heart of the subject. As a result many
of its core open problems today concern phenomena where the presence of some
underlying curved manifold plays a fundamental role. One of the most important
examples is the celebrated and far-reaching restriction conjecture for the Fourier
transform, which concerns the size of the restriction of the Fourier transform of
an Lp function to a curved submanifold of euclidean space. Further important
examples include the Bochner–Riesz conjecture, combinatorial problems of Kakeya
type, and size and smoothing estimates for Radon-like transforms and their singular
and maximal variants – see the articles [41] and [40] for further discussion of these
objects and this enduring perspective. As Stein points out in [40], such curvature-
related problems tend to be intimately related to the theory of oscillatory integrals.
The last decade or so has seen the emergence of a wide-ranging multilinear per-
spective on many of the central elements of modern harmonic analysis. This has
involved the establishment of multilinear variants of classical objects and method-
ologies, such as singular integrals, multiplier theorems, maximal operators, weighted
inequalities and interpolation (see for example [39]). The purpose of this article is
to describe aspects of this emerging multilinear perspective in the setting of prob-
lems related to curvature. As will become apparent, in a multilinear setting the
relevance of curvature is often diminished, being naturally replaced by notions of
transversality. This fundamental change of nature (from a second order hypothesis
to a first order hypothesis) turns out to be most significant in its impact upon the

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 42-06; 42B20.

Supported by ERC Starting Grant 307617. The author would like to thank the organisers
of this most stimulating El Escorial conference for the invitation to deliver a short course on the
material presented here.

2014
c American Mathematical Society

1
2 JONATHAN BENNETT

methodologies at our disposal. Perhaps the most striking example is the algebraic-
geometric approach to the endpoint multilinear Kakeya conjecture developed by
Guth in [33]. We do not touch on this here,1 but instead emphasise the extraor-
dinary effectiveness of the induction-on-scales method in multilinear settings. As
we shall see, such inductive arguments, which in this context have their origins in
Bourgain [17], function particularly well in the setting of inequalities which are
subordinate to transversality rather than curvature hypotheses.
Very recently Bourgain and Guth [22] have developed a method for apply-
ing transversal multilinear inequalities to classical curvature-related linear prob-
lems. This has provided a mechanism through which unexpected techniques may
be brought to bear on difficult curvature-related problems in harmonic analysis
and PDE; see [20], [21], [23],[4] and [36]. In particular, this is responsible for the
current state-of-the-art on the restriction conjecture for the Fourier transform. We
do not attempt to properly survey these applications in this article.
This article is organised as follows. In Sections 2-4 we discuss aspects of the re-
cent multilinear perspective on the restriction conjecture for the Fourier transform,
emphasising its relation with multilinear geometric and combinatorial (Kakeya)
inequalities. In the final section (Section 5) we describe a bigger picture which
ultimately seeks a broad multilinear analogue of the classical Hörmander theorem
on the L2 -boundedness of nondegenerate oscillatory integral operators. As may be
expected, such multilinear oscillatory integral results are closely related to more
manifestly geometric problems, such as bounds on multilinear Radon-like trans-
forms.
Disclaimer. This article is not intended to be a comprehensive survey of the
area. Emphasis will be placed on collaborative work of the author, and in particular
an exposition and reworking of aspects of B–Carbery–Tao [13]. Mainly for reasons
of space, we do not attempt to discuss the above-mentioned applications of these
results in any detail.

2. The linear restriction theory for the Fourier transform

There are of course other articles which survey aspects of the restriction theory
for the Fourier transform; see, in particular, Tao’s treatment [47].

2.1. The classical restriction conjecture and early progress. For d ≥ 2,

let U be a compact neighbourhood of the origin in Rd−1 and Σ : U → Rd be a
smooth parametrisation of a (d − 1)-dimensional submanifold S of Rd (for instance,
S could be a small portion of the unit sphere Sd−1 , paraboloid or hyperplane).
With Σ we associate the extension operator E, given by

(2.1) Eg(ξ) := g(x)eiξ·Σ(x) dx,
U

where g ∈ L1 (U ) and ξ ∈ Rd . This operator is sometimes referred to as the adjoint

restriction operator since its adjoint E ∗ is given by E ∗ f = f◦ Σ, where  denotes the
d-dimensional Fourier transform. In addition to their intrinsic interest in harmonic
analysis, Fourier extension operators are central to the study of dispersive partial
differential equations. This is apparent on observing that if Σ(x) = (x, |x|2 /2) (so

1 We refer the reader to [33] and [24] for a full discussion.

 MULTILINEAR HARMONIC ANALYSIS AND TRANSVERSALITY 3

that S is a paraboloid), then E u0 (x, t) solves the Schrödinger equation i∂t u+Δu = 0
with initial data u(·, 0) = u0 . Here (x, t) ∈ Rd−1 × R.
At this level of generality there are no Lp (U ) → Lq (Rd ) estimates for E other
than the trivial
EgL∞ (Rd ) ≤ gL1 (U) ;
a fact that is immediate upon taking S to be a portion of (for example) the dth
coordinate hyperplane and Σ(x) = (x1 , . . . , xd−1 , 0), since in this case we have
Eg(ξ) = g(ξ1 , . . . , ξd−1 ), which is of course independent of the component ξd . Thus
if g ≡ 0 then Eg ∈ Lq (Rd ) only if q = ∞.
However, as was first observed by E. M. Stein in the late 1960’s, if the submani-
fold S has everywhere non-vanishing gaussian curvature, then non-trivial Lp (U ) →
Lq (Rd ) estimates for E may be obtained. This may be seen rather easily using
the “T T ∗ method” along with the key stationary-phase fact that (if S has non-
vanishing curvature) the Fourier transform of a smooth density supported on S has
sufficient decay to belong to Lp (Rd ) for some p < ∞. More precisely, an elementary
calculation reveals that EE ∗ f = μ  ∗ f , where μ is the S-carried measure defined by
 
(2.2) φdμ = φ(Σ(x))dx,
U

and so by Young’s convolution inequality, EE ∗ f q ≤ 

μq/2 f q . Combining this
with the well-known stationary-phase estimate
μ(ξ)|  (1 + |ξ|)−
d−1
(2.3) | 2

reveals that EE ∗ f q  f q , and thus

(2.4) Egq  g2 ,
provided q > d−14d
. A refinement of these ideas leads to an improvement to q ≥
2(d + 1)/(d − 1) in the L2 estimate (2.4). This is known as the Stein–Tomas
restriction theorem. In a dispersive PDE setting, the inequality (2.4) is an example
of a Strichartz estimate.
It is often helpful to use a more manifestly geometric interpretation of the
extension operator E. In particular, by the definition (2.2) of the S-carried measure
μ we have Eg = f dμ where f ∈ L1 (dμ) is the “lift” of g onto S, given by f ◦ Σ = g.
The inequalities
(2.5) EgLq (Rd )  gLp (U)
and
f
dμLq (Rd )  f Lp (dμ)
are thus identical, and in turn, equivalent to
(2.6) f
dσLq (Rd )  f Lp (dσ) ,
where, as usual, dσ denotes the induced Lebesgue measure on S. Of course the
implicit constant in (2.6) should no longer depend on our particular parametrisation
Σ of S. We refer to the linear operator f → fdσ as the extension operator associated
with S.
The classical restriction conjecture concerns the full range of exponents p and
q for which such bounds hold.
4 JONATHAN BENNETT

Conjecture 1 (Linear Restriction). If S has everywhere non–vanishing gauss-

2d and q ≤ d+1 p , then
ian curvature, 1q < d−1 1 d−1 1

(2.7) f
dσLq (Rd )  f Lp (dσ) ,
for all g ∈ Lp (dσ).
This conjecture was settled for d = 2 by Fefferman [28] and Zygmund [58] in
the early 1970s. In higher dimensions, the case p = 2 (and thus q ≥ 2(d+1)/(d−1))
is the content of the Stein–Tomas restriction theorem. There has been significant
further progress by Bourgain [17], [19], Wolff [55], Moyua, Vargas, Vega and Tao
[38], [50], [49], [48]. The most recent progress is due to Bourgain and Guth [22]
(see also Temur [52]), and uses the multilinear restriction theory of Carbery, Tao
and the author [13]; see the forthcoming Section 4. See [47] for further historical
detail.
The restriction conjecture is generated by testing (2.5) on characteristic func-
tions of small balls in Rd−1 , or equivalently, testing (2.7) on characteristic functions
of small “caps” on S. More specifically, if f = χρ , where ρ is a cap of diameter
0 < δ  1, centred at a point xρ ∈ S, then
   
   
|fdσ(ξ)| =  eix·ξ dσ(x) =  ei(x−xρ )·ξ dσ(x)  δ d−1 χρ∗ (ξ),
ρ ρ
where
ρ∗ = {ξ ∈ Rd : |(x − xρ ) · ξ| ≤ 1 for all x ∈ ρ}.
The set ρ∗ is a certain dual object to ρ, containing a rectangular tube of the form
O(δ −2 )T , where T has d − 1 short sides of length δ and one long side of length 1
pointing in the direction normal to S at xρ . We refer to T as a δ-tube. Since S has
nonvanishing curvature, |ρ∗ | ∼ δ −2d |T | ∼ δ −(d+1) . Now, if (2.7) holds then
(2.8) δ d−1 |ρ∗ |1/q  |ρ|1/p
uniformly in δ, and so
δ d−1 δ −(d+1)/q  δ (d−1)/p
uniformly in δ. Letting δ → 0 forces the claimed necessary condition 1q ≤ d−1 1
d+1 p .
The remaining condition 1q < d−1 2d is an integrability condition, and is a manifesta-
tion of the optimality of the decay estimate (2.3); see [47] for further details.
Progress on the restriction conjecture beyond the Stein–Tomas exponent q =
2(d+1)/(d−1) has required techniques that are much more geometric, going beyond
what the decay estimates for μ  (or equivalently σ ) allow. These advances, origi-
nating in Bourgain [17], relied upon a compelling interplay between the restriction
conjecture and the celebrated Kakeya conjecture from geometric combinatorics.
2.2. Relation with the classical Kakeya conjecture. The above exam-
ple involving a δ-cap on S, may be developed much further by considering input
functions f formed by summing many (modulated) characteristic functions of dis-
joint δ-caps {ρ} on S. 2 While the Lp (dσ) norm of such a sum is straightforward
to compute, estimates on the left-hand-side of (2.7) turn out to be very difficult.
2 Observe that if S is, say, a patch of paraboloid then the resulting dual tubes ρ∗ have different

orientations. If no curvature condition is imposed on S then the resulting tubes may be parallel
(or coincident) and, furthermore, have arbitrary length. These considerations will become relevant
later.
 MULTILINEAR HARMONIC ANALYSIS AND TRANSVERSALITY 5

Indeed a standard randomisation (or Rademacher function) argument, originating

in [29] and [3], reveals that the restriction conjecture implies the following form
of the Kakeya conjecture from geometric combinatorics. First we recall that, for
0 < δ  1, a δ-tube is defined to be any rectangular box T in Rd with d − 1 sides of
length δ and one side of length 1. Let T be an arbitrary collection of such δ-tubes
whose orientations form a δ-separated set of points on Sd−1 .
Conjecture 2 (Linear Kakeya). Let ε > 0. If 1q ≤ d−1 d and p + q ≤ d − 1,
d−1 1

then there is a constant Cε , independent of δ and the collection T, such that

 
  d
− d−1 −ε 1
 χT  q d ≤ Cε δ q p (#T) p .
L (R )
T ∈T

A simple consequence of this conjecture is the Kakeya set conjecture, which

asserts that any (Borel) set in Rd which contains a unit line segment in every
direction must have full Hausdorff dimension. See the survey articles [56] or [46].
Conjecture 2 was proved for d = 2 by Córdoba in 1977 [27]. For details of the
subsequent progress in higher dimensions see [46].
In the early 1990’s Bourgain developed a partial reverse mechanism, showing
that progress on the Kakeya conjecture may be used to make progress on the
restriction conjecture, and variants of this mechanism (developed by Wolff [57] and
Tao [48]) have played a central role in all subsequent progress on the restriction
conjecture. This mechanism may be interpreted as a certain inductive argument (or
recursive inequality), through which progress on Conjecture 2 may be transferred
by iteration to progress on Conjecture 1. As this mechanism will feature heavily in
Section 4, we refrain from entering into detail here, and refer the reader to [47] for
further discussion.
In the 1990s another new perspective was introduced to the restriction problem
which also aimed to exploit curvature in a more geometric way: this was the so-
called bilinear approach.

3. The bilinear restriction theory: the emergence of transversality

3.1. The bilinear restriction conjecture. A bilinear perspective on the
Fourier restriction problem emerged in the 1990’s in work of Bourgain, and was
later developed systematically by Tao, Vargas and Vega in [50]. A motivating
observation was that if S has everywhere nonvanishing gaussian curvature and
f1 , f2 are functions on S with separated supports then the inequality

(3.1) f 
1 dσ f2 dσLq/2 (Rd )  f1 Lp (dσ) f2 Lp (dσ)

typically holds for a much wider range of exponents p, q than what is predicted by
an application of Hölder’s inequality and the restriction conjecture. On one level
this so-called “bilinear improvement” on (2.7) may be understood through a certain
transversality property inherited from the curvature of the submanifold S; namely if
S has everywhere non-vanishing gaussian curvature and S1 , S2 ⊂ S are separated,
then they are generically transversal.
In order to formulate a natural bilinear analogue of Conjecture 1, we let S1 and
S2 be compact smooth (d − 1)-dimensional submanifolds of Rd . We shall assume
that S1 and S2 are transversal in the sense that if v1 and v2 are unit normal vectors
to S1 and S2 respectively, then |v1 ∧ v2 | (the angle between v1 and v2 ) is bounded
6 JONATHAN BENNETT

below by some constant ν > 0 uniformly in the choices of v1 and v2 .3 Finally, let
dσ1 and dσ2 denote the induced Lebesgue measure on S1 and S2 respectively.
Conjecture 3 (Bilinear restriction conjecture). Suppose S1 and S2 are trans-
d , 2q + p ≤ d and
versal with everywhere positive principal curvatures.4 If 1q < d−1 d+2 d

2q + p ≤ d − 1 then
d+2 d−2

(3.2) f 
1 dσ1 f2 dσ2 Lq/2 (Rd )  f1 Lp (dσ1 ) f2 Lp (dσ2 )

for all f1 ∈ L (dσ1 ) and f2 ∈ Lp (dσ2 ).

p

As with the linear restriction conjecture, the conjectured exponents above may
be generated by testing (3.2) on characteristic functions of certain caps. In this
case the appropriate caps are eccentric and carefully orientated; see [50] for the
details.
It is of course natural to question the relative significance of the transversality
and curvature hypotheses in Conjecture 3. If we were to drop the transversality
hypothesis, the conjectured exponents p, q would simply shrink to those of the linear
conjecture. On the other hand, and by contrast with the linear situation, if we drop
the curvature hypothesis (retaining the transversality), then it is not difficult to see
that nontrivial estimates may be obtained. In particular, in all dimensions we have
(3.3) f 
1 dσ1 f2 dσ2 L2 (Rd )  f1 L2 (dσ1 ) f2 L2 (dσ2 ) .

Let us see why this is true. By Plancherel’s theorem this estimate is equivalent to
(f1 dσ1 ) ∗ (f2 dσ2 )L2 (Rd )  f1 L2 (dσ1 ) f2 L2 (dσ2 ) .
By interpolation with the trivial (f1 dσ1 )∗(f2 dσ2 )L1 (Rd )  f1 L1 (dσ1 ) f2 L1 (dσ2 ) ,
it suffices to prove that
(f1 dσ1 ) ∗ (f2 dσ2 )L∞ (Rd )  f1 L∞ (dσ1 ) f2 L∞ (dσ2 ) .
However, (f1 dσ1 ) ∗ (f2 dσ2 )L∞ (Rd ) ≤ f1 ∞ f2 ∞ dσ1 ∗ dσ2 L∞ (Rd ) , reducing
matters to the elementary fact that dσ1 ∗ dσ2 ∈ L∞ (Rd ) if and only if S1 and
S2 are transversal. We point out that for d = 2, the inequality (3.3) is actually
strictly stronger than Conjecture 3, being at the omitted endpoint (p, q) = (2, 4)
and moreover, holding in the absence of a curvature hypothesis.
As Conjecture 3 suggests, if we include both transversality and curvature then
for d ≥ 3 we may improve on (3.3) considerably; for example, Tao, Vargas and Vega
[50]5 showed that
f 
1 dσ1 f2 dσ2 L2 (Rd )  f1  4d f2  4d ,
L 3d−2 (dσ1 ) L 3d−2 (dσ2 )

and Tao [48] showed that

(3.4) f 
1 dσ1 f2 dσ2 Lq/2 (Rd )  f1 L2 (dσ1 ) f2 L2 (dσ2 )

for all q > 2(d+2)

d . Tao’s proof of (3.4) (which builds on [57]) proceeds by a sophisti-
cated variant of Bourgain’s inductive method [17], involving a bilinear Kakeya-type
ingredient; see [47] for further discussion.
3 This notion of transversality is slightly different from the classical notion of transversality

from differential geometry; in particular, whether S1 and S2 intersect is not relevant here.
4 This conjecture is known to be false for surfaces with curvatures of different sign, such as

the saddle; see [35] and [53].

5 Following the d = 3 case in Moyua, Vargas and Vega [38].
 MULTILINEAR HARMONIC ANALYSIS AND TRANSVERSALITY 7

3.2. From bilinear to linear. Arguably the most valuable feature of the
bilinear restriction conjecture is the fact that it (if formulated in an appropriately
scale-invariant way – see [50]) implies the linear restriction conjecture. For technical
reasons related to scale-invariance, we confine our attention to the situation where
S is a compact subset of a paraboloid.
Proposition 3.1 (Tao–Vargas–Vega [50]). Suppose that S is a compact subset
of a paraboloid and that S1 and S2 are transversal subsets of S. If 1q < d−1
2d ,

q ≤ d+1 p and the conjectured bilinear inequality

1 d−1 1

f   (Rd )  f1 Lp(S ) f2 Lp(S )

1 dσ f2 dσLq/2 1 2

p, q) in a neighbourhood of (p, q) then the conjectured linear inequality

holds for all (
f
dσLq (Rd )  f Lp (dσ)
holds.
This bilinear approach to the linear restriction conjecture has been very suc-
cessful. Until very recently the state-of-the-art on Conjecture 1 relied upon this
passage and Tao’s bilinear inequality (3.4).
In order to indicate why Proposition 3.1 is true it is natural that we present
an argument that may be adapted to a more general multilinear setting. While
the rather simple argument that we sketch here – due to Bourgain and Guth [22]
– has this advantage, it does not appear to easily capture the full strength of the
proposition. Here we will indicate how the conjectured bilinear inequality (3.2) may
2d
be used to obtain the conjectured linear inequality (2.7) whenever p = q > d−1 .
This special case is readily seen to imply the linear restriction conjecture on the
interior of the full conjectured range of Lebesgue exponents.
Let {Sα } be a partition of S by patches of diameter approximately 1/K and
write 
f= fα , where fα = f χSα .
α
By linearity

f
dσ = f
α dσ.
α
The key observation is the following elementary inequality; see [22].
Proposition 3.2.
 
|f |f  |f
q
(3.5) dσ(ξ)|q  K 2(d−1)q α1 dσ(ξ)fα2 dσ(ξ)| 2 +
q
α dσ(ξ)| ,
Sα1 ,Sα2 α

where the sum in Sα1 , Sα2 is restricted to 1/K-transversal pairs Sα1 , Sα2 .
By 1/K-transversal we mean that |v1 ∧ v2 | ≥ 1/K for all choices of unit normal
vectors v1 , v2 to S1 , S2 respectively. This proposition essentially amounts to an
application of the elementary abstract inequality
 q
aq1 (ZN )  N |aj ak | 2 + aqq (ZN )
j=k

for finite sequences of real numbers a. We leave the verification of this to the
interested reader.
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Education - Lecture Notes
Third 2022 - Department

Prepared by: Instructor Jones

Date: July 28, 2025

Exercise 1: Statistical analysis and interpretation

Learning Objective 1: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 6: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 7: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 2: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 11: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 15: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Methodology 3: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 22: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 23: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 24: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 25: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 26: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 27: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 32: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 34: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 38: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Review 5: Research findings and conclusions
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 41: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 47: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 49: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Test 6: Case studies and real-world applications
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 52: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 55: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 56: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 7: Practical applications and examples
Practice Problem 60: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 65: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 66: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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