Journal of Algebraic Hyperstructures

and Logical Algebras

Inpress

MBJ-neutrosophic sets: Expanding on internal and external

relations
1 2
A. Rajaei and M. Shirvani Bourojeni
1
Computer Engineering Department, Velayat University, Iranshahar, Iran.
1
Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran.
2
Department of Mathematics, Payame Noor University, P. O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract Article Information

This paper presents a comprehensive study of internal Corresponding Author:

and external MBJ-neutrosophic sets, detailing their def- M. Shirvani Bourojeni;
initions, properties, and potential applications. By ini- Received: November 2024;
tially introducing foundational concepts, including inter- Revised: December 2024;
val numbers and neutrosophic sets, the paper explores the Accepted: January 2025;
MBJ-neutrosophic framework, which integrates truth, in- Paper type: Original.
determinate, and false membership functions. We cate-
Keywords:
gorize MBJ-neutrosophic sets into internal and external
types according to specific membership conditions, pre- MBJ-neutrosophic sets, In-
senting a series of propositions and theorems that clarify ternal and external MBJ-
the relationships among different MBJ-neutrosophic set neutrosophic sets, Interval
types. Additionally, we examine criteria under which the numbers.
intersection and union of these sets maintain their inter-
nal or external characteristics. The findings significantly
enhance the theoretical structure of neutrosophic set the-
ory and highlight its utility in decision-making processes
and fuzzy logic systems.

1 Introduction
Zadeh’s foundational work on fuzzy sets and generalized uncertainty theories also provided critical
insights, bridging neutrosophic sets with classical fuzzy logic and enabling a unified approach to
uncertainty in mathematical analysis [15, 16, 17]. The concept of neutrosophic sets, introduced by
Smarandache as a generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, offers a robust framework for handling
uncertainty, indeterminacy, and vagueness in mathematical structures and real-world applications.
2 A. Rajaei, M. Shirvani Bourojeni

Smarandache’s pioneering works on neutrosophy established the foundational theories of neutro-

sophic probability, sets, and logic, which have since served as the basis for various extensions
and applications across different fields of study, including algebraic structures and systems theory
[10, 11, 12]. Also, Florentin Smarandache offered a philosophical foundation that goes beyond
binary logic, enabling the representation of varying degrees of truth, indeterminacy, and false-
hood. Building on this principle, n-valued refined neutrosophic sets incorporate the concepts of
neutrosophy with the versatility of multi-valued logic. This framework provides a more accurate
representation of uncertainty by allowing for multiple evaluation levels for each of the key param-
eters: truth, indeterminacy, and falsehood [13]. What sets n-Valued Refined Neutrosophic Sets
apart is their ability to represent complex relationships within a single model. Each element of a set
is defined by multiple degrees of membership, enabling a detailed exploration of the varying states
of truth and falsehood. This capability allows for richer interpretations of data and more nuanced
decision-making processes. Building on the neutrosophic set framework, subsequent research has
explored specific adaptations for algebraic structures, particularly within BCI/BCK-algebras, sub-
classes of logical algebras with applications in computer science and artificial intelligence. Wang
et al. further contributed to the development of single-valued neutrosophic sets, streamlining the
applicability of neutrosophic sets to more conventional mathematical structures [14]. Within this
framework, the MBJ-neutrosophic set theory has emerged as a valuable tool for exploring ideal
and subalgebra structures in BCI/BCK-algebras. Bordbar, Mohseni Takallo, Borzooei, and Jun in-
troduced BMBJ-neutrosophic subalgebras and ideals, elaborating on the characterization of these
structures in the context of BCI/BCK-algebras [1, 7, 8]. Their work provided a detailed framework
for understanding the internal and external properties of MBJ-neutrosophic sets, enhancing the
study of logical algebras with applications in decision-making and information systems. Subse-
quent studies further advanced this research by investigating specific types of MBJ-neutrosophic
ideals, such as commutative and positive implicative ideals. Borzooei, Mohseni Takallo, and Jun
explored the commutative MBJ-neutrosophic ideals within BCK-algebras, establishing conditions
under which these ideals can be applied to simplify logical computations and reasoning processes
[2]. Hur, Lee, and Jun studied positive implicative MBJ-neutrosophic ideals, which address par-
ticular logical operations within the BCI/BCK frameworks, further demonstrating the relevance
of MBJ-neutrosophic sets in fuzzy logic and uncertainty modeling [3]. In addition, research by
Jun and Roh, as well as Khalid et al., has investigated the structure and magnification of MBJ-
neutrosophic translations in G-algebras, focusing on the transformations and applications of these
structures across broader algebraic systems [4, 5]. Mohseni Takallo and Kologani also contributed
by examining MBJ-neutrosophic filters of equality algebras, providing insights into how these filters
could support more complex decision-making models [6].
This paper provides an in-depth analysis of internal and external MBJ-neutrosophic sets, ex-
ploring their definitions, key properties, and potential applications. It begins by introducing
essential concepts such as interval numbers and neutrosophic sets before delving into the MBJ-
neutrosophic framework, which incorporates truth, indeterminate, and falsity membership func-
tions. The study categorizes MBJ-neutrosophic sets into internal and external types based on
specific membership conditions and presents a series of propositions and theorems that clarify the
relationships between these different types. Furthermore, the paper investigates the conditions un-
der which the intersection and union of these sets retain their internal or external characteristics.
The results of this work make significant contributions to the theoretical development of neutro-
sophic set theory, emphasizing its practical value in decision-making and fuzzy logic applications.
 MBJ-neutrosophic sets: Expanding on internal and external relations 3

2 Preliminaries
By an interval number we mean a closed subinterval ã = [a− , a+ ] of [0, 1], where 0 ≤ a− ≤ a+ ≤ 1.
The interval number ã = [a− , a+ ] with a− = a+ is denoted by a. Denote by I[0, 1] the set of all
interval numbers. Let us define what is known as a refined
 minimum (briefly,  rmin) of two elements
in I[0, 1]. Consider two interval numbers ã1 := a−1 , a+
1 and ã 2 := a − +
2 , a2 such that

(1) If ã1 ∩ ã2 ̸= ∅, then

rmin {ã1 , ã2 } = max a− −

   + + 
1 , a2 , min a1 , a2 ,
  − −  + + 
rmax {ã1 , ã2 } = min a1 , a2 , max a1 , a2 ,

We define    
− +
rinf ãi = sup ai , inf ai and rsup ãi = inf a− +
i , sup ai .
i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ

(2) If ã1 ∩ ã2 = ∅, then

rmin {ã1 , ã2 } = [0, 0] = 0,
rmax {ã1 , ã2 } = min a− −
, max a− −  − −
, max a+ + 
\ [min a+ +
      + +
1 , a2 1 , a2 1 , a2 1 , a2 ] ∪ {min a1 , a2 } ∪ {max a1 , a2 },

We define
rinf ãi = [0, 0] = 0,
i∈Λ
   
− − −
rsup ãi = inf ai , sup ai \ inf ai , sup ai ∪ {inf a+
+ +
i } ∪ {sup ai }.
i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ

We also define the symbols “⪰”, “⪯”, “=” in the case of two elements in I[0, 1].

ã1 ⪰ ã2 ⇔ a− − + +
1 ≥ a2 , a1 ≥ a2 ,

and similarly we may have ã1 ⪯ ã2 and ã1 = ã2 . To say ã1 ≻ ã2 (resp. ã1 ≺ ã2 ) we mean
ã1 ⪰ ã2 and ã1 ̸= ã2 (resp. ã1 ⪯ ã2 and ã1 ̸= ã2 ). Let ãi ∈ I[0, 1] where i ∈ Λ. For any
ã ∈ I[0, 1], its complement, denoted by ãc , is defined be the interval number

ãc = [1 − a+ , 1 − a− ].

An interval-valued fuzzy set (briefly, an IVF set) f˜ on a universe X (see [?]) is a mapping
˜
f : X → int([0, 1]) where int([0, 1]) stands
 for the family of all closed subintervals of [0, 1].
For any ã1 = a− 1 , a+
1 , ã2 = a− +
2 , a2 ∈ int([0, 1]), we define

rmin {ã1 , ã2 } = min a− −

   + + 
1 , a2 , min a1 , a2 ,
ã1 ⪰ ã2 if and only if a− − + +
1 ≥ a2 and a1 ≥ a2 ,

and similarly we may have ã1 ⪯ ã2 and ã1 = ã2 .

For any ãi = a−i , a+
i ∈ int([0, 1]) where i ∈ Λ, we define
   
− + − +
rinf ãi = inf ai , inf ai and rsup ãi = sup ai , sup ai .
i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ

For any ã = [a− , a+ ] ∈ int([0, 1]), its complement, denoted by ãc , is defined by

ãc = [1 − a+ , 1 − a− ].
4 A. Rajaei, M. Shirvani Bourojeni

Let X be a non-empty set. A neutrosophic set (NS) in X (see [11]) is a structure of the form:

ξ := {⟨y; ξT (y), ξI (y), ξF (y)⟩ | y ∈ X},

where ξT : X → [0, 1] is a truth membership function, ξI : X → [0, 1] is an indeterminate

membership function, and ξF : X → [0, 1] is a false membership function. For the sake of simplicity,
we shall use the symbol ξ := (ξT , ξI , ξF ) for the neutrosophic set

ξ := {⟨y; ξT (y), ξI (y), ξF (y)⟩ | y ∈ X}.

Let X be a non-empty set. By an MBJ-neutrosophic set in X, we mean a structure of the

form:

ξ := {⟨y; Mξ (y), B̃ξ (y), Jξ (y)⟩ | y ∈ X}, (1)

where Mξ and Jξ are fuzzy sets in X, which are called a truth membership function and a false
membership function, respectively, and B̃ξ is an IVF set in X which is called an indeterminate
interval-valued membership function.
For the sake of simplicity, we shall use the symbol ξ := (Mξ , B̃ξ , Jξ ) for the MBJ-neutrosophic
set in (1).
In an MBJ-neutrosophic set ξ := (Mξ , B̃ξ , Jξ ) in X, if we take

B̃ξ : X → int([0, 1]), y 7→ [Bξ− (y), Bξ+ (y)],

with Bξ− (y) = Bξ+ (y), then ξ := (Mξ , B̃ξ , Jξ ) is a neutrosophic set in X.

Definition 2.1. [9] An MBJ-neutrosophic set ξ := (Mξ , B̃ξ , Jξ ) in X is said to be

• M-internal if Bξ− (x) ≤ Mξ (x) ≤ Bξ+ (x) for all x ∈ X,

• J-internal if Bξ− (x) ≤ Jξ (x) ≤ Bξ+ (x) for all x ∈ X,

• (M,J)-internal if it is both M-internal and J-internal,

/ (Bξ− (x), Bξ+ (x)) for all x ∈ X,

• M-external if Mξ (x) ∈

/ (Bξ− (x), Bξ+ (x)) for all x ∈ X,

• J-external if Jξ (x) ∈

• (M,J)-external if it is both M-external and J-external.

Proposition 2.2. [9] Let ξ := (Mξ , B̃ξ , Jξ ) be an MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.

(1) If ξ is not M-external, then there exists x ∈ X such that Mξ (x) ∈ (Bξ− (x), Bξ+ (x)).

(2) If ξ is not J-external, then there exists x ∈ X such that Jξ (x) ∈ (Bξ− (x), Bξ+ (x)).

(3) If ξ is not (M,J)-external, then there exists x ∈ X such that Mξ (x) ∈ (Bξ− (x), Bξ+ (x)) or
Jξ (x) ∈ (Bξ− (x), Bξ+ (x)).

Given an MBJ-neutrosophic set ξ := (Mξ , B̃ξ , Jξ ) in X, we consider the sets:

L(B̃ξ ) = {Bξ− (x) | x ∈ X}, U (B̃ξ ) = {Bξ+ (x) | x ∈ X}.

 MBJ-neutrosophic sets: Expanding on internal and external relations 5

Proposition 2.3. [9] Let ξ := (Mξ , B̃ξ , Jξ ) be an MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.

(1) If ξ is both M-internal and M-external, then

(∀x ∈ X)(Mξ (x) ∈ L(B̃ξ ) ∪ U (B̃ξ )).

(2) If ξ is both J-internal and J-external, then

(∀x ∈ X)(Jξ (x) ∈ L(B̃ξ ) ∪ U (B̃ξ )).

Let ξ := (Mξ , B̃ξ , Jξ ) and ψ := (Mψ , B̃ψ , Jψ ) be MBJ-neutrosophic sets in X. The order
between ξ and ψ is denoted by ξ ⊆ψ˜ and is defined by

˜ ⇔ Mξ ≤ Mψ , B̃ξ ⊆ B̃ψ , Jξ ≤ Jψ .
ξ ⊆ψ (2)

˜ R ψ and is defined by
The reverse order between ξ and ψ is denoted by ξ ⊆
˜ R ψ ⇔ Mξ ≥ Mψ , B̃ξ ⊆ B̃ψ , Jξ ≥ Jψ .
ξ⊆ (3)

˜ M ψ and is defined by
The M-order between ξ and ψ is denoted by ξ ⊆
˜ M ψ ⇔ Mξ ≤ Mψ , B̃ξ ⊆ B̃ψ , Jξ ≥ Jψ .
ξ⊆ (4)

˜ J ψ and is defined by
The J-order between ξ and ψ is denoted by ξ ⊆
˜ J ψ ⇔ Mξ ≥ Mψ , B̃ξ ⊆ B̃ψ , Jξ ≤ Jψ .
ξ⊆ (5)

For family of MBJ-neutrosophic

S sets ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X} where i ∈ Λ, the
union of ξi is denoted by ξi and is defined by
i∈Λ

[   
ξi := x; supMi (x), rsup B̃i (x), supJi (x) | x ∈ X .
i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ

S
The reverse union of ξi is denoted by R ξi and is defined by
i∈Λ
  
S
R ξi := x; inf Mi (x), rsup B̃i (x), inf Ji (x) | x ∈ X .
i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ
S
The M-union of ξi is denoted by M ξi and is defined by
i∈Λ
  
S
M ξi := x; supMi (x), rsup B̃i (x), inf Ji (x) | x ∈ X .
i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ
S
The J-union of ξi is denoted by J ξi and is defined by
i∈Λ
  
S
J ξi := x; inf Mi (x), rsup B̃i (x), supJi (x) | x ∈ X .
i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ
T
The intersection of ξi is denoted by ξi and is defined by
i∈Λ
6 A. Rajaei, M. Shirvani Bourojeni

  
T
ξi := x; inf Mi (x), rinf B̃i (x), inf Ji (x) | x ∈ X .
i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ
T
The reverse intersection of ξi is denoted by R ξi and is defined by
i∈Λ
  
T
R ξi := x; supMi (x), rinf B̃i (x), supJi (x) |x∈X .
i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ
T
The M-intersection of ξi is denoted by M ξi and is defined by
i∈Λ
  
T
M ξi := x; inf Mi (x), rinf B̃i (x), supJi (x) | x ∈ X .
i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ
T
The J-intersection of ξi is denoted by J ξi and is defined by
i∈Λ
  
T
J ξi := x; supMi (x), rinf B̃i (x), inf Ji (x) |x∈X .
i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ i∈Λ

Given an MBJ-neutrosophic set ξ := (Mξ , B̃ξ , Jξ ) in X, the M-complement of ξ is denoted by

ξM and is defined by
nD E o
ξ M := x; 1 − Mξ (x), B̃ξc (x), Jξ (x) | x ∈ X . (6)

The J-complement of ξ is denoted by ξ J and is defined by

nD E o
ξ J := x; Mξ (x), B̃ξc (x), 1 − Jξ (x) | x ∈ X . (7)

The (M,J)-complement of ξ is denoted by ξ c and is defined by

nD E o
ξ c := x; 1 − Mξ (x), B̃ξc (x), 1 − Jξ (x) | x ∈ X . (8)

3 Expanding on internal and external relations of MBJ-neutrosophic

sets
We provide a condition for the intersection and the M-intersection (J-intersection) of ξi to be
both an M-external (resp. J-external, (M,J)-external) and an M-internal (resp. J-internal, (M,J)-
internal).

Example 3.1. Let X = {a, b, c, d} and ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be family
of MBJ-neutrosophic set in X defined by Table 1, 2.
It is routine to verify that ξ1 and ξ2 are M - external, but union and M -union of them are not
a M - external since for c ∈ X

supMi (c) = 0.75 ∈ rsup B̃i (c) = [0.7, 0.8].

i∈Λ

Also, the intersection and M -intersection of them are not a M - external since for d ∈ X

inf Mi (c) = 0.4 ∈ rinf B̃i (c) = [0.2, 0.8].

i∈Λ
 MBJ-neutrosophic sets: Expanding on internal and external relations 7

Table 1: MBJ-neutrosophic set ξ1

X M1 (x) B̃1 (x) J1 (x)

a 0.8 [0.3, 0.7] 0.2
b 0.1 [0.1, 0.6] 0.6
c 0.5 [0.7, 0.8] 0.4
d 0.9 [0.2, 0.81] 0.7

Table 2: MBJ-neutrosophic set ξ2

X M2 (x) B̃2 (x) J2 (x)

a 0.3 [0.5, 0.6] 0.2
b 0.4 [0.7, 0.8] 0.6
c 0.75 [0.2, 0.4] 0.4
d 0.4 [0.4, 0.8] 0.7

Note that the intersection and the M-intersection (J-intersection) of M-external (J-external)
MBJ-neutrosophic sets ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} may not be an M-external
(J-external) MBJ-neutrosophic set (see Example 3.1). We provide a condition for the intersection
and the M-intersection (J-intersection) of ξi to be an M-external (resp. J-external, (M,J)-external).
Theorem 3.2. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be an MBJ-neutrosophic set
in X such that for all x ∈ X,
min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} = (M1 ∧ M2 )(x)
= max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
(9)
Then the intersection and the M-intersection of ξi are both an M-external MBJ-neutrosophic set
and an M-internal MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.
Proof. For each x ∈ X, take
αx := min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}},
and
βx := max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
Then αx is one of B1+ (x), B2− (x), B1− (x) and B2+ (x). We consider αx = B1− (x) or αx = B1+ (x) only.
For the remaining cases, it is similar to this case.
ˆ If αx = B1− (x), then B2− (x) ≤ B2+ (x) ≤ B1− (x) ≤ B1+ (x) and so βx = B2+ (x). This implies
that B1− (x) = αx = (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) = βx = B2+ (x). Thus
B2− (x) ≤ B2+ (x) = (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) = B1− (x) ≤ B1+ (x).
This implies that (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) = B2+ (x) = (B1 ∩ B2 )+ (x). Hence
/ (B1 ∩ B2 )− (x) ≤ (B1 ∩ B2 )+ (x),
(M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ∈
and (B1 ∩ B2 )− (x) ≤ (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ≤ (B1 ∩ B2 )+ (x).
8 A. Rajaei, M. Shirvani Bourojeni

ˆ If αx = B1+ (x), then B2− (x) ≤ B1+ (x) ≤ B2+ (x) and so (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) = B1+ (x) = (B1 ∩
B2 )+ (x). Hence (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ∈ / (B1 ∩ B2 )− (x) ≤ (B1 ∩ B2 )+ (x) and (B1 ∩ B2 )− (x) ≤
(M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ≤ (B1 ∩ B2 )+ (x). Consequently, we know that the intersection and the
M-intersection of ξi are both an M-external MBJ-neutrosophic set and an M-internal MBJ-
neutrosophic set in X.

Theorem 3.3. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be an MBJ-neutrosophic set
in X such that for all x ∈ X,

min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} = (J1 ∧ J2 )(x)
= max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
(10)
Then the intersection and the J-intersection of ξi are both a J-external MBJ-neutrosophic set and
a J-internal MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.

Proof. The proof follows a structure similar to that proof of Theorem 3.2.

Corollary 3.4. If MBJ-neutrosophic sets ξi satisfy the conditions outlined in equations(9) and
(10), then the intersection of ξi is both an (M,J)-external MBJ-neutrosophic set and an (M,J)-
internal MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.

Theorem 3.5. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be an M-external MBJ-
neutrosophic set in X such that for all x ∈ X,

min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} ≥ (M1 ∨ M2 )(x)
> max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
(11)
Then the union and the M-union of ξi are also an M-external MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.

Proof. For each x ∈ X, take

αx := min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}},

and
βx := max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
Then αx is one of B1+ (x), B2− (x), B1− (x) and B2+ (x). We consider αx = B1− (x) or αx = B1+ (x) only.
For the remaining cases, it is similar to this case.

ˆ If αx = B1− (x), then B2− (x) ≤ B2+ (x) ≤ B1− (x) ≤ B1+ (x) and so βx = B2+ (x). Thus

(B1 ∪ B2 )− (x) = B1− (x) = αx > (M1 ∨ M2 )(x),

/ ((B1 ∪ B2 )− (x), (B1 ∪ B2 )+ (x)).

and hence (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) ∈

ˆ If αx = B1+ (x), then B2− (x) ≤ B1+ (x) ≤ B2+ (x) and so βx = max{B1− (x), B2− (x)}.

– Assume that βx = B1− (x). Then

B2− (x) ≤ B1− (x) ≤ (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) < B1+ (x) ≤ B2+ (x). (12)
 MBJ-neutrosophic sets: Expanding on internal and external relations 9

and so
B2− (x) ≤ B1− (x) < (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) < B1+ (x) ≤ B2+ (x),
or
B2− (x) ≤ B1− (x) < (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) ≤ B1+ (x) ≤ B2+ (x).
For the first case, it contradicts to the fact there are M-external MBJ-neutrosophic sets
in X. The second case implies that (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) ∈ / ((B1 ∪ B2 )− (x), (B1 ∪ B2 )+ (x))
− −
since (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) = B1 (x) = (B1 ∪ B2 ) (x).
– Assume that βx = B2− (x). Then

B1− (x) ≤ B2− (x) < (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) ≤ B1+ (x) ≤ B2+ (x), (13)

which implies that

B1− (x) ≤ B2− (x) < (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) < B1+ (x) ≤ B2+ (x),

or
B1− (x) ≤ B2− (x) = (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) < B1+ (x) ≤ B2+ (x).
For the case B1− (x) ≤ B2− (x) < (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) < B1+ (x) ≤ B2+ (x), it is a contradiction
to the fact that ξi are M-external MBJ-neutrosophic sets in X. For the case B1− (x) ≤
B2− (x) = (M1 ∨M2 )(x) ≤ B1+ (x) ≤ B2+ (x), we have (M1 ∨M2 )(x) ∈
/ ((B1 ∪B2 )− (x), (B1 ∪
B2 )+ (x)) since (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) = B2− (x) = (B1 ∪ B2 )− (x).

Hence the union and the M-union of ξi are M-external MBJ-neutrosophic sets in X.

Theorem 3.6. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be a J-external MBJ-
neutrosophic set in X such that for all x ∈ X,

min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} ≥ (J1 ∨ J2 )(x)
> max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
(14)
Then the union and the J-union of ξi are also a J-external MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.

Proof. The proof follows a structure similar to that proof of Theorem 3.5.

Corollary 3.7. If ξi is an (M,J)-external MBJ-neutrosophic set in X such that for all x ∈ X,

satisfy the conditions outlined in equations (11) and (14), then the union of ξi is also an (M,J)-
external MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.

We provide a condition for the reverse union of M-external (resp. J-external, (M,J)-external)
MBJ-neutrosophic sets ξi to be also M-external (resp. J-external, (M,J)-external).

Theorem 3.8. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be an M-external MBJ-
neutrosophic set in X such that for all x ∈ X,

min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} > (M1 ∧ M2 )(x)
≥ max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
(15)
Then the reverse union of ξi is also an M-external MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.
10 A. Rajaei, M. Shirvani Bourojeni

Proof. For each x ∈ X, take

αx := min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}},

and
βx := max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
Then αx is one of B1+ (x), B2− (x), B1− (x) and B2+ (x). We consider αx = B2− (x) or αx = B2+ (x) only.
For the remaining cases, it is similar to this case.

ˆ If αx = B2− (x), then B1− (x) ≤ B1+ (x) ≤ B2− (x) ≤ B2+ (x) and so βx = B1+ (x). Thus by
inequality (15),
(B1 ∪ B2 )− (x) = B2− (x) = αx > (M1 ∧ M2 )(x),
/ ((B1 ∪ B2 )− (x), (B1 ∪ B2 )+ (x)).
and hence (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ∈

ˆ If αx = B2+ (x), then B1− (x) ≤ B2+ (x) ≤ B1+ (x) and so βx = max{B1− (x), B2− (x)}.

– Assume that βx = B1− (x). Then

B2− (x) ≤ B1− (x) ≤ (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) < B2+ (x) ≤ B1+ (x), (16)

which implies that

B2− (x) ≤ B1− (x) < (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) < B2+ (x) ≤ B1+ (x),

or
B2− (x) ≤ B1− (x) = (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ≤ B2+ (x) ≤ B1+ (x).
For the first case, it contradicts the fact that ξi are M-external MBJ-neutrosophic sets
in X. For the case

B2− (x) ≤ B1− (x) = (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ≤ B2+ (x) ≤ B1+ (x),

/ ((B1 ∪ B2 )− (x), (B1 ∪ B2 )+ (x)) since (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) = B1− (x) =

we get (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ∈
(B1 ∪ B2 )− (x).
– Assume that βx = B2− (x). Then

B1− (x) ≤ B2− (x) ≤ (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ≤ B2+ (x) < B1+ (x). (17)

Hence
B1− (x) ≤ B2− (x) < (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) < B2+ (x) ≤ B1+ (x),
or
B1− (x) ≤ B2− (x) = (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) < B2+ (x) ≤ B1+ (x).
For the case B1− (x) ≤ B2− (x) < (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) < B2+ (x) ≤ B1+ (x), it is a contra-
diction to the fact that ξi are M-external MBJ-neutrosophic sets in X. For the case
B1− (x) ≤ B2− (x) = (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ≤ B2+ (x) ≤ B1+ (x), we obtain (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ∈ /
((B1 ∪ B2 )− (x), (B1 ∪ B2 )+ (x)) since (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) = B2− (x) = (B1 ∪ B2 )− (x).

Hence the reverse union of ξi are M-external MBJ-neutrosophic sets in X.

 MBJ-neutrosophic sets: Expanding on internal and external relations 11

Theorem 3.9. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be a J-external MBJ-
neutrosophic set in X such that for all x ∈ X,
min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} ≥ (J1 ∧ J2 )(x)
> max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
(18)
Then the reverse union of ξi are also a J-external MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.
Proof. The proof follows a structure similar to that proof of Theorem 3.8.

The following example shows that for two M-external (J-external, (M,J)-external) MBJ-neutrosophic
sets ξi which satisfy the condition for all x ∈ X

min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} = (M1 ∧ M2 )(x)
> max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}},

(min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} = (J1 ∧ J2 )(x)
> max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}),

the reverse union of ξi may not be an M-external (J-external, (M,J)-external) MBJ-neutrosophic

set in X.
Example 3.10. Let X = {a, b, c} and ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be M-
external (J-external, (M,J)-external) MBJ-neutrosophic set in X defined by Table 3, 4.

Table 3: MBJ-neutrosophic set ξ1

X M1 (x) B̃1 (x) J1 (x)

a 0.9 [0.1, 0.8] 0.9
b 0.6 [0.3, 0.6] 0.6
c 0.5 [0.4, 0.5] 0.5

Table 4: MBJ-neutrosophic set ξ2

X M2 (x) B̃2 (x) J2 (x)

a 0.3 [0.2, 0.7] 0.7
b 0.7 [0.1, 0.7] 0.8
c 0.4 [0.3, 0.8] 0.9

Then we know that ξi satisfies the following condition:

min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} = (M1 ∧ M2 )(x)
> max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.

(min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} = (J1 ∧ J2 )(x)
> max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.)
12 A. Rajaei, M. Shirvani Bourojeni

But the reverse union is not an M-external (J-external, (M,J)-external ) MBJ-neutrosophic set in
X because (M1 ∧ M2 )(c) = 0.5 ∈ (0.4, 0.6) = ((B1 ∪ B2 )− (a), (B1 ∪ B2 )+ (a)) ((J1 ∧ J2 )(c) = 0.5 ∈
(0.4, 0.6) = ((B1 ∪ B2 )− (c), (B1 ∪ B2 )+ (c))).
Theorem 3.11. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be an M-external MBJ-
neutrosophic set in X such that for all x ∈ X,
min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} ≥ (M1 ∨ M2 )(x)
> max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
(19)
Then the reverse intersection of ξi is also an M-external MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.
Proof. In a similar way to Theorem 3.8, we can obtain the result

Theorem 3.12. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be a J-external MBJ-
neutrosophic set in X such that for all x ∈ X,
min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} ≥ (J1 ∧ J2 )(x)
> max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
(20)
Then the reverse intersection of ξi are also a J-external MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.
Proof. The proof follows a structure similar to that proof of Theorem 3.8.

The following example shows that for two M-external (J-external, (M,J)-external) MBJ-neutrosophic
sets ξi which satisfy the condition for all x ∈ X

min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} > (M1 ∨ M2 )(x)
= max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}},

(min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} > (J1 ∨ J2 )(x)
= max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}),

the reverse intersection of ξi may not be an M-external (J-external, (M,J)-external) MBJ-neutrosophic

set in X.
Example 3.13. Let X = {a, b, c} and ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be M-
external (J-external, (M,J)-external) MBJ-neutrosophic set in X defined by Table 5, 6.

Table 5: MBJ-neutrosophic set ξ1

X M1 (x) B̃1 (x) J1 (x)

a 0.1 [0.2, 0.4] 0.1
b 0.5 [0.5, 0.8] 0.5
c 0.4 [0.6, 0.8] 0.4

Then we know that ξi satisfies the following condition:

min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} > (M1 ∨ M2 )(x)
= max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
 MBJ-neutrosophic sets: Expanding on internal and external relations 13

Table 6: MBJ-neutrosophic set ξ2

X M2 (x) B̃2 (x) J2 (x)

a 0.3 [0.3, 0.6] 0.3
b 0.2 [0.4, 0.7] 0.2
c 0.7 [0.7, 0.9] 0.7

(min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} > (J1 ∨ J2 )(x)
= max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.)

But the reverse intersection is not an M-external (J-external, (M,J)-external ) MBJ-neutrosophic

set in X because (M1 ∨ M2 )(b) = 0.5 ∈ (0.4, 0.7) = ((B1 ∩ B2 )− (b), (B1 ∩ B2 )+ (b)) ((J1 ∨ J2 )(b) =
0.5 ∈ (0.4, 0.7) = ((B1 ∩ B2 )− (b), (B1 ∩ B2 )+ (b))).

We provide a condition for the reverse intersection of ξi to be both an M-external (resp. J-

external, (M,J)-external) and an M-internal (resp. J-internal, (M,J)-internal).

Theorem 3.14. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be an MBJ-neutrosophic set
in X such that for all x ∈ X,

min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} = (M1 ∨ M2 )(x)
= max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
(21)
Then the reverse intersection of ξi are both an M-external MBJ-neutrosophic set and an M-internal
MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.

Proof. In a similar way to Theorem 3.2, it is straightforward.

Theorem 3.15. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be an MBJ-neutrosophic set
in X such that for all x ∈ X,

min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} = (J1 ∨ J2 )(x)
= max{min{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, min{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}}.
(22)
Then the reverse intersection of ξi are both a J-external MBJ-neutrosophic set and a J-internal
MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.

We provide a condition for the reverse union of two M-internal (resp. J-internal, (M,J)-internal)
MBJ-neutrosophic sets ξi to be an M-external (resp. J-external, (M,J)-external).

Theorem 3.16. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be an MBJ-neutrosophic set
in X.

(1) If ξi is an M-internal and for any x ∈ X, (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ≤ max{B1− (x), B2− (x)}, then the
reverse union of ξi is an M-external in X.

(2) If ξi is a J-internal and for any x ∈ X, (J1 ∧ J2 )(x) ≤ max{B1− (x), B2− (x)}, then the reverse
union of ξi is a J-external in X.
14 A. Rajaei, M. Shirvani Bourojeni

(3) If ξi is an (M,J)-internal and for any x ∈ X, (M1 ∧ M2 )(x) ≤ max{B1− (x), B2− (x)} and
(J1 ∧ J2 )(x) ≤ max{B1− (x), B2− (x)}, then the reverse union of ξi is an (M,J)-external in X.
Proof. The proof is straightforward.
We provide a condition for the reverse intersection of two M-internal (resp. J-internal, (M,J)-
internal) MBJ-neutrosophic sets ξi to be an M-external (resp. J-external, (M,J)-external).
Theorem 3.17. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be an MBJ-neutrosophic set
in X.
(1) If ξi is an M-internal and for any x ∈ X, (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) ≥ max{B1+ (x), B2+ (x)}, then the
reverse intersection of ξi is an M-external in X.
(2) If ξi is a J-internal and for any x ∈ X, (J1 ∨ J2 )(x) ≥ max{B1+ (x), B2+ (x)}, then the reverse
intersection of ξi is a J-external in X.
(3) If ξi is an (M,J)-internal and for any x ∈ X, (M1 ∨ M2 )(x) ≥ max{B1+ (x), B2+ (x)} and
(J1 ∨ J2 )(x) ≥ max{B1+ (x), B2+ (x)}, then the reverse intersection of ξi is an (M,J)-external
in X.
Proof. The proof is straightforward.
We provide a condition for the reverse union of two M-external (resp. J-external, (M,J)-
external) MBJ-neutrosophic sets ξi to be an M-internal (resp. J-internal, (M,J)-internal).
Theorem 3.18. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be an M-external MBJ-
neutrosophic set in X such that for all x ∈ X,
min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} ≤ (M1 ∧ M2 )(x)
(23)
≤ max{B1+ (x), B2+ (x)}.
Then the reverse union of ξi is an M-internal MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.
Proof. The proof is straightforward.
Theorem 3.19. Let ξi := {⟨x; Mi (x), B̃i (x), Ji (x)⟩ | x ∈ X, i = 1, 2} be a J-external MBJ-
neutrosophic set in X such that for all x ∈ X,
min{max{B1+ (x), B2− (x)}, max{B1− (x), B2+ (x)}} ≤ (J1 ∧ J2 )(x)
(24)
≤ max{B1+ (x), B2+ (x)}.
Then the reverse union of ξi is a J-internal MBJ-neutrosophic set in X.
Proof. The proof is straightforward.

4 Conclusions
The study successfully establishes a foundational framework for MBJ-neutrosophic sets by prov-
ing essential theorems and conditions for internal and external categorization. The results affirm
that specific combinations of truth, indeterminate, and false membership functions consistently
determine whether a set intersection or union remains internal or external under defined con-
ditions. Notably, the research demonstrates that MBJ-neutrosophic sets can support complex
decision-making and uncertainty modeling, providing substantial theoretical value to neutrosophic
set theory. Future work may expand on these findings by exploring additional applications and
refining the conditions that govern MBJ-neutrosophic set operations, thereby deepening the po-
tential for practical implementation in various analytically and logical systems.
 MBJ-neutrosophic sets: Expanding on internal and external relations 15

Acknowledgment
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the anonymous referees for their valuable
feedback and constructive comments.

Declarations
**Compliance with Ethical Standards:**
- The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
- This paper does not include any studies involving human participants or animals conducted by
the authors.
- Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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