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Forging Rivals
The three decades after the end of World War II saw the rise and fall
of a particular version of liberalism in which the state committed
itself to promoting a modest form of economic egalitarianism while
simultaneously embracing ethnic, racial, and religious pluralism. But
by the mid-1970s, postwar liberalism was in a shambles. While its
commitment to pluralism remained, its economic policies had been
abandoned, and the Democratic Party, its primary political vehicle, was
collapsing. Reuel Schiller attributes this demise to the legal architecture
of postwar liberalism, arguing that postwar liberalism’s goals of
advancing economic egalitarianism and promoting pluralism ultimately
conflicted with each other. Through the use of specific historical
examples, Schiller demonstrates that postwar liberalism was riddled
with legal and institutional contradictions that undermined progressive
politics in the mid-twentieth-century United States.
Series Editor
Christopher Tomlins, University of California, Berkeley
REUEL SCHILLER
University of California, Hastings College of the Law
32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107628335
© Reuel Schiller 2015
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2015
Printed in the United States of America
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Schiller, Reuel Edward.
Forging rivals : race, class, law, and the collapse of postwar
liberalism / Reuel Schiller.
pages cm. – (Cambridge historical studies in American law and society)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-107-01226-4 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-107-62833-5 (paperback)
1. Discrimination in employment – California – History – 20th century – Case
studies. 2. Civil rights movements – California – History – 20th century –
Case studies. 3. Labor unions – California – History – 20th century – Case
studies. 4. Labor laws – United States – History – 20th century. 5. Liberalism –
United States – History – 20th century. 6. United States – Politics and government –
20th century. 7. United States – Race relations – History – 20th century. I. Title.
hd4903.5.u58S27 2014
331.13′30979409045–dc23 2014043433
isbn 978-1-107-01226-4 Hardback
isbn 978-1-107-62833-5 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
For Jane
“You take away the breath I was keeping for sunrise.”
–Pete Townshend
There was something mysterious and smug in the way he spoke,
as though he had everything figured out – whatever he was talk-
ing about. Look at this very most certain white man, I thought. He
didn’t even realize that I was afraid and yet he speaks so confidently.
I got to my feet, “I’m sorry,” I said, “I have a job and I’m not inter-
ested in anyone’s grievances but my own … ”
“But you were concerned with that old couple,” he said with
narrowed eyes. “Are they relatives of yours?”
“Sure, we’re both black,” I said, beginning to laugh.
He smiled, his eyes intense upon my face.
“Seriously, are they your relatives?”
“Sure, we were burned in the same oven,” I said.
The effect was electric. “Why do you fellows always talk in
terms of race!” he snapped, his eyes blazing.
“What other terms do you know?” I said, puzzled.
– Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (1952)
Contents
Acknowledgments page xi
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
xii Acknowledgments
norm. I like to think that the true genesis of this book lies around my
childhood dining room table.
I have received an enormous amount of advice, support, and encour-
agement as I’ve written Forging Rivals, and it is a pleasure to recog-
nize the people who have been so helpful. Chris Tomlins heads this
list. I shudder at the thought of trying to write Forging Rivals without
his thoughtful reading of the manuscript, his incisive, tactful editing
of it, and his confidence in the entire project. I could not have asked
for more in an editor. My friends and colleagues Bill Dodge and Joan
Williams both read the entire manuscript and provided me with pen-
etrating comments. Similarly useful critiques have been provided by
others who have read large chunks of the manuscript: R. B. Bernstein,
Eileen Boris, Joe Grodin, Laura Kalman, Michael Klarman, Nelson
Lichtenstein, Deborah Malamud, Bill Nelson, Karen Tani, and a pair
of anonymous readers for Cambridge University Press. Dan Ernst not
only read large parts of the manuscript, but encouraged me to write it
in the first place. I owe him particular thanks.
I’ve had the privilege of presenting parts of the manuscript, in vari-
ous stages of readiness, at a variety of institutions: New York University
School of Law; the University of Oregon School of Law; the University
of Virginia School of Law; the Center for the Study of Work, Labor, and
Democracy at the University of California, Santa Barbara; the Nihon
University School of Law; the Bay Area Labor History Workshop;
the University of California, Davis, School of Law; and, of course,
my home institution, the University of California, Hastings College
of the Law. My thanks to the participants in these colloquia for their
thoughtful comments and to the people who invited me to enjoy their
intellectual hospitality: Bill Nelson and Dan Hulsebosch, Stuart Chinn
and Tom Lininger, Risa Goluboff, Nelson Lichtenstein, Yasuo Fukuda,
Darien Shanske, and Catherine Powell. I also had the pleasure of pre-
senting a chapter at the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Pacific Coast
Branch of the American Historical Association. My thanks to Chris
Agee for organizing the panel, and to Jim Gregory for his comments.
I’ve had the benefit of bouncing the ideas that animate this book
off the minds of a number of creative thinkers. They include Brian
Balogh, Ash Bhagwat, Mark Brilliant, Bill Gould, Beth Hillman, Bill
Issel, Evan Lee, Sophia Lee, David Levine, Michael Salerno, and Harry
Scheiber. Five people who were participants in the events that the book
Acknowledgments xiii
neither Tom nor any of the other generous people mentioned in these
acknowledgments is responsible for errors of thought or prose that
remain in the text, but I know there would surely be more such errors
without their help.
A portion of Chapter 4 appeared in The Right and Labor in
America: Politics, Ideology, and Imagination, edited by Nelson
Lichtenstein and Elizabeth Tandy Shermer. My thanks to the
University of Pennsylvania Press for permission to reprint this material
and to Nelson and Elizabeth for their great editorial work. A portion
of Chapter 6 was previously published as “The Emporium Capwell
Case: Race, Labor Law, and the Crisis of Post-War Liberalism” in vol-
ume 25 of the Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law. Some
of the text of that piece appeared as part of a coauthored chapter of
Labor Law Stories entitled “The Story of Emporium Capwell: Civil
Rights, Collective Action, and the Constraints of Union Power.” My
thanks to the Berkeley Journal of Labor and Employment Law and to
Foundation Press for permission to reprint this material. My thanks
also to Laura Cooper and Catherine Fisk, who edited Labor Law
Stories, and to Marion Crain and Calvin William Sharpe, who were my
coauthors on the Labor Law Stories chapter. Though I benefited tre-
mendously from discussing the Emporium Capwell case with Marion
and Calvin, the material in this volume that also happens to appear in
Labor Law Stories was written entirely by me.
Here’s an advantage of thanking your family at the beginning of
the acknowledgments. You can thank them again at the end. Naomi
and Asa make my life complicated, crazy, and enormously joyful. If
they eventually read Forging Rivals, I look forward to their penetrat-
ing critiques. The luckiest moment in my life was meeting Jane, nearly
three decades ago, and one of the joys of writing this book was the
knowledge that I would be able to dedicate it to her. It is a delight to
finally be able to do so.
Introduction
It was the summer of 1943 and the scene at the Atlas Shipyard in Long
Beach, California, was damn near explosive.1 Bob Jones’ question to
Madge had been a simple one. He needed an extra hand for a partic-
ularly difficult piece of welding that his crew was doing. As a leader-
man, Jones’ position entitled him to make the request, but Madge’s
response was harsh and instantaneous: “I ain’t gonna work with no
nigger.” Jones didn’t miss a beat. “Screw you then, you cracker bitch.”
Both statements hung in the air for a moment. Then Madge turned to
the two mechanics sitting slack-jawed nearby. “You gonna let a nigger
talk tuh me like that?” One of them started to stand, grabbing a metal
bar, but he was a small, elderly man. One glance from Jones sat him
back down again, and Jones stalked off.
Within hours, Jones had lost his position and the draft deferment
that went with it. His boss was furious: “I’d figured you’d have sense
enough to get along with the people you had to work with instead of
running around with a chip on your shoulder like most colored boys.
I’m not going to have you or any other colored boy in this department
who can’t maintain a courteous and respectful manner towards the
white men and women you have to work with.” Jones’ response was
simple – “she called me a nigger” – but it had no impact. “You know
how Southern people talk,” his boss had said, “how they feel about
working with you colored boys.”
Jones seethed with anger at the injustice of the situation, but what
could he do? In World War II–era California his options were limited.
1
2 Forging Rivals
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