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 Jihadism and Terrorism
Edited by Rüdiger Lohlker

Volume 1

Rüdiger Lohlker,
Tamara Abu-Hamdeh (eds.)

Jihadi Thought and Ideology

λογος
Jihadism and Terrorism

Volume 1
 Jihadism and Terrorism

Volume 1

Edited by Rüdiger Lohlker

The volumes of this series are peer reviewed.

Editorial Board:
Farhad Khosrokhavar (Paris), Hans Kippenberg (Bremen),
Alex Schmid (Vienna), Roberto Tottoli (Naples)
Rüdiger Lohlker/Tamara Abu-Hamdeh (eds.)

Jihadi Thought and Ideology

Logos Verlag Berlin

λογος
Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek

Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;

detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de.

c Copyright Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH 2013

All rights reserved.

ISBN 978-3-8325-3705-0
ISSN 2199-1820

Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH

Comeniushof, Gubener Str. 47,
10243 Berlin
Tel.: +49 (0)30 / 42 85 10 90
Fax: +49 (0)30 / 42 85 10 92
http://www.logos-verlag.de
Contents

Rüdiger Lohlker
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 4

Rüdiger Lohlker

Al-Qaeda Airlines: Jihadi Self-Assessment and the Ideology of Engineers ........................................ 5

Joas Wagemaker
Between Purity and Pragmatism? Abu Basir al-Tartusi’s Nuanced Radicalism ................................ 16

Robert Wesley

Back to Fundamentals: Approaching the Study of the Ideology of Islamist Organizations .............. 38

Manfred Sing

From Maoism to Jihadism: Some Fatah militants’ trajectory from the mid 1970’s to
the mid 1980’s .................................................................................................................................... 55

Nico Prucha

Celebrities of the Afterlife: Death Cult, Stars, and Fandom of Jihadist Propaganda ......................... 83

Rüdiger Lohlker
Jihadi Masculinities: Another Masculinity in Crisis ........................................................................ 138

Contributors ..................................................................................................................................... 165

Index................................................................................................................................................. 166

3
Rüdiger Lohlker

Introduction

A short survey of the literature on jhadism will immediately demonstrate that the study of jihadi
ideas is still at an early stage.
The current volume contributes to this ongoing process of understanding jihadi ideas and the
development of these ideas.
In his first contribution Rüdiger Lohlker discusses an analysis of jihadi attacks by one of the
lesser known jihadi authors, Dhu l-bijadayn, and the way this author frames his technical thoughts
in a jihadi framing. It is one of the few approaches to discuss rhe role of the technical experts of
jihad and their way of conceptualizing ideas of jihadism.
Joas Wagemakers chapter analyses – as usual well informed and very precise – the interesting
case of Abu Basir al-Tartusi and the development of his „nuanced radicalism“.
Robert Weseley presents a conceptualization for the analysis of ideology offering a language and
basic framework for analysts.
Manfred Sing studies the trajectory of Palestinian maoists to jihadism offering a case study of a
fairly under- or un-researched topic in the field of Jihadism studies.
The embodiment of jihadi ideology/theology in the various aspects of visual online propaganda
is discussed by Nico Prucha. He demonstrates the ways jihadi 'martyrs' are created online as a role
model any aspiring jihadist has to follow.
In his second contribution Rüdiger Lohlker discusses jihadi masculinities to show the intimate
relation between a specific – violent – way of creating forms of masculinity and jihadi practice,
ideas, and visual imaginary that form a subtext of expressions of jihadi ideology/theology.
The contributions of this volume show in detailed analysis aspects of jihadi ideology and theology
of jihadism shedding new light on this field of research.
The research was funded by the Austrian Research Fund (FWF): P22706-G17.

4
Rüdiger Lohlker

Al-Qaeda Airlines: Jihadi Self-Assessment and the Ideology of Engineers

In the case of jihadism religious thought matters1, but the practical and military discourses have
been less researched. Religion matters, but there are other aspects to be looked at.
One of the most prolific writers calls himself Dhu l-bijadayn2 referring to one of less prominent
companions of the prophet. This companion was called „the man with two striped
garments“ (bijad)3 due to his appearance when he first met the prophet Muhammad. His tribesmen
had prevented him from conversion to Islam, but at last he succeeded and he was left with one sheet
of cloth he had to tear apart to cover himself.4 He died on the battlefield and was put down in his
grave by the prophet himself aided by Abu Bakr and 'Umar al-Khattab. He is well known today as a
role model for self-sacrifice.5 Who could be a better role model for an aspiring jihadi? The
pseudonym is popular with other fighters too.6
Dhu l-bijadayn reached a certain fame in non specialist circles when announcing on jihadi fora
that the US ambassador J. Christopher Stevens – who died in an attack in Benghazi – was killed by
a lethal injection after plans to kidnap him went bad.7

1
E. g., Rüdiger Lohlker, “The Forgotten Swamp revisited“, in id. (ed.), New Approaches to the Analysis of Jihadism:
Online and Offline (Göttingen: Vienna University Press 2012a), 125-139; Orhan Elmaz, “Jihadi Salafi Creed: Abu
Muhammad al-Maqdisi's Imperatives of Faith“, in Rüdiger Lohlker (ed.), New Approaches to the Analysis of
Jihadism: Online and Offline (Göttingen: Vienna University Press 2012), 15-36; Stephen Ulph, Towards a
Curriculum for the Teaching of Jihadist Ideology, Part 1-3 (Washington, D.C.: The Jamestown Foundation 2010)
(via http://www.jamestown.org/); Joas Wagemakers, A Quietist Jihadi: The Theology and Influence of Abu
Muhammad al-Maqdisi (Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press 2012).
2
I will use here the more classical pronunciation, not the modern one using a lenghtened ē for the dual (e. g., al-
Sahabi al-jalil Dhu l-bijadayn li-l-shaykh al-Maghamisi (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSe6rKXRjE4)
(accessed July 5, 2013). Another version of his name with a typo in Rüdiger Lohlker (2012b), “Religions, Weapons,
and Jihadism. Emblematic Discourses“, in Rüdiger Lohlker (ed.), Jihadism: Online Discourses and Representations
(Göttingen: Vienna University Press 2012b), 65-87, here 86f. We will not use the current version of his name
circulated in the media: Dhu-al-bajadin.
3
Edward William Lane, An Arabic-English Lexicon, Vol 1 (Beirut: Librairie du Liban 1968), 52.
4
E. g., Silsilat al-sahaba ghayr al-mashhurin: al-Sahabi al-jalil Dhu l-bijadayn
(http://forums.fatakat.com/thread4141801) (accessed 2013/07/05) or Ila jannat al-khuld: Dhu l-bijadayn
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ltMYuhW-E8) (accessed July 5, 2013).
5
E. g., Dhi l-bijadayn ma'na min ajmal ma'ani al-tadhiyya (http://www.twbh.com/index.php/site/article/read494/)
(accessed July 5, 2013), Qissat al-batal Dhu l-bijadayn 18
(http://www.alraidiah.com/vb/showthread.php?t=143602) (accessed July 5, 2013), and Hal qissa dafn Dhi l-
bijadayn fi ghazwat Tabuk thabita? (http://www.saaid.net/Doat/Zugail/28.htm) (accessed July 5, 2013).
6
https://www.facebook.com/people/%D8%B0%D9%88-
%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86/100003506648157(accessed July
5, 2013).
7
E. g., http://counterjihadreport.com/tag/dhu-al-bajadin/ (accessed July 5, 2013),
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jun/4/al-qaeda-weapons-expert-us-ambassador-libya-killed/?page=all

5
 Less fam
mous is a statement he
h is creditted with on
n the attack on the Booston maratthon, calledd
“marathon of death” in
i his statem
ment, praisinng the “two
o daring you
ungsters” wh
who caused terror
t in thee
eyes of thhe Americanns etc. usin
ng cheap deevices – a hint to his videos andd online manuals (seee
below).8 H
He is framingg the “War on Terror” aas a “War on
o Islam” th
hus reproduccing the circcle of panicc
essential foor the proceess of preparring potentiial mujahidss for the accceptance off jihadi theollogy.9
Dhu l- bbijadayn waas described
d in the meddia as the all-Qa'ida weapons expeert or as its “explosives
“ s
guru”10. Thhe most fam
mous of pub
blications hee is credited
d with may be the “Enccyclopedia”” (mawsu'a))
on weaponns and expplosives.11 We
W find inn the “Encyclopedia of
o Dhu l-B
Bijadayn” chapters
c onn
Molotov coocktails, Haawn mortarss, on Berettaas, construccting hand grenades,
g ussing AK-47, M 16, andd
G 3, silenccers etc.12
The othher main conntribution to
o the field oof jihadi millitary studiees by Dhu l--Bijadayn iss his speciall
course for beginners as
a mujahidss combiningg text and videos.
v Its focus
f is on explosives and toxins..
The Islamiic credibilityy of this co
ourse is hintted at with a depiction of what is perceived as
a the blackk
banner of tthe prophett Muhammaad with the first part of
o the Islam
mic creed annd the so caalled seal off
the propheet. This bannner is perceived as onee of the mosst importantt markers off the jihadi subculture..
Other religgious formuulas are inteerspersed innto the textts, e. g., “W
We rely upoon the ever--living whoo
does not diie”13

This couurse gives basic

b inform
mation on prrimary mateerials necesssary for buiilding explo
osives. Withh
detailed phhotographicc illustration
ns, the begginner jihad
di is led steep by step to build an
n explosivee
device. Cruucial questiions are disccussed, e. gg., the way to
t procure the
t necessar
ary supplies easily. Thee
best placees to buy the
t materiaal for the explosives are discusssed, wheree to avoid questions,,
identificatiion etc.
The begginner is asssured that even a smalll experiencee – being ab
ble only to oobtain a sm
mall quantityy
– will be uuseful in thhe future. The
T use of ppotassium chlorate
c is discussed, building an
n electronicc

(accessedd 07/05/2013)), and http://w

www.elaph.com m/Web/news/2 2013/6/816560.html (accesssed July 5, 20013).
8
http://wwww.ye1.org/vbb/showthread.php?t=7230077 (accessed July J 8, 2013); the posting by an US official in thiss
thread seeems not to haave had any efffect.
9
Cf. the cchapter on jihaadi masculinities in this voluume.
10
http://homeland.housee.gov/news/ny y-daily-news-aal-qaeda-bomb b-making-exp pert-publishes--magazine-deetailing-how-
make-exxplosives (acceessed July 8, 2013).
2
11
Since puublication the encyclopedia
e has been postted on several fora hinting at
a its popularitty.
12
E. g., htttp://sheshan.ahhlamontada.co
om/t96-topic ((the links do not
n work anym more).
13
Referringg to Sura 25, al-furqan,
a 28, taken up in thhe Hadith literrature.

6
detonator aand other thhings like ethanol,
e vasseline, glyceerin, soap, acetone etcc.14 The matterials usedd
are basic sstocks availlable in eveery househoold. E.g., a digital theermometer uused to dettermine thee
exact tempperature of the
t mixture prepared:

The beginnner is againn and again reminded too control what

w he is do
oing to avoiid damage for
f himself..
In a similarr vein, anotther text abo
out explosivves tells the student:

Expplosives aree dangerouss substancees and are different

d fro
om other suubstances because youu
will not be abble to contro
ol or predicct the resullts of its ex
xplosion or interaction with otherr
subbstances […
…] that is neecessary to ensure you
ur health and
d the healthh of the peo
ople aroundd
youu.15

There are oother dangeers, too. In th

he first sesssion Dhu l-b
bijadayn tellls the studennt:

Maay be duringg the trainin

ng you mayy think you are another person – w
when you fin
nd that youu
are able to buiild a bomb or a poisonnous substance easily you
y may feeel a sort off pride. Youu
andd some of your
y friendss may walk together an
nd since yo
ou are proudd of yourseelf you mayy
starrt to talk to them. You might say tto them thatt you are ab
ble to build a bomb eassily and killl
w [...]”166
eveeryone you want

14
One verssion at http://aalplatformmed
dia.com/vb/shohowthread.php
p?t=8765 (acceessed July 23,, 2013). Linkss don't work.
15
E. g., htttp://alqimmah.info/showthread.php?p=64421 (accessed July 31, 20133).
16
Daura khhassa li l-mujahid al-mubta adi': al-dars aal-awwal.

7
So “your brother 'Abdallah Dhu l-bijadayn” is training the future bomb and poison experts of the
jihadi subculture with a minimal religious framing. Even calling himself “your brother” is to be read
as part of this framing.
This study aims at the analysis of an online publication by the Kata'ib al-firdaws al-a'la, the
“Brigades of the highest garden of paradise”, a “jihadi technical magazine” called Al-Qaeda
Airlines. In fact, it is not a magazine. It is just a set of PowerPoint slides exported to pdf. This
format is quite in line with the less sophisticated jihadi publications on weapons and other technical
aspects of jihadi operations – with the notable exception of Mu'askar al-battar. The online
magazines in the tradition of Sawt al-jihad17 and its last incarnation as Inspire use a much more
elaborate form of desktop publishing.
Other issues of this magazine deal with chloroform18 or ricin and nicotine19. The second issue,
the issue we are discussing, is an analysis of the positive and negative aspects – form a jihadi point
of view – of several jihadi operations. The first issue created a stir in US media, due mainly to the
successful public relation by SITE Institute – and the smart use of the airplane motif by the
author(s). Understanding terror as a form communication20, this act of communication can be seen
as quite successful. The first issue describes the production of chloroform and its use, illustrating
the process with accurate photographs enabling the reader/viewer to produce chloroform. The
religious framing is reduced to a verse of Sura 8, al-anfal, advocating the preparation for war21, the
self-designation as “brother”, speaking of mujahidin, and listing imprisoned jihadis, most of them in
US jails.
The third issue deals with ricin, but also with nicotine, and with a mobile phone gun or a “killing
pen”. The religious framing is the same as before in the first issue. The Quranic verse is exactly the
same.22 This framing lends itself to a specific layout for Al Qaeda Airlines. At the end of the third
issue Dhu l-bijadayn announces “Operation Hemorrhage” or the “Strategy of Thousand Cuts”
(istratijiyyat al-alf jurh), ending the slide with the quotation well known from the English-language
magazine Inspire published by Al-Qa'ida in the Arab Peninsula23

This strategy of attacking the enemy with smaller, but more frequent operations is what
some may refer to as the strategy of a thousand cuts. The aim is to bleed the enemy to

17
A detailed analysis in Nico Prucha, Die Stimme des Dschihad (Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac 2010).
18
Maddat al-kluruform al-mukhaddara, no. 1.
19
al-Jur'a al-qatila, no. 3.
20
Peter Waldmann, Terrorismus: Provokation der Macht (Hamburg: Murmann 20052).
21
With a modernizing translation.
22
There are other slides copied and pasted from issue no. 1.
23
Courtesy of the editorial of Inspire 3 (2010).

8
 deaath.24

Using this quote Dhuu l-bijadayn

n documentts the intercconnectedness of the jjihadi disco
ourses. Thee
claim of Innspire that the
t total cost of the opperation using bombs in
i parcels too down UP
PS flights inn
2010. Thiss strategy caan be seen as
a a jihadi aadaptation of
o the “princciple of adddition” Daviid Kilcullenn
wrote abouut.25

The style Dhu l-bijaddayn is a hybrid

h combbination off technical illustration,
i copy and paste from
m
nts (see the skull abovee) and kitscch. We willl
media sourrces, a fasccination with some gotthic elemen
now focus on the secoond issue off Al Qaeda A
Airlies, called Hallmarrks of Al Qaaeda.

24
Inspire 3 (2010), 3.
25
David KKilcullen, Acccidental Gueriilla: Fightingg Small Wars in the Midth
h of a Big O
One (Oxford et
e al.: Oxfordd
Universiity Press 20099), 3.

9
Al-Qaeda A
Airlines 2

The secondd issue startts the comm

mon two sliddes of the magazine:
m a. “Brigades oof the higheest Paradisee
Garden” aand the subtitle “a jihaadi militaryy magazine” and b. Al
A Qaeda Ai
Airlines in English
E andd
Arabic. Booth slides arre combined
d with pictuures showing
g airplanes calling up 99/11. Quite logical in a
jihadi fram
me, a well knnown quote from Usam
ma bin Ladin
n follows:

If oour messagges had beeen able too reach you

u through words, wee wouldn't have beenn
26
deliivering them
m through planes.
p

This quotee situates 9//11 evidentlly in a relaation that is a specific expression of the circcle of panicc
dominatingg the jihadii mindset sttressing thee need to reeact in a vio
olent way ssince the en
nemy is nott
behaving aas he shouldd do.
The maain purposee of Dhu l-b
bijadayn's ppresentation
n is to disccuss the poositive aspects and thee
mistakes of jihadi attaacks; critical remarks annd recommendations are formulatted.
The first caase is the caase of the “sshoe bombeer” of the sh
hoe bomberr, the Britishh citizen Ricchard Reid,,
who in Deecember 20001 tried in vain
v to expplode a bom
mb – that waas concealeed in his sho
oes – on ann
airplane. T
The reason iss clearly staated:

The expplosive appparently did

d not detonaate due to the one-daay delay in the take-offf of Reid'ss
flight. He had worn his
h shoes fo
or more thaan one day,, and the raainy weatheer, perhaps along withh
Reid's accuumulated fooot perspirattion, causedd the fuse to mp to ignite..27
o be too dam

Other probblems menntioned are, e. g., thee appearancce (hair etcc.) of Reidd causing th
he securityy

26
Al Qaedaa Airlines, 3.
27
Id.,8.

10
personnel at the airport to stop him from boarding until the next day. Another point is that Reid did
continue to try to detonate the explosive device instead of putting his shoe on, get off the plane and
try another attack. Dhu l-bijadayn reminds his fellow mujahidin: “As we mentioned before: Small
mistakes may cause the failure of the entire operation.”28
Dhu l-bijadayn then muses about the idea to blow up a plane by using a small amount of
explosives to cause a leakage of pressure. He is talking about the 9/11 attacks and how the increased
security measures after these attacks lead the planners of the shoe bomb attack to their modus of
operation with an added idea to organize a second wave of attacks on airplanes.29
We see the process of assessing the possibilities and trying to device new plots under new
circumstances. Other operations discussed are the first Bali bombings in 2002. The main critique is:

May be the only negative aspect mentioned is the use of mobile phones to communicate
among the brothers leading in turn to the capture of some of the members of the cell
executing the attack.30

The next operation is the attack on the Australian embassy in Jakarta in 2004. The discussion is very
short. The main point may be that in the statement of the Jemaah Islamiyya Australia is categorised
as “one of the worst enemies of God and Islam.”31
Following a kind of chronology the next case is the case of the Madrid bombings 2004. Dhu l-
bijadayn is very outspoken in his assessment:

We have to look at the reasons that lead to this result as well as to really understand that this
has happened just because of the will of God. But it is also incumbent on us to explain what
happened during this attack (ghazwa) and to mention the positive aspects of this blessed
attack, too; so that every future jihadi operation will be more professional and precise.32

A rare insight into the theological underpinnings even in a technical text written in an engineer’s
perspective who things about ways to make things work.
There is some critique, Dhu l-bijadayn says. The first negative point includes buying the material
for the explosives in a way that makes it possible to trace the attackers. Another main fault was

28
Id.,20.
29
Id.,12.
30
Id.,30.
31
Id.,40.
32
Id.,55.

11
buying the mobile phones in shops that were known to the security forces, another one using the
phones as a timing control for the detonation. The second negative point was leaving the cars that
were used to reach the railway stations before these stations – even taken into account that the cars
were stolen. The third point was taking the mobile with bare hands thus leaving fingerprints.
Following are some pictures of destruction and the claim that Spain withdraws its troops from Iraq
due to this attack.33
The London bombings on July 7th 2005 are the next case discussed by Dhu l-bijadayn. He
includes detailed description of the actions of the bombers and boasts that, despite all the efforts of
the British security apparatus, four mujahidin were able to organize such an operation. He gives
short description of each of the four operations adding quotes of the bombers like

Your democratically elected governments continually perpetrate atrocities against my people

all over the world. Your support makes you directly responsible. We are at war, and I am a
soldier. Now you too will taste the reality of this situation.34

By these quotes, he tries to project a connection between military operations of the British armed
forces in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other “attacks” on the Muslim community in other regions. This
connection is leading to the necessity to organize a Muslim army, i. e., a jihadi underground. Then
he turns to the construction of the bomb with a remark that is laughable that buying aspirin is more
difficult than buying hydrogen peroxide used for the bombs.35 For one of the bombers, his calmness
is stressed although he was only minutes before the bomb exploded36, evidently a role model in the
eyes of the author. The apartment of the bombers with the remains of another bomb is shown.37 And
this part is closing with a cynical remark where to search for the reasons of the bombing again
laying the blame on the British foreign policy.38
The next operation discussed is the attempt to take down airplanes using disguised liquid
explosives. Dhu l-bijadayn claims that the foolishness of the “crusaders” has helped the jihadis thus
encouraging other jihadis. Dhu l-bijadayn stresses the resulting controls of passengers especially
when carrying liquids turning a failed attack into a successful. What went wrong according to Dhu
l-bijadayn?

33
Id.,62.
34
Id.,101.
35
Id.,105.
36
Id.,108.
37
Id.,112.
38
Id.,114.

12
 The sizee of the celll executing the operatioon was too big, i. e., to
o many perssons particip
pated. Eachh
one knew aabout the deetails of thee operation. Somebody
y argued that the numbeer of person
ns was evenn
higher durring 9/11. Dhu
D l-bijad
dayn retorts that only a small gro
oup knew aall details of
o the 9/11
attacks. Thhe second problem
p waas the time of preparattion allowin
ng the Britissh security services too
know abouut the prepaarations: “T
The period oof discussio
on and the delay of thhe operation
n was moree
t meetinggs and talks were numerous.”39
than six moonths and inn addition, the
But Dhu l--bijadayn is optimistic. He writes:

Thoough it is noow difficultt to use it [tthe liquid explosive] to

o blast airpllanes, there are dozenss
of ttargets wheere the secu
urity measuures used at
a airports are
a not obseerved. Therrefore, it iss
posssible to usee this idea to
t weaken tthe enemiess of God (your imaginaation is you
ur border, o

39
Id.,122.

13
 brother mujahid).40

Dhu l-bijadayn inserts some reflection on the role of media of media and the need to conceal some
information. Then he turns to the attacker on the now Saudi minister of the interior, Prince
Muhammad bin Nayef in 2009. He gives only a quite usual biographical entry referring the reader
to a publication of the al-Malahim media outlet for further details.41 The next operation is the failed
attack by Umar Farouk Abdulmuttalab. Dhu l-bijadayn frames this attack with the quotation from
Usama bin Ladin he used in the introduction of the presentation, followed by a statement of the Al-
Qa'ida in the Arab Peninsula about this attack. Dhu l-bijadayn describes the operation and tells
about the targets using the usual circle of panic narrative:

The martyrdom seeking brother was advised to blast up the plane over an American city so
as to the plane when falling down drops onto of the Americans shooting their rockets at our
houses and kill our women and children.42

The last discussed are the parcel bombs placed in cargo planes in October 2010. Dhu l-bijadayn
introduces his discussion of this case with a slide titled inter alia “the years of fear to terror to
come.”43 Then he turns to his favourite topic: producing explosives. He gives a step by step
instruction on concocting PETN using material easily to be found on the web; additionally he is
talking about acetone peroxide. He discusses other possible ways to cause damage to the enemy.
The final threat reads:

We will continue with similar operations, and we do not mind at all in this stage if they are
intercepted. It is such a good bargain for us to spread fear amongst the enemy and keep him
on his toes in exchange of a few months of work and a few thousand bucks.44

So finally Dhu l-bijadayn is back to the communication aspect of terrorism. His presentation may be
read as a way to spread terror among the enemies of jihadis demonstrating how effective jihadis are
able to operate.

40
Id.,123.
41
Id.,132. He is referring to Qism al-tafrigh wa l-nashr (2010), Nukhbat al-i'lam al-jihadi: Fuztu wa-rabb al-Ka'ba,
no. 2, (n.p.: Mu'assasat al-Malahim li-intaj al-i'lami).
42
Id.,139; adopting a classical topic of patriarchal masculinity narratives: the defender of women and children.
43
Id.,152.
44
Id.,205.

14
Conclusion

Dhu l-bijadayn is firmly embedded in the jihadi framing, using short remarks as markers to
demonstrate his jihadi identity and reliability. At the same time he is using his technical skills as a
service for the jihadi subculture. He is inserting himself into the position of a “scholar” cum
engineer performing a service for his community.
A more collective continuation of Dhu l-bijadayns efforts are the columns on “Open Source
Jihad” and others of the magazine Inspire trying to instruct mujahidin to execute operations with
simple means.

15
Joas Wagemakers

Between Purity and Pragmatism? Abu Basir al-Tartusi’s Nuanced

Radicalism

Introduction

Over the past few years, the alleged revisionism of jihadi movements and scholars has become
an increasingly important theme in the study of radical Islam. First and foremost among these is the
Egyptian al-Jama‘a al-Islamiyya, which has substantially revised its radical ideas since the late
1990s1 and has also adjusted its policies accordingly.2 A similarly drastic move away from the use
of violence has taken place among members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad and the Libyan Islamic
Fighting Group, but it is unclear whether they have also revised their radical ideology.3 Similar
doubts can be expressed about the alleged revisions of certain jihadi scholars. Although some
authors clearly describe the recent writings of these ideologues as “revisionism”4 and the critical
work of major radical scholars such as Sayyid Imam5 and Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi6 have indeed
received a lot of attention, including from the Western press7, it is highly doubtful whether either

1
Daniel Lav, “Jihadists and Jurisprudents: The ‘Revisions’ Literature of Sayyid Imam and Al-Gama‘a al-Islamiyya”,
in Joseph Morrison Skelly (ed.), Political Islam from Muhammad to Ahmadinejad: Defenders, Detractors, and
Definitions (Santa Barbara, Cal.: Praeger Security International 2010), 110-1, 125-8; Roel Meijer, “Commanding
Right and Forbidding Wrong as a Principle of Social Action: The Case of the Egyptian al-Jama‘a al-Islamiyya”, in
Roel Meijer (ed.), Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement (London and New York: Hurst and
Co./Columbia University Press 2005), 207-17.
2
Omar Ashour, “Lions Tamed? An Inquiry into the Causes of De-Radicalization of Armed Islamist Movements: The
Case of the Egyptian Islamic Group”, Middle East Journal 61, no. 4 (2007), 596-625.
3
Id., “Post-Jihadism: Libya and the Global Transformations of Armed Islamist Movements”, Terrorism and Political
Violence 23, no. 3 (2011), 377-97.
4
Amel Lamnaouer and Romain Caillet, “De l’usage de jihad: la fin d’une ère en Égypte? Les revisions idéologiques
de Sayyid Imâm”, in Hadjar Aouardji and Hélène Legeay (eds.), L’Égypte dan l’année 2007 (Cairo: CEDEJ 2008),
85-115; Marwan Shehadeh, “Weakening al-Qaeda: Literature Review Challenges its Authority”, Arab Insight 2, no.
6 (2009), 25-36.
5
Kamal Habib, “Another Wave of Jihadist Adjustment: Internal Debates of the Movement”, Arab Insight 2, no. 6
(2009), 37-50; Nelly Lahoud, The Jihadis’ Path to Self-Destruction (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010),
232-38; Daniel Lav, “An In-Depth Summary of Sayyid Imam’s New Polemic against Al-Qaeda, ‘Exposing the
Exoneration’”, February 23, 2009, www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/3111.htm (accessed March 15, 2012); id.,
“Jihadists”, 111-15, 121-25.
6
Lahoud, Jihadis’, 239-45; id., “In Search of Philosopher-Jihadis: Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi’s Jihadi Philosophy”,
Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 10, no. 2 (2009), 205-20; Joas Wagemakers, “Reclaiming Scholarly
Authority: Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi’s Critique of Jihadi Practices”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 34, no. 7
(2011), 523-39.
7
Caryle Murphy, “Jihadi Dispute Points to Deeper Radicalism among Youths”, Christian Science Monitor, March 27,
2009, www.csmonitor.com/2009/0327/p04s02-wome.htm (accessed April 2, 2009); Robert F. Worth, “Credentials

16
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