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The Future of Modern Music
A Philosophical Exploration of Modernist Music in
the 20th Century and Beyond
James L. McHard
Copyright© James L. McHard, 2008, 2006, 2001
All rights reserved . Copyright under Berne, Universal and Pan-
American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may
be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
eletronic, mechanical or by any other information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from Iconic Press.
Published by:
Iconic Press, Divison of J & A Music Enterprises, Inc.
Livonia, Michigan
ISBN 978-0-9778195-2-2
Printed in the United States of America
First published in the United States of America in 2001 by
American Publishing Group
Cover Design By: Anthony J. Fisher
Attention colleges and universities, corporations, and writing and
publishing organizations: For information on discounts contact:
Iconic Press at P.O. Box 510355, Livonia, Michigan 48151
Dedication
111
For my wife, Alice McHard, in eternal gratitude for
the many hours of hard work she cheerfully gave, by
helping me proofread the original. My gratitude for her love
and for her dedication cannot be expressed in mere words.
Thus, I cannot express sufficiently my gratitude and love
for her. Without her, this book would not be possible.
Acknowledgements
~
I gratefully thank the following people for their assistance
in the preparation of this book: Professor Karl Boel-
ter, Music and Theater, Oakland University, Rochester,
Michigan; William Brown, retired school principal, horn
player, Detroit Symphony Orchestra; Bert Cooper, pianist,
composer and electrical engineer; Dr. Julio Estrada, Pro-
fessor of Composition, Universidad National Autónoma de
México (UNAM), and member of the Institute of Aesthet-
ics; Alice McHard, horn player (my wife); Gerard Pape,
Lacanian psychologist, (Ph.D.) and Glen Price, principal
horn player, Kansas City Civic Orchestra. Special thanks
to Alice, Dr. Estrada, Mr. Pape, Dr. Boelter, and, most
gratefully, to a terrific publishing editor, Lorna Lynch, for
helping me edit this book.
Also, I am indebted to Dr. Estrada for his allowing me to
include a score segment from his Ishini’ ioni on the cover of
this book.
Contents
Foreword 9
Preface 13
Introduction 21
PART I
Leoš Janáček 37
Claude Debussy 45
Gustav Mahler 55
Maurice Ravel 65
Gian-Francesco Malipiero 73
Paul Hindemith 83
Igor Stravinsky 91
Béla Bartók 101
Arnold Schönberg 111
Alban Berg 121
Anton Webern 129
Edgard Varèse 137
PART II
Pathways to the New Music 149
Charles Ives 151
Carl Ruggles 155
Darius Milhaud 159
Matthisj Vermeulen 163
The Doorway to the ‘New Music’ 169
PART III
Olivier Messiaen 173
Pierre Boulez 183
Karlheinz Stockhausen 191
John Cage 199
Iannis Xenakis 215
Luigi Nono 235
Witold Lutosławski 249
Giacinto Scelsi 259
Julio Estrada 271
Conclusion 287
Additional Composers for the Future 303
(Karl Hartmann, Luigi Dallapiccola, Goffredo Petrassi,
Giorgio Ghedini, Sergei Prokofiev, Albert Roussel, Alfredo
Casella, Bohuslav Martinü, Arthur Honegger, Julián Orbón,
Jón Leifs, Manuel de Falla, Ernst Toch, Fartein Valen, Harald
Saeverud, Allan Pettersson, Aare Merikanto, Vagn Holmboe,
Hanns Eisler, Egon Wellesz, Robert Gerhard, Carlos Chávez,
Igor Markevitch, Artur Schnabel, Nikos Skalkottas, Silvestre
Revueltas, Douglas Lilburn, Ahmed Saygun, Kamran Ince, Alois
Hába, Josef Hauer, Henry Cowell, Conlon Nancarrow, Harry
Partch, George Antheil, Luigi Russolo, Alexander Mosolov,
Gavriil Popov, György Ligeti, György Kurtág, Luciano Berio,
Bruno Maderna, Henri Pousseur, Karel Goeyvaerts, Krzysztof
Penderecki, Henryk Górecki, George Crumb, Toru Takemitsu,
Toshiro Mayuzumi, Toschi Ichyanagi, Yuji Takahashi, Yoritsune
Matsudaira, Henri Dutilleux, Jean Barraqué, Pierre Barbaud,
Sylvano Bussotti, Dieter Schnebel, Marticio Kagel, Franco
Evangelisti, Aldo Clementi, Franco Donatoni, Hans Henze,
Bernd Zimmermann, Friedrich Cerha, Gottfried Koenig, Avert
Terterian, Galina Ustvolskaya, Wolgang Rihm, Gérard Grisey,
Tristan Murail, Hugues Dufourt, Kaija Saariaho, Olga Neuwirth,
Helmut Lachenmann, Salvatore Sciarrino, Stefano Scodanibbio,
Heinz Hoffman-Richter, Chou Wen-Chung, Isang Yun, Morton
Feldman, Earle Brown, Christian Wolff, David Tudor, La
Monte Young, Pauline Oliveros, Donald Scavarda, George
Cacioppo, Bruce Wise, Robert Sheff, Roger Reynolds, Robert
Ashley, Gordon Mumma, Alvin Lucier, David Behrman, Yasunao
Tone, Toshiya Tsunoda, Otomo Yoshihide)
Appendix A - Re-Considerations
on Klangbarbenmelodie 347
Appendix B - Perceptual Transformations 355
in Modern Music
Appendix C - ONCE A Caldron of
Progressive Music 375
Works Cited 387
Complete Bibliography 395
Index 401
About the Author 415
Foreword
T he Future of Modern Music is more than just a his-
tory or a who’s who of early to mid-20th century art
music--that which is most commonly called by musicolo-
gists and other art historians “the modernist era”. McHard
shows us that the “modern” in “modern music” refers not
to just one specific historical era in the 20th century that
is now over; it is, as he develops it, a compositional atti-
tude that transcends any given era in music. For exam-
ple, one might argue that, in the most general sense, the
best music of any given historical era is always “modern”
in that it is always experimental and groundbreaking; that
is, of its time, as were the masterworks of Bach, Mozart,
Berlioz, etc. in their time. It is only in retrospect, after a
radically new work has become accepted by the critics and
by the public, that one can say that it has become a “clas-
sic”. It frequently can take, in our time, up to fifty years or
more after a work has been composed for that to occur.
For McHard, any type of “post” music is decadent;
a “post” music being one that looks back to previous eras,
attempting to recover the lost listening satisfactions embod-
ied in those beloved older musics by imitating, parodying,
or collaging them. This may be due to nostalgia on the part
of the composer, or possibly, in some cases, a cynical at-
tempt to pander to the public’s nostalgia. Another possible
cause might be due to a failure of imagination on the part of
the composer to get beyond his personal musical impasse.
In any case, it would seem that McHard’s point is that the
only “authentic” attitude possible (in the existential sense)
9
10 - The Future of Modern Music
for the composer of any era to adopt is “modernist”. We may
define this “modernist” attitude, in the most general sense,
to be that intransigent, uncompromisingly tough stance of
the composer who says to himself and to his public: “On,
ever on . . .” In other words, no turning back. No “post-
music”. If a musical impasse is reached, one must find the
courage and imagination to compose one’s way out of it; no
return is possible to the halcyon days of past musics.
The Future of Modern Music is also a unique overview
of music in the 20th century in that it focuses on composers
who are either unjustly neglected (i.e., Malipiero, Ruggles,
Varèse, etc.), or who have simply not yet been recognized for
their great radical genius (i.e. Scelsi, Xenakis, Estrada, etc.).
Mr. McHard’s book gives us a very different picture of the
20th century’s contribution to art music. This book does
not emphasize sterile historical debates such as Schoenberg
vs. Stravinsky, or, more recently, the blind alleys of neo-ro-
manticism, post-modernism, or other pastiche-ridden mu-
sics that all seem to scream out that sincerity and originality
are dead, no longer possible, or even relevant. Instead, the
book focuses on those composers who are the very antith-
esis of all that musical decadence.
What links all these figures, despite the heteroge-
neously sounding qualities of their musics, is that they all
adopted that tough, uncompromising attitude of “On, ever
on...”, often to their immediate personal and economic det-
riment. Each composer studied in this book took the hard
route, making music that was uniquely his own. Thus, not
only is this book a lesson in musical history; it is also a study
of artistic integrity and ethical courage.
The heart of this book, that which shows that “mod-
ern music” is not dead today, is that part which describes
the work of those composers who have contributed to the
new paradigm of working with sound itself as the primary
11 - Foreword
material to be developed in a musical composition. From
Cage’s admonition of “Let the sounds be themselves” to the
Scelsian voyage into the “heart of sound”, we find in these
“sound-oriented” composers very unique contributions to a
new kind of “modern music”. It is a music which is the true
music of our time, where a personal sound world is forged
out of the very stuff of the inner musical imagination of the
individual composer, as Julio Estrada so rightly emphasizes,
both in his work as composer and composition professor.
McHard, himself, is also a composer of the very type
of “modern music” of which he writes. He, quite modestly,
never mentions his own music in his book. Having heard
his music, however, I know that he knows, from his own
direct personal compositional experience, what it means to
attempt to translate personal sound fantasy into rigorous
musical form. Such works as his Tremors for ensemble and
tape and Virtuals for tape, attest to McHard’s own experi-
ences of composing, with the sound, itself, as the privileged
vehicle for the transcription of inner personal experience.
McHard’s book not only tells the story of some of the
most interesting musical compositions of the early to mid-
20th century; it also describes what is happening in the
present, and what might happen in the future with “mod-
ern music”.
Beyond describing the rich and interesting past of the
historical “modern music” era, James McHard shows us the
great potential benefit for the future of art music, which
continuing to maintain a “modernist” attitude would give
to the musical compositions of the future.
Gerard Pape
Lacanian Psychologist (Ph.D)
Director of Studio “Les Ateliers UPIC
Paris, France
Preface –
The Future of Modern Music
T his book is intended to help today’s listening audience
come to grips with what most people consider the ogre
of modern music. It’s the word modern that causes conster-
nation. Especially when one is faced with the purchase of a
CD or listening to a concert, the appearance of the names
Schönberg or Varèse, for example, seems to strike fear into
the hearts of innocent concertgoers. This need not be so.
While the music of many of the composers of the 20th cen-
tury seems formidable upon first hearing, there are many
ways a listener can prepare him or herself for the onslaught
of sound so as to turn it into a productive and satisfying
listening experience. This book is presented as a source for
unlocking the secrets to a fully enriched and enriching lis-
tening experience. Enclosed herein are suggestions for ap-
proaching works that deserve fair hearing, as well as ideas
that reveal a wholly new way of looking at modernism in
music.
What do we mean by the overworked term modern
(and, by association, its companion term modernist)? First,
what don’t we mean? The simplest idea of modern refers
to anything in music history that is contemporary within
a given time period. Certainly Bach’s music was modern
13
14 - The Future of Modern Music
when it was composed in the 1700s, just as Schönberg’s was
in 1910.
A more recent definition of modernism refers primari-
ly to art music written in the 1950s, 60s and early 70s. This
is a functional, rather than temporal definition. This is the
way that 20th century music has been characterized. It is a
fixed-in-time reference to a style of a bygone era. It is a style
no longer in use in the works of most composers today. So,
here the word seems to refer to the past. When we take our
mutual journey through the music discussed herein, how is
it that we can talk of the future of an abandoned era? Can
composers return to the past?
The answer lies in the reassessment of the idea of
modernism. This book is intended to reconstruct the idea
of modernism as a continuing term: a style that reflects an
attitude of the composer; a living construct that can evolve
with the times. For that reconsideration, we need to exam-
ine some attributes with which much important and over-
looked works by advanced composers are richly imbued.
This blueprint becomes a mind model that fosters all that is
good in experimentation, innovation, and discovery clothed
in a garb of shining fabric that, at the same time, can be ap-
proached by the listening audience, if given a fair chance.
To provide that fair chance, I have set out to share with
you, the reader and listener, some of the many new ideas
and concepts that are being brought to the act of composing
in today’s world. Many of these ideas are very new. Some of
them have yet to find their way into print. Most haven’t
been compiled, together, within a single cover. All are in-
tended to freshen the listening experience, and reawaken
listeners to the notion of a new music that can be heard and
understood, and that will become a powerful, memorable
and rewarding event for you and me, the listeners. This will
require something of a historical survey with a decidedly
15 - Preface
philosophical bent. New definitions will be traced as they
were born, from the beginning of the century in works of
Claude Debussy, through those of Arnold Schönberg, and
in today’s works by Julio Estrada, the Mexican revolution-
ary theorist.
What is the glue that can hold together such dispari-
ties? Is there a secret organizing impulse that makes these
alchemies glimmer in ways that can move an audience? Yes!
The best of what modernism exemplified, in the olden sense
as well as what can be reascribed to advanced work of to-
day, lies in a complete reconsideration of what constitutes
a sound. A sound has many attributes, the most famous of
which (and which garnered almost exclusive attention in
the avant-garde music of the 1950s and 60s) are pitch and
duration. Another dimension, far too long ignored, is just
now receiving long overdue attention: it is depth (Giacinto
Scelsi’s third dimension). This has been the missing ingre-
dient in the stew. The most common musical element of
depth is timbre (tone-color resulting from a confluence of
overtones). More broadly, it’s the concept of color that pro-
vides the spice to enhance the flavor--in ways that provide
accessibility for the listener, even in music of decidedly rug-
ged terrain. These concepts slowly took on flesh with the
work of composers in successive generations, until a formal-
ized concept was born: that of sound-based music. Coupled
with composers’ understanding of psychoacoustics (how we
perceive sound), this approach has led to startling new re-
sults that are striking at their very least, and deeply reward-
ing at their best.
So what is modernism? I link the chains of the ground-
work sown in the seminal work of Iannis Xenakis, Luigi
Nono, Giacinto Scelsi, Julio Estrada, and John Cage to pro-
vide a template for the rebirth of a higher, more vibrant, and
evolving new modernism. How does this modernism differ
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