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Childhood Fears
and Anxieties

Phobias

H.W. Poole
S e r i e s C o n s u lta n t
Anne S. Walters, Ph.D.
Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital
Warren Alpert Medical School
of Brown University
Childhood Fears
and Anxieties

Phobias
Childhood Fears
and Anxieties
Anxiety and Fear in Daily Life
Catastrophes
Crime and Terrorism
Family Fears
Medical Fears
Nighttime Fears
Phobias
School Fears
Separation Anxiety
Social Fears
Symptoms and Treatments of
Anxiety Disorders
Childhood Fears
and Anxieties

Phobias

H.W. Poole
S e r i e s C o ns u ltant
Anne S. Walters, Ph.D.
Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital
Warren Alpert Medical School of
Brown University

Mason Crest
 Mason Crest
450 Parkway Drive, Suite D
Broomall, PA 19008
www.masoncrest.com

© 2018 by Mason Crest, an imprint of National Highlights, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of
this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission from the publisher.

MTM Publishing, Inc.

435 West 23rd Street, #8C
New York, NY 10011
www.mtmpublishing.com

President: Valerie Tomaselli

Vice President, Book Development: Hilary Poole
Designer: Annemarie Redmond
Copyeditor: Peter Jaskowiak
Editorial Assistant: Leigh Eron

Series ISBN: 978-1-4222-3721-2

Hardback ISBN: 978-1-4222-3728-1
E-Book ISBN: 978-1-4222-8061-4

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Poole, Hilary W., author.
Title: Phobias / by H.W. Poole; series consultant: Anne S. Walters, Ph.D.,
Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, Alpert Medical School/Brown University.
Description: Broomall, PA: Mason Crest, [2018] | Series: Childhood fears and
anxieties | Audience: Age 12+ | Audience: Grade 7 to 8. | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016053122 (print) | LCCN 2016053673 (ebook) | ISBN
9781422237281 (hardback: alk. paper) | ISBN 9781422280614 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Phobias in children—Juvenile literature.
Classification: LCC RJ506.P38 P66 2018 (print) | LCC RJ506.P38 (ebook) | DDC
618.92/85225—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016053122

Printed and bound in the United States of America.

First printing
987654321

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 Table of Contents
Series Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter One: What Are Phobias? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chapter Two: Two Special Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter Three: Kids and Phobias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapter Four: Facing Phobias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Series Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
About the Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Photo Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Key Icons to Look for:

Words to Understand: These words with their easy-to-
understand definitions will increase the reader’s understanding
of the text, while building vocabulary skills.

Sidebars: This boxed material within the main text allows

readers to build knowledge, gain insights, explore possibilities,
and broaden their perspectives by weaving together additional
information to provide realistic and holistic perspectives.
Educational Videos: Readers can view videos by scanning our QR
codes, which will provide them with additional educational content
to supplement the text. Examples include news coverage, moments
in history, speeches, iconic sports moments, and much more.
Text-Dependent Questions: These questions send the reader
back to the text for more careful attention to the evidence
presented there.

Research Projects: Readers are pointed toward areas of further

inquiry connected to each chapter. Suggestions are provided for
projects that encourage deeper research and analysis.

Series Glossary of Key Terms: This back-of-the-book glossary

contains terminology used throughout the series. Words found
here increase the reader’s ability to read and comprehend
higher-level books and articles in this field.
6

Series Introduction
Who among us does not have memories of an intense childhood fear? Fears and
anxieties are a part of every childhood. Indeed, these fears are fodder for urban
legends and campfire tales alike. And while the details of these legends and tales
change over time, they generally have at their base predictable childhood terrors
such as darkness, separation from caretakers, or bodily injury.
We know that fear has an evolutionary component. Infants are helpless, and,
compared to other mammals, humans have a very long developmental period.
Fear ensures that curious children will stay close to caretakers, making them less
likely to be exposed to danger. This means that childhood fears are adaptive,
making us more likely to survive, and even thrive, as a species.
Unfortunately, there comes a point when fear and anxiety cease to be useful.
This is especially problematic today, for there has been a startling increase in
anxiety among children and adolescents. In fact, 25 percent of 13- to 18-year-
olds now have mild to moderate anxiety, and the median age of onset for anxiety
disorders is just 11 years old.
Why might this be? Some say that the contemporary United States is a nation
preoccupied with risk, and it is certainly possible that our children are absorbing
this preoccupation as well. Certainly, our exposure to potential threats has never
been greater. We see graphic images via the media and have more immediate
news of all forms of disaster. This can lead our children to feel more vulnerable,
and it may increase the likelihood that they respond with fear. If children
based their fear on the news that they see on Facebook or on TV, they would
dramatically overestimate the likelihood of terrible things happening.
As parents or teachers, what do we do about fear? As in other areas of life,
we provide our children with guidance and education on a daily basis. We teach
them about the signs and feelings of fear. We discuss and normalize typical
fear reactions, and support them in tackling difficult situations despite fear. We
 7

explain—and demonstrate by example—how to identify “negative thinking traps”

and generate positive coping thoughts instead.
But to do so effectively, we might need to challenge some of our own
assumptions about fear. Adults often assume that they must protect their children
from fear and help them to avoid scary situations, when sometimes the best
course is for the child to face the fear and conquer it. This is counterintuitive for
many adults: after all, isn’t it our job to reassure our children and help them feel
better? Yes, of course! Except when it isn’t. Sometimes they need us to help them
confront their fears and move forward anyway.
That’s where these volumes come in. When it comes to fear, balanced
information is critical. Learning about fear as it relates to many different areas
can help us to help our children remember that although you don’t choose
whether to be afraid, you do choose how to handle it. These volumes explore
the world of childhood fears, seeking to answer important questions: How
much is too much? And how can fear be positive, functioning to mobilize us in
the face of danger?
Fear gives us the opportunity to step up and respond with courage and
resilience. It pushes us to expand our sphere of functioning to areas that
might feel unfamiliar or risky. When we are a little nervous or afraid, we tend
to prepare a little more, look for more information, ask more questions—and all
of this can function to help us expand the boundaries of our lives in a positive
direction. So, while fear might feel unpleasant, there is no doubt that it can have
a positive outcome.
Let’s teach our children that.

—Anne Walters, Ph.D.

Chief Psychologist, Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital
Clinical Associate Professor,
Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Claustrophobia is
the fear of confined
or crowded spaces.
 9

Chapter One

What Are
Phobias?
You have probably heard people say they have “a Words to
phobia” about something. It might be heights. Or Understand
spiders. Even clowns.
criteria: a set of
What people mean by phobia, in most cases, is
standards by which you
that they are very bothered by that particular thing. can judge something.
For example, if someone says, “I have a phobia
genetic: here, describing
about crowds,” that person usually means that being a trait that is passed
in a large group of people makes him or her feel along in families.
anxious and uncomfortable. The person is saying she panic attack: sudden
or he would rather avoid a crowd if possible. episode of intense,
For casual, everyday speech, that is a pretty overwhelming fear.

good definition. But in medicine, the word phobia proportion: a part of

has a much more specific meaning. In this book, we’ll something as compared
to the whole.
look at the medical version of the word, especially
as it relates to kids. Then we’ll look at how phobias stimulus: something
that causes a particular
are treated, and what you can do to try to overcome
reaction.
whatever phobias you might have.
10 Phobias

Specific Phobia
Doctors have identified a medical condition called
“specific phobia.” This is similar to our casual idea of
phobias, but there are particular criteria that have to
be met. People with a specific phobia will have the
following symptoms:
• They feel intense fear or anxiety.
• They fear a particular thing or situation.
• This fear is out of proportion to the actual
threat.
• They feel this fear or anxiety to a degree that
negatively impacts daily life.
Let’s look at each of those four aspects in turn.
First, consider the intensity of the fear. Someone
with a specific phobia does not just feel vaguely
uncomfortable. People with specific phobia have
real physical symptoms, such as sweating, pounding
heart, difficulty breathing, dizziness, and trembling
or shaking. Sometimes people with specific phobias
have panic attacks.
Educational Next, the fear must relate to a particular thing
Video or situation. a true medical phobia requires what
Watch this video for doctors call a phobic stimulus. That’s a fancy term
more information on for the specific thing that makes you afraid. A
types of phobias. specific phobia is different from anxiety in general.
Some people feel anxious about all kinds of things,
or, in the case of anxiety disorder, they feel anxious
for no reason at all. That is definitely a problem, but
it is not a specific phobia.
 What Are Phobias? 11

Whatever it is that
sparks your fear
is called a phobic
stimulus. People with
trypophobia have a
fear of certain types
of holes; for them,
a sponge may be a
phobic stimulus.

Third, the issue of proportion is really important.

Let’s say you are camping in the woods. In the
morning, you put on your boot, only to find that a
snake crawled into it during the night. You might
freak out a little bit, and nobody would blame you;
fear is a reasonable response to the situation. But
if you are constantly afraid of snakes—if you freak
out about seeing a snake on TV, for example—
that’s different. A snake on TV can’t possibly hurt
you, which means that your fear would be out of
proportion to the threat.
Finally, the fear must be so intense that it has
a negative impact on life. Let’s say that someone
says she has a phobia of enclosed spaces like
elevators. Her doctor will want to know what she
does whenever she has to get to a high floor in a
building. If she takes the elevator even though she
12 Phobias
 What Are Phobias? 13

One or More
Three-quarters of the people who have phobias have more than
one. In other words, if a person has a specific phobia about enclosed
spaces, it is more likely that he or she will also have a phobia about flying.

hates it, she probably does not have a phobia in the

medical sense. Her fear of elevators is bothersome,
but it doesn’t actually stop her from doing what
she needs to do. But if she refuses to go in the
building all, that’s different. Or maybe she takes
the stairs and climbs 30 flights—ending up sweaty,
exhausted, and late for her appointment. If she will
do pretty much anything to avoid that elevator, that
may be a true phobia.

Causes
Sometimes people have a bad experience and then
develop a phobia related to it. Take the story about
finding a snake in your boot. Your initial fear made
sense: there was an actual snake in your actual
boot. But if you start feeling afraid of all snakes,
Opposite: About 10
you may have ophidiophobia, or the extreme, percent of Americans
irrational fear of snakes. have acrophobia,
which is the
Sometimes witnessing a scary thing is enough unreasonable fear
to kick off a phobia. For instance, your camping of heights. People
buddy might say, “One time my friend found with acrophobia may
also fear falling, even
a snake in his boot, and I’ve been terrified of when they are not
snakes ever since!” Other times, the media is high up.
14 Phobias

partly to blame—if the news talks constantly

about snakebites, some people might find their
ophidiophobia getting worse.
But it’s a strange thing: cowboys have been
finding snakes in their boots for a long time, but
they don’t all have ophidiophobia. They just laugh
it off (and probably kill the snake). So what makes
It’s not uncommon to one person able to laugh something off, while
be afraid of a snake
another can’t? We don’t really know.
that could hurt you.
But if you truly have It does seem possible that there may be a
ophidiophobia, your genetic cause, meaning some people are naturally
fear is way out of
proportion to the more anxious than others, and that gets passed
actual threat. down to their kids. The extreme fear of needles is
 What Are Phobias? 15

Unusual Phobias
People seem to love making up phobia names. There are
hundreds of names for different types of fears. Some might not qualify as
true medical phobias—remember, true specific phobias need to meet the
criteria mentioned in the text. But keep in mind, even if it sounds strange
to you, it can be serious to the person who has it.
Do you or does anyone you know have any of these phobias?
• barophobia: fear of gravity.
• geliophobia: fear of laughter.
• globophobia: fear of balloons.
• hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia: fear of the number 666.
• lutraphobia: fear of otters.
• pedophobia: fear of children.
• phobophobia: fear of phobias.
• pteronophobia: fear of being tickled by feathers.
• vestiphobia: fear of clothes.

particularly common in families. It’s also possible

that phobias are learned; in other words, if you see
your parents acting afraid, you might learn to be
afraid, too.
The truth is, why people fear the things they
do is a bit of a mystery! But even if motives
are hard to figure out, we do know a lot about
behavior, or the actions people take in response
to fear. And the number one type of behavior in
people with phobias is to stay as far away from
the scary thing as possible.
16 Phobias

Research Anticipation and

Project Avoidance
Survey as people about One thing that makes phobias so challenging is that
their phobias. Ask them: the fear can crop up even when the person isn’t
• Do you have any near the thing that frightens them. This is called
phobias? anticipatory anxiety. For someone with a medical
• What are they? phobia, for example, just making an appointment
• How scared or upset is a very scary concept. If someone has this type of
do you feel about phobia, even thinking about going to the doctor can
them (scale of 1 to 10)? be upsetting.
• Have you ever done A common reaction to anticipatory anxiety is
anything to avoid to avoid the frightening thing as much as possible.
them? Actions we take to steer clear of our phobias
Write a report of are called avoidance behaviors. For example, if
your findings. List you have cynophobia, which is the fear of dogs,
the different types of you would probably not walk down a particular
phobias you found and street where the people have dogs. Or if a friend
discuss what people do has a dog, you might refuse to go to his house.
to avoid them. What did You might avoid going to the park on a Saturday
you learn about fears because so many people bring dogs there. Those
from this exercise? are avoidance behaviors, and they have a negative
impact on your life because they limit the places
you can go and the things you’re able to do.
How much a phobia affects your life depends
a lot on the phobic stimulus. For instance, the
problems caused by a dog phobia are minor
compared to a person with, for example,
iatrophobia, or an intense fear of doctors.
Avoiding a friend who has a dog might upset
 What Are Phobias? 17

the friend, but avoiding doctors, even when you If you have an
badly need one, can be extremely dangerous. intense fear of dogs,
just thinking about
An extreme fear of school (didaskaleinophobia, walking by a house
but often just called “school phobia”) can have a where a dog lives
destructive effect on a person’s future. (In fact, might bring on your
phobia.
there is an another book in this set, School Fears,
entirely devoted to this issue.)

Text-Dependent Questions
1. What are the four criteria that define a true phobia?

2. What is a phobic stimulus?

3. What’s the term for being afraid of something before it even happens?
Agoraphobia can
leave people feeling
isolated.
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