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Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
t h e u n i v e r s i t y o f n o r t h c a rol i n a p r e s s Chapel Hill
Copyright © 2010. University of North Carolina Press. All rights reserved.
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Pursuit of
Unity
a political history
of the american south
Copyright © 2010. University of North Carolina Press. All rights reserved.
Michael Perman
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
This book was ∫ 2009 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
published with the
Manufactured in the United States of America
assistance of the
Designed by Courtney Leigh Baker
Fred W. Morrison Set in Arnhem by Keystone Typesetting, Inc.
Fund for South- The paper in this book meets the guidelines for
permanence and durability of the Committee on
ern Studies of the
Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the
University of North Council on Library Resources.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-8078-3324-7 (cloth: alk. paper)
1. Southern States—Politics and government—19th century.
2. Southern States—Politics and government—20th century.
3. Political culture—Southern States—History—19th
century. 4. Political culture—Southern States—History
—20th century. 5. Political parties—Southern States—
History—19th century. 6. Political parties—Southern
States—History—20th century. i. Title.
f213.p47 2009
306.20975—dc22
2009018545
13 12 11 10 09 5 4 3 2 1
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
To john hope franklin
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
This page intentionally left blank
Copyright © 2010. University of North Carolina Press. All rights reserved.
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
contents
Acknowledgments / xiii
Introduction / 1
pa r t i . o n e - pa r t y d o m i n a n c e , 1800–1861
1 A One-Party South ★ 11
republican ascendancy
2 A Two-Party South ★ 38
whigs and democrats
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
pa r t i i . n o - pa r t y p o l i t i c s , 1861–1865
pa r t i i i . o n e - pa r t y h e g e m o n y , 1865–1901
Disfranchisement / 169
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
pa r t i v. o n e - pa r t y s y s t e m , 1901–1965
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
pa r t v. f ro m o n e pa r t y t o t wo , 1965–1994
Conclusion / 352
Notes / 359
Bibliography / 369
Index / 379
Copyright © 2010. University of North Carolina Press. All rights reserved.
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
i l l u s t r at i o n s a n d m a p s
Illustrations
Thomas Ritchie / 24
John C. Calhoun / 55
Alexander H. Stephens / 63
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Maps
1 The South / 3
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
acknowledgments
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
of three or four chapters each. They gave me both encouragement and
perceptive comments, not to mention corrections of some errors. These
friends who were so generous with their time and expertise are Jim Roark
of Emory University, Les Benedict of Ohio State University, Charles Dew of
Williams College, and Rick Fried, my colleague at UIC.
In obtaining illustrations and permission to publish them, I was aided
by a number of librarians, but Dale Neighbors at the Library of Virginia
and Geoffery Stark in the Special Collections Department of the Univer-
sity of Arkansas at Fayetteville were particularly helpful. Also, Tim Storey
of the National Conference of State Legislatures in Denver was so kind as
to send me his spreadsheets of state legislative and gubernatorial elec-
tions, which were crucial to the creation of map 4 in chapter 15.
At UNC Press, those most involved were, of course, my editor, Chuck
Grench, who supervised the entire process with an enthusiasm and persis-
tence that I very much appreciated; Katy O’Brien, his assistant, who made
sure I found illustrations and obtained permissions for them; Dorothea
Anderson, who, in keeping with the high standards of the press, gave the
final version of my manuscript a careful and thoughtful copyediting; and
Paula Wald, who managed the editorial process throughout with such
great care and skill.
And lastly, for being so very important to me for so many years, I want
to thank my children, Ben and Sarah; my brother, David; and my good
friend, G. V. Ramanathan.
Copyright © 2010. University of North Carolina Press. All rights reserved.
xiv Acknowledgments
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Pursuit of
Unity
Copyright © 2010. University of North Carolina Press. All rights reserved.
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
This page intentionally left blank
Copyright © 2010. University of North Carolina Press. All rights reserved.
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
i n t ro d u c t i o n
Historians have written many, many books about southern politics, and
so of course have political scientists. Despite this plethora, or perhaps
because of it, no wide-ranging overview tracing the course of southern
political history has previously appeared. Yet, like the South’s history
generally, its political history has possessed distinctive characteristics
and patterns that give it coherence and direction. Even though it was just
a region within a nation-state, the South has acted, for most of its history,
as a self-conscious interest group marshaling its political resources in an
ongoing struggle with the rest of the nation.
Over the past generation or so the South has changed a good deal,
however, and so has its relationship with the non-South. With the re-
gion’s economy and society becoming less and less distinctive and its
politics also following a parallel course, it is appropriate to look back
now to recount and explain the past two hundred years of southern politi-
cal history and discover why the South took so long to become integrated
into the national political system—if indeed that is what the region has
just done.
Like most introductions, this one needs to take care of some necessary
business before the story begins. The first two items are matters of defini-
tion. What is included in the category ‘‘the South’’? And what does the
Copyright © 2010. University of North Carolina Press. All rights reserved.
term ‘‘politics’’ mean and refer to? The other topics are explanatory rather
than definitional, and there are two of them as well. One explains the
book’s overarching theme, as indicated in its title, Pursuit of Unity, while
the other describes how the book is organized and structured.
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Since states are the primary political entities that define the South, the
question is, therefore, What states constitute ‘‘the South’’?
Unfortunately, there is no official, or even accepted, definition. But all
of the existing definitions agree upon one thing at least. Always included
in any categorization of the South are the states that made up the Confed-
eracy. These eleven states consist of two groupings. They are the Lower, or
Deep, South states of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mis-
sissippi, Louisiana, and Texas and the Upper South states of Virginia,
North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. These are the states covered by
two authoritative studies of the region’s politics by political scientists—
V. O. Key’s classic Southern Politics (1949) and Earl and Merle Black’s
recent study, The Rise of Southern Republicans (2002). Further endorse-
ment for this definition of the South as the former Confederate states is
that these were the states that disfranchised their black voters by consti-
tutional revision and thereby brought into being the ‘‘Solid South’’ at the
turn of the twentieth century. Additionally, these same eleven states com-
posed the membership of the Southern Caucus that was formed in the
U.S. Senate after World War II.
Four other definitions have also circulated, but none has acquired the
currency of these eleven. Before the Civil War, the South was often de-
fined as the slave states, in contrast to the free states. Usually included
as slave states were all those where slavery existed and was legally rec-
ognized. This meant that Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware, and Maryland
were often included, along with the eleven states of the Confederacy. But
this definition was no longer applicable or useful once slavery was abol-
ished after the Civil War. Since that time, three eminent historians of the
South—C. Vann Woodward, George B. Tindall, and Numan V. Bartley—
Copyright © 2010. University of North Carolina Press. All rights reserved.
have added two others to the eleven Confederate states. They first added
Kentucky and then later Oklahoma, in their highly regarded region-wide
studies in the authoritative History of the South series. Nevertheless, the
U.S. Census has an even broader definition, adding to the eleven Con-
federate states Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, and the District of
Columbia. But the broadest of all is the U.S. Department of Education’s
twentieth-century category, which includes all the states with legally seg-
regated school systems, thus adding Kentucky and Missouri and Okla-
homa to the list in the Census, for a total of eighteen.
Faced with this variety, the only reasonable conclusion is to restrict the
South to the eleven Confederate states. Besides, inclusion of any other
states presents problems. Throughout the two hundred years covered in
this study, these eleven states (once they have obtained statehood, of
2 Introduction
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
created in 1863 de
md
wv va
mo ky
nc
tn
ar sc
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map 1. The South. The South consists of the seven Lower South and four Upper South
states, the eleven states that seceded from the Union in 1860–61, although Tennessee was
occupied by the Union Army in February 1862. The five border states—Missouri, West Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware—are on the South’s northern perimeter.
course) have been included in all the definitions. Clearly, they consti-
tute the undisputed core of the region in the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries.
lose focus and soon become unmanageable. For example, a political his-
tory of the South cannot dwell on politics at the county and municipal
level, despite the truistic, and almost banal, claim of Tip O’Neill, the
Speaker of the House in the 1990s, that ‘‘all politics is local.’’ The political
life of the region at all levels and in all its variety cannot be the subject
matter of a historical overview like this. Nor should it be, since the pur-
pose of a broad synthesis of this kind is to discover the central issues and
themes in the South’s political history and then to explain why they arose
and how they shaped the role and course of the region within the national
political arena. To this end, generalization, rather than detail and varia-
tion, is the main concern.
Like the South, the Midwest and New England are regions of the
United States. But they have not functioned consistently as politically self-
Introduction 3
Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South, University of North Carolina Press, 2010. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Another Random Document on
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