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The Encyclopedia of

SAINTS
The Encyclopedia of

SAINTS

Rosemary Ellen Guiley

 The Encyclopedia of Saints

Copyright © 2001 by Visionary Living, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:

Facts On File, Inc.

132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Guiley, Rosemary.
The encyclopedia of saints / Rosemary Ellen Guiley.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-4133-4 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0-8160-4134-2 (pbk.: alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4381-3026-2 (e-book)
1. Christian saints—Biography—Dictionaries. I. Title.
BX4655.8 G85 2001
282’.092’2—dc21 00-069176

Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses,
associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at
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Printed in the United States of America

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This book is printed on acid-free paper.

 CONTENTS
f
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii

INTRODUCTION ix

ENTRIES A TO Z 1

APPENDICES 355

SOURCES AND FURTHER

READING RECOMMENDATIONS 401

INDEX 403
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
f

I am especially grateful for the expertise and assistance of James G. Matlock and
Joanne P. Austin in the research and compilation of this encyclopedia. I also would like
to thank my editor, James Chambers, for his vision and support of this project.

vii
 INTRODUCTION
f

My long-standing interest in saints came to a turning Brother André’s ability was not greeted with warmth
point in 1997 after an unexpected, spontaneous and within his own religious community. Some were skeptical
deeply moving experience. and even opposed him. The quiet little man persevered,
In the spring of that year, I traveled to Montreal to always within the requirements of authority, and finally
speak at a conference. Montreal is home to St. Joseph’s realized his great dream to build an oratory in honor of St.
Oratory, a magnificent structure built on Mount Royal, a Joseph. It began with a tiny chapel on Mount Royal in
small mountain within the city environs. It is a healing 1904. Over the years, donations in honor of Brother
shrine, the world’s largest pilgrimage center dedicated to André have enabled expansions. The present basilica is
St. Joseph. Some 2 million people of all faiths from all the tallest point in Montreal, and holds 3,000 people.
over the world come here every year to pray for the inter- Brother André died in 1937 and was beatified in 1987
cession of a remarkable saint, Blessed Brother André, by Pope John Paul II (r. 1978– ). His death did not end
whose tomb lies within the oratory. One Sunday, I visited his healing work. As millions of pilgrims attest, his inter-
the oratory and joined a large throng of people lined up to cession from beyond the grave enables continuing mira-
pay their respects at the tomb. I came with no particular cles of divine healing.
purpose other than to see the oratory and witness others. Brother André’s heart is on view as a relic, encased in
I didn’t even know much about the life of Brother André. a clear glass container in the oratory. But the real attrac-
What happened to me there caused me to learn about his tion, the real power center, is his small black granite
life and miraculous healing work. tomb, called the Black Coffin. Pilgrims come to touch the
Brother André was born Alfred Bessette in a village tomb and pray for healing.
east of Montreal in 1845 to a poor and humble family. He So there I was this one Sunday morning, filing into the
was small and of delicate constitution, and suffered poor small alcove that contains the tomb. Outside the alcove,
health all of his life. In 1870, he sought to enter the candlelight flickered over the high walls filled with the
Congregation of the Holy Cross, a religious order dedicat- canes and crutches people had thrown away after miracu-
ed to the teaching profession. The order accepted him lous healings there.
despite his lack of education, and gave him the lowly job The tomb itself was small, plain and unadorned. The
of doorkeeper at Notre Dame College in Mount Royal. He simplicity of its surroundings certainly gave no hint that
took the name André in honor of his sponsor, Pastor therein lay the remains of a miracle healer revered around
André Provençal. the world. Someone had placed a single red rose atop the
Brother André spent much of his time in prayer. When tomb. People waited for a turn to touch the black granite
he was off-duty, he visited the sick. Miraculous cures were while others crowded around them. At last I maneuvered
attributed to him and he soon became renowned as the to the front and placed both palms on top of the tomb.
“Wonder Man of Mount Royal.” People came from afar to When I touched the tomb, I felt a burning begin in the
see him. He always credited the cures to the intercession center of my chest. It astonished me. The feeling intensi-
of his patron saint, Joseph. fied, as though my heart center were on fire. This feeling

ix
x Introduction

of fiery heat radiated out to the rest of my body, growing when they come into the presence of saints. As I men-
stronger, until I felt as though I were enveloped in invisi- tioned at the beginning, I had already long been interest-
ble flames. I felt strangely unable to move. As I stood riv- ed in saints as part of my study of mysticism. This expe-
eted to the tomb, it came to me that I was touching the rience with Brother André propelled me into a deeper
Heart of God, experiencing the burning fire of true study of both.
unconditional love. It was flowing into me as a heat and What exactly is sainthood? The Roman Catholic
fire that literally were burning away imperfections in me. Church has a formal process of canonization for recogniz-
Layer upon layer peeled away. The intensity and brilliance ing the holiest of the holy as saints—saints are not “made”
of this radiance were overwhelming. but simply honored for their achievements. The Church
Suddenly I understood that there is a difference thoroughly examines a candidate’s life and works, and
between love and unconditional love. Love heals, nur- requires validation of at least two posthumous miracles.
tures, nourishes and sustains. Unconditional love puri- But fewer than 300 of the 10,000 or so documented saints
fies. This difference is at once subtle and profound; at throughout history have been canonized (Brother André
once infinitesimal and vast. I was being purified in some has been beatified, a step that precedes canonization). The
way by unconditional love. rest have achieved a saint status by popular acclaim. They
The burning sensation lasted as long as I held my are venerated locally. Some, popular once upon a time,
hands on the tomb. I remained swept up in a rapture have disappeared altogether from current devotion. And
equal to that of any saint. I have never felt so much in the some belong more to legend than to history.
presence of God. A saint’s sanctity and purity, as well as writings and
Afterward, the only thing I was capable of doing was acts of charity and sacrifice, certainly are important con-
walking into an adjoining chapel, where I wept and siderations to formal sainthood. But what drives the pop-
prayed, and tried to understand what I had just experi- ular interest and devotion is belief in the power of the
enced. saint to bring help and healing to the living. Some saints
On my last day in Montreal, I returned to the oratory. are important to the Church for their treatises and works
I was anxious to touch the Black Coffin again. I desired on theology and philosophy. The people, however, look
that incredible fire that had taken me into the presence of for miracles. We the public are drawn to saints because of
God. It was a weekday, with few people about, and so this the mystery around them: their rich inner lives of mysti-
time I had the entire alcove to myself. But when I touched cal and visionary experience, and their ability to work
the tomb again there was no burning. Instead I felt a deep wonders and miracles.
and soft inner radiance. It was another extraordinary There are too many saints to put them all in a single
experience, but of a different sort. volume. In this book, I have made a selection of saints
In retrospect, I realized that of course I would not who have made important contributions to the Church
experience the same fire. A mystical experience is unique and to society, especially in education, charity and health
and not repeated. The expansion of consciousness that care. Among these are towering figures such as St.
comes from it is needed only once. Thomas Aquinas, who shaped the development of
What was the source of the power that facilitated such Western philosophy. I have also included some of the
an experience? How can a holy person continue, from the early martyrs and legendary figures, as well as church
other side of death, as a channel for divine grace? I do not fathers, church doctors and beatified and canonized
know the answers, but only continue to explore the mys- popes. I have paid special attention to the inner, mystical
tery. Was I changed? Yes. Like the experience itself, I was
lives of saints and to their miracles, for here is where we
changed in both subtle and profound ways. I did not feel
come closest to the Mystery.
that I had become “holy” or anything of the sort. And
I keep Brother André’s picture at my desk, and carry
though I felt “stuff” burned off of me, I still possessed the
some of the little medallions of him that the oratory sells,
same flaws and shortcomings. But I have a much different
including one that contains a tiny piece of relic. They are
awareness of love now, and of the importance of bringing
links not so much to the man, but to what he and other
love to its highest and purest expression, that of uncondi-
saints represent: that miracles are made possible by a
tional love.
heart that loves.
This experience joins the records of countless other
transformative experiences had by people the world over —Rosemary Ellen Guiley
The Encyclopedia of

SAINTS
 A f

Adalbald of Ostrevant (d. ca. 650–652) Martyr Adalbert of Prague (b. ca. 939–956–d. 997) Arch-
Also known as: Adalbald d’Ostrevant bishop and missionary to Poland
Also known as: Apostle of the Prussians; Adelbert;
Adalbald of Ostrevant was born in Flanders to a noble
Voitech, Voytiekh, Voytech, Wojtech; Apostle of
family. His mother or grandmother (sources differ)
Bohemia
was St. Gertrude, founder of the monastery at Ham-
age. Adalbert served at the Merovingian court of King Christened Wojtech, Adalbert was born in Libice,
Dagobert I, great-great-grandson of Clovis I and St. Bohemia, to a princely family. The dates of his birth are
Clotilde of the Franks, and Dagobert’s successor, Clo- placed anywhere from 939 to 956. He studied under
vis II. While in Dagobert’s service against the rebel- archbishop St. Adalbert of Magdeburg and took his
lious Gascons, Adalbert fell in love with Rictrude mentor’s name when the archbishop died in 981. Adal-
(later sainted herself), the daughter of a Gascon noble bert became the second bishop of Prague in 983, but
family. Her relatives forbade the union, but Rictrude his righteous efforts to convert the Bohemian pagans
married Adalbert anyway. They had four children: St. made an enemy of Duke Boleslaus II of Bohemia, and
Maurontius, St. Clotsindis, St. Eusebia and St. Adal- Adalbert left for Rome in 990.
sindis. Released from his responsibilities by Pope John XV
Rictrude’s kin never accepted Adalbald, reportedly (r. 985–996), Adalbert joined the Benedictine monas-
jealous of his reputation and political position. Mem- tery of SS. Boniface and Alexius. But two years later,
bers of her family assassinated Adalbald while he was Duke Boleslaus agreed to accept Adalbert’s authority,
traveling to Gascony. Devastated, Rictrude nevertheless and Pope John XV sent Adalbert back to Prague. The
Bohemian people cheered his return, and he founded
retrieved the body and buried it. Almost immediately,
the monastery of Brevnov with Majolus of Cluny. Adal-
rumors spread of miraculous healings at the tomb. Ric-
bert’s relations with Duke Boleslaus and the nobility
trude continued her work, reputedly founding the
worsened, however, after an adulterous but penitent
abbey at Marchiennes.
noblewoman seeking sanctuary in a convent was
Feast: February 2 dragged out and killed. Adalbert excommunicated
Patronage: parents of large families everyone involved and was forced to flee again to

1
2 Adelaide

Rome in 995. This time Boleslaus massacred some of castle in the middle of Lake Garda. Accounts differ
Adalbert’s family, and he did not return to Prague. about her escape from Castle Garda: One story says a
Adalbert’s next mission was to Hungary, where he priest named Martin dug a subterranean passage under
evangelized the Magyars and may have baptized Kings the lake, rescued Adelaide and kept her in the passage,
Geysa and Stephen. But at the invitation of Prince surviving on fish alone, until Alberto Uzzo, duke of
Boleslaus I of Poland, he traveled to Pomerania to Canossa, whisked the queen off to his castle. Neverthe-
evangelize the Prussians. The Prussian nobility and the less, the Italian nobles, tired of Berengarius and his
pagan priests liked him no better than had the Bohemi- wars, invited King Otto I of Germany, called the Great,
ans, and Adalbert and his missionaries were assassi- to invade Italy and dispose of Berengarius. Otto
nated as Polish spies in 997 near Danzig. One account entered Italy in 951, rescued Queen Adelaide (either
says Prince Boleslaus I buried Adalbert’s body at from Castle Garda or from the eager duke) and mar-
Gniezno, Poland; another says that the prince ran- ried her on Christmas Day 951 at Pavia, thereby taking
somed the body for its weight in gold. the title King of the Lombards. Berengarius fled to his
Despite his disappointments, Adalbert exercised castle at Montefeltro.
considerable influence. He was friends with Holy The couple did not linger long in Italy because Liu-
Roman Emperor Otto III and inspired St. Boniface of dolf, Otto’s son by his first wife Edith, was trying to
Querfurt. Adalbert composed Czech and Polish hymns start an uprising against the French influence of his
in the vernacular and is credited with writing the Pol- stepmother. He failed, however, and the German peo-
ish battle song, “Boga-Rodzica.” His righteous zeal for ple supposedly adored their new queen. She and Otto
religious compliance, which was not well appreciated, had five children, with the son and heir, Otto II, born
included extraction of the teeth of anyone found in 955. Throughout the next 10 years, Otto I fought
breaking fast on a holy day. His relics were taken to continuous wars over the control of Italy, which was
Prague in 1039. not only plundered by soldiers but also allowed to
decay under the debauched reign of Pope John XII.
Canonized: 999
When Berengarius became a threat again in 961, the
Feast: April 23
pope offered Otto I the crown of the empire in return
Patronage: Bohemia (part of the Czech Republic);
for protection. The spectacular coronation of Otto I
Poland; Prussia
and Adelaide as Holy Roman Emperor and Empress of
FURTHER READING the German Nation on February 2, 962, not only
Reston, James Jr. The Last Apocalypse: Europe at the Year 1000 assured Germany’s dominance in Europe but also ful-
A.D. New York: Doubleday, 1998. filled Otto’s ultimate goal of reestablishing a Christian
empire with himself as the new Caesar.
Adelaide (931–999) Princess, foundress of religious In 969, Otto I designated his 14-year-old son Otto
II as co-emperor, thereby securing the boy’s right of
programs, regent
succession. To further cement Otto II’s authority, Otto I
Name meaning: noble person
arranged his son’s marriage to the Byzantine princess
Also known as: Adelheid
Theophano, daughter of the usurper John Tzimisces.
Adelaide was born in 931, the daughter of King Tzimisces, called Little Slippers, was the lover to the
Rudolph II of Burgundy. She became a political pawn wife (also named Theophano) of the murdered Byzan-
at age two. Her father, embroiled in a war with Hugh of tine emperor Nicephorus II Phocas. Otto II and Theo-
Provence for the crown of Lombardy (Italy), agreed to phano were married in Rome in 972 and ascended to
betroth her to Hugh’s son Lothaire in order to end the the throne after Otto I died in 973. Theophano, a polit-
fighting in 933. Her brother Conrad honored his ically astute and strong-willed woman, exerted great
father’s agreement in 947, when Adelaide was 16; influence on royal affairs and reputedly turned her
Rudolph had died years before, and his widow, Ade- husband against his mother. Relations with her
laide’s mother, had since married Hugh. Meanwhile, mother-in-law Empress Adelaide were strained at best,
Berengarius (or Berengar) II, Marquis of Ivrea, claimed and Adelaide left court to join her brother Conrad in
Lombardy and forced Hugh to abdicate in favor of Vienne, appealing to St. Majolus, abbot of Cluny, to
Lothaire. Lothaire and Adelaide were king and queen intervene. The abbot arranged a reconciliation at Ade-
of Italy only a short while before Lothaire died, proba- laide’s court at Pavia.
bly from poison at the instigation of Berengarius in Relations between the two women remained diffi-
950. cult until Otto II’s death on December 7, 983. Theo-
Berengarius tried to force Adelaide to marry his son, phano traveled to Pavia seeking refuge with Adelaide.
but the young widow refused and was imprisoned in a The heir, three-year-old Otto III, was in the care of the
 Agapetus I 3

bishop of Cologne, far too close to the domain of 615, he was the first priest who was not also a monas-
Prince Henry of Bavaria, called the Quarrelsome, who, tic to become pope since John II (r. 533–535).
along with Henry of Carinthia and Bishop Henry of His pontificate was conducted in a time of many
Augsburg, was trying to take the crown. On Christmas troubles—war between the Lombards and Byzantines,
Day, 983, Otto III was symbolically crowned Holy a plague of leprosy, and a major earthquake. He gave
Roman Emperor in Aachen, Charlemagne’s ancient generously to the victims and helped them in any way
seat. Almost immediately Henry of Bavaria kidnapped he could. He was equally supportive of his clergy, who
the child and took him to Quedlinburg, where Henry were impoverished by the same events, leaving each a
had himself proclaimed king. year’s stipend in his will.
Adelaide and Theophano appealed to Gerbert of Adeodatus is thought to have been the first to use
Aurillac, a brilliant theologian, mathematician, coun- leaden bullae to seal his official pronouncements, thus
selor to Otto II and eventually Pope Sylvester II, to inter- the name “bulls,” as papal documents are still known
cede, and he created a coalition of powerful kings and today.
churchmen to put pressure on Henry. Conceding defeat, He died in Rome on November 8, 618.
Henry returned young Otto III to his mother, Empress
Feast: November 8
Theophano, on June 29, 984. Adelaide returned to
Pavia, still unable to reconcile fully with Theophano,
while the empress ably ruled as her son’s regent until her Adrian III (d. 885) Pope
sudden death in June 991. Also known as: Hadrian III
But Otto III was still underage in 991, so his grand-
Little is known of the life or papacy of Adrian III, or
mother Adelaide assumed the regency until Otto III
why he is venerated as a saint. He was born in Rome
could be fully crowned at age 16 in 996. Writers of the
and was elected to the Chair of St. Peter on May 17,
period characterized Adelaide’s regency as a wise and
884.
peaceful era in which the empress established monas-
During his reign, there was a great famine in Rome,
teries and churches, supported the works of St. Adal-
which he mitigated as he could. He opposed an aristo-
bert of Magdeburg, St. Majolus of Cluny and St. Odilo,
cratic faction led by Formosus, Bishop of Porto; had
also of Cluny. She concentrated on converting the Slavs George of the Aventine, a member of the Formosan
and other pagans on the empire’s northern borders. group and a notorious murderer, tried, condemned and
After Otto III took the throne, Adelaide retired to a blinded; and had a widow of another of the group
convent and continued her works of charity and con- whipped naked through the streets of the city.
version. Adrian died either in early September or on July 8,
In 999 Adelaide traveled to Burgundy to arrange a 885, near Modena, while on his way to a diet in
reconciliation between her nephew Rudolph and his Worms, Germany, at the invitation of Emperor Charles
vassals. She died en route at her monastery at Seltz, the Fat, probably to settle the question of Charles’s
near Strasbourg in Alsace, on December 16 at age 68. succession and to seek help in defense against the
Her relics are enshrined at Hanover. Muslim Saracens. He was buried in the monastery of
Canonized: 1097 by Pope Urban II Nonantula, where his memory has ever since been held
Feast: December 16 in veneration.
Patronage: abuse victims; brides; empresses; exiles; Cultus confirmed: 1892 by Pope Leo XIII
in-law problems; parents of large families; Feast: July 8 (formerly September 7)
princesses; prisoners; second parents; step-par-
ents; widows
Agapetus I (d. 536) Pope and martyr
FURTHER READING Also known as: Agapitus
Reston, James, Jr. The Last Apocalypse: Europe at the Year
1000 A.D. New York: Doubleday, 1998. Agapetus was the son of a priest named Gordianus
who was killed in riots during the reign of Pope St.
Symmachus. He was archdeacon of the Roman clergy
Adeodatus I (d. 618) Pope
when he was elected to succeed Pope St. Felix IV in
Also known as: Deusdedit
the Chair of St. Peter on May 13, 535.
Adeodatus was born in Rome, the son of a subdeacon Agapetus confirmed decrees barring converts from
named Stephen. He had been a priest in Rome for 40 Arianism from becoming priests, and requiring those
years when he was elected to the Chair of St. Peter to already ordained to serve in lay capacities only. How-
succeed St. Boniface IV. Consecrated on October 19, ever, he is remembered primarily for a trip he took to
4 Agatha

Constantinople at the behest of Queen Amalasuntha of magistrate and accused her of being a Christian. The
the Goths. The Byzantine Belisarius, having taken Acts of her martyrdom place her arrest during the reign
Sicily, was preparing to mount an offensive on Italy, of Emperor Decian, about 250—a period of horrific
and Amalasuntha hoped that a personal appeal from persecution.
Agapetus would change the mind of Emperor Justin- First the magistrate ordered Agatha to be beaten
ian. and imprisoned, but when those tortures had no effect
He arrived in Constantinople to discover that the on her faith he condemned her to be stretched on the
new patriarch, Anthinus, was an adherent of the rack. Her cheerful confidence in Christ’s love against
Monophysite heresy, then very strong in Byzantium. such suffering so offended the magistrate that he had
Anthinus had been appointed by Justinian at the her breasts crushed and then cut off, ordering her to a
advice of Queen Theodora. When Agapetus ordered dungeon without food, water or medicine. But St. Peter
Anthinus to make a written profession of his faith, he supposedly came to her in a vision of light, accompa-
refused. Justinian at first threatened to banish the nied by a youth carrying a torch, and healed her
pope, but then, convinced of Anthinus’s heresy, he wounds. Unimpressed by such a miracle, Quintinian
relented, and not only allowed Agapetus to dismiss ordered the magistrate to have Agatha rolled naked
Anthinus, but also permitted him (for the first time in over live coals mixed with broken potsherds. Agatha
the history of the Church) to consecrate his successor, prayed for release, and at that very moment an earth-
Mennas. quake struck Catania. Asking Christ to receive her
Agapatus was not able to dissuade Justinian from soul, Agatha died.
his designs on Italy, however. While still in Constan- Her courage and spirit fostered a cult of worship all
tinople, he fell ill and died on April 22, 536. His over Christendom. Pope Symmachus built a church in
relics were translated to Rome in a leaden coffin on her honor on the Via Aurelia in Rome. Prayers by St.
September 20 and interred in St. Peter’s basilica in Lucy of Syracuse at St. Agatha’s tomb reportedly cured
the Vatican. Like many other saints of the period, he the saint’s mother, Eutychia, from hemorrhage. A letter
owes his cultus to the devotion of Pope St. Gregory I from Pope Gelasius (r. 492–496) to a Bishop Victor in
(Gregory the Great, r. 590–604). He is venerated in the fifth century referred to the basilica of St. Agatha.
both the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Pope St. Gregory I the Great (r. 590–604) mentioned a
churches. His name appears in the Roman Marty- Roman church dedicated to St. Agatha given to the
rology. Arian Goths. Pope Gregory reconsecrated the church
Feast: April 22 (formerly September 20; April 22 of Sant’ Agata dei Goti for Catholic worship in the late
in Greek Orthodox Church) sixth century.
Medieval church paintings of Agatha often showed
her carrying her severed breasts on a platter—an
Agatha (d. ca. 250) Virgin and martyr image many mistook for loaves of bread. Conse-
Name meaning: good quently, the tradition arose of blessing “Agatha bread”
on her feast day. The shape of her breasts also evoked
Although Agatha has been venerated as a saint and
bells, especially those used as fire alarms. The carry-
martyr since ancient times, none of the legendary
ing of her veil, supposedly taken from her tomb, on a
details of her life or death can be authenticated. The
lance in procession reportedly has stopped or pre-
stories of her terrible persecutions appear in the Marty-
vented eruptions of Mount Etna. Prayers for her inter-
rologium Hieronymianum (Martyrology of St. Jerome)
cession were credited with preventing the Turks from
and the Martyrologium Carthaginiense (Carthaginian
taking the island of Malta in 1551. Following the
calendar of martyrs), the Carmina of Venantius Fortu-
Peace of Constantine, Agatha’s relics went to Constan-
natus, and the canon of the Mass, but many scholars
tinople, but they were translated to Catania about
now believe Agatha to have been an inspiring but fic-
1126.
tional character.
Both Palermo and Catania in Sicily take credit as Feast: February 5
the site of Agatha’s birth, supposedly to a wealthy and Patronage: alpine guides; bell founders; breast dis-
influential family. Her beauty attracted the attention of ease; earthquakes; eruptions of Mount Etna; fire
the Roman consul Quintinian, but Agatha refused his and fire prevention; girdlers; jewelers; martyrs;
offer of marriage, having dedicated her life as a virgin natural disasters; nurses; rape victims; shep-
to Christ. His ego bruised, Quintinian committed herdesses; single laywomen; sterility; torture vic-
Agatha to a brothel, but she stood firm and retained tims; volcanic eruptions; wet nurses; Catania,
her virginity. Enraged, Quintinian turned her over to a Sicily; Malta; Zamarramala, Spain
 Agnes of Rome 5

Agatho (d. 681) Pope Rufino was one of the celebrated “Three Companions”
Also known as: Thaumaturgus of St. Francis of Assisi.
Agnes lived an idyllic childhood in luxurious sur-
Agatho was born in Sicily, probably in Palermo. He had
roundings in her father’s palace in the city and in his
been married for 20 years and had become financially
castle of Sasso Rosso on Mount Subasio. On March 18,
successful when he decided to join the Benedictine
monastery of St. Hermes in Palermo. He is thought to 1212, Clare, Agnes’s sister, left home to follow the
be the Agatho whom Pope St. Gregory I (Gregory the example set by St. Francis. Inspired, Agnes departed 16
Great, r. 590–604) authorized to join the monastery if days later and went to the Benedictine monastery of St.
his wife became a nun. In that case, he would have Angelo in Panso.
been more than 100 years old when he was elected Furious, Count Favorino sent his brother Monaldo,
bishop of Rome to succeed Pope Dounus (r. 676–678) with several relatives and some armed followers, to
on June 27, 678. force Agnes to return home. According to an account
Agatho was renowned for his affability and charity. in the Chronicles of the Twenty-four Generals, Monaldo
His life experience also made him an unusually good drew his sword to strike Agnes, but his arm dropped,
business man, and he maintained the Vatican’s withered and useless, by his side. Others dragged
accounting books himself, contrary to custom. Agnes out of the monastery by the hair, striking her
Shortly after Agatho’s election, Wilfrid, bishop of and kicking her repeatedly until she was near death.
York, who had been dismissed from his see, appealed Clare came to the rescue. Suddenly Agnes’s body
to Agatho, who ordered him reinstated. He also dis- became so heavy that the soldiers dropped her in a
patched an envoy to teach the Britons about chanting field near the monastery.
and to report to him on the state of the English Agnes stayed, and Francis rewarded her by cutting
Church. off her hair and giving her the habit of poverty. He
However, the signal event of Agatho’s pontificate installed Clare and Agnes at St. Damian’s, along with
was the Sixth Ecumenical Council, held in Constan- their mother, their sister Beatrice and some noble-
tinople in 680. Although he was unable to attend, he women. The Order of the Poor Ladies of St. Damian’s,
sent emissaries who read a letter from him condemn- or Poor Clares, was born.
ing Monothelitism, a heresy that held that Christ pos- Agnes became abbess and was well-loved. In 1219
sessed a single, divine nature rather than a double, Francis sent her to Monticelli, near Florence, to found
divine and human, nature. Monothelitism had at one and govern a community of the Poor Ladies. She also
time divided the Eastern and Western Church, but the established communities at Mantua, Venice and Padua.
council accepted Agatho’s definitions, Patriarch George In 1253 Agnes attended Clare on her deathbed and
of Constantinople proclaiming: “Peter has spoken by
assisted at her funeral. Clare had predicted that Agnes
Agatho.” By the time the council’s decrees reached
would soon follow her. Three months later, on Novem-
Rome, however, Agatho had died.
ber 16, Agnes died and was buried near her mother
He died during a plague on January 10, 681, and
was buried in St. Peter’s at the Vatican. The many mira- and sisters Clare and Beatrice in the church of St. Clare
cles thereafter received through his intercession led to at Assisi. Miracles were reported at her tomb.
his being called Thaumaturgus (Wonderworker). He is Benedict XIV (r. 1740–58) permitted the Order of
venerated in the Greek Orthodox as well as the Roman St. Francis to celebrate her feast.
Catholic Church. His memory is celebrated especially Feast: November 16
at York, England, and Palermo, Italy.
In art, Agatho is shown wearing a tiara and holding
a long cross. Agnes of Rome (d. ca. 304) Virgin and martyr
Name meaning: Pure one
Feast: January 10
Little is known about Agnes, and the circumstances of
her martyrdom are not documented. According to St.
Agnes of Assisi (ca. 1197–1253) Abbess and miracle
Ambrose in De virginitate, she died by fire at age 12.
worker; the younger sister of St. Clare of Assisi, founder
Other versions of her martyrdom are given by Pope
of the Poor Clares
St. Damasus (r. 366–384) and Prudentius in Peris-
Agnes of Assisi was born at Assisi, Italy, in 1197 or tephanon.
1198 to a noble family. Her father was Count Favorino Agnes is said to have been a beautiful, wealthy
Scifi, and her mother, Bl. Hortulana, belonged to the Roman maiden born during the reign of Emperor Dio-
noble family of the Fiumi. In addition, her cousin cletian (284–305) to Christian parents at a time when
6 Agostina Petrantoni

During the reign of Constantine (323–337), a basil-

ica was built on the site of her grave near the Via
Nomentana. It was remodeled by Pope Honorius I (r.
625–638) in 630.
Agnes’s emblem in art is the lamb, a symbol of
purity, and because of the similarity between her name
and the Latin word for lamb, agnus. In art she is often
depicted in flames and with a sword at her feet. On her
feast day, two lambs are blessed, and their wool is then
made into pallia and given to archbishops of the
Church.
Feast: January 21
Patronage: young girls

Agostina Petrantoni (1864–1894) Martyr of charity

Also known as: Agostina Pietrantoni, Livia Pietranton
Little is known of Agostina Petrantoni’s early life
beyond her birthplace of Pozzaglia Sabina in Rieti,
Italy. She was born on March 27, 1864, and was given
the name Livia. She joined the Sisters of Charity and
dedicated her life in service to the sick, working at the
Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome. From 1886 on she
worked with the most critically ill patients, succumb-
ing to many of their diseases.
After contracting tuberculosis, Agostina asked to
serve in the tuberculosis ward exclusively. She died in
1894 when a tuberculosis patient stabbed her to death
after a rape attempt. Her last words were a prayer for
St. Agnes of Rome (Library of Congress Prints and her attacker’s forgiveness.
Photographs Division) In his speech at her canonization, Pope John Paul II
said that Sister Agostina understood the gift of gener-
ous service, especially to the neediest, in whose faces is
reflected the face of Christ.
most of the nobility were pagan. Diocletian was an
ardent persecutor of Christians. Canonized: April 18, 1999, by Pope John Paul II
One story holds that a rejected suitor betrayed her Patronage: abuse victims; martyrs; people ridiculed
to the authorities. for piety; against poverty
According to an epitaph written by Damasus, pre-
served at her tomb and church, she announced her Aidan of Lindisfarne (d. 651) Bishop and monastic
faith and was sentenced to die by fire. Before dying, she
founder
was stripped of all her clothing, and covered herself
with her hair. Most of what scholars know about Aidan comes from
According to Prudentius, who composed a hymn in favorable accounts by the Venerable Bede in his Eccle-
her honor, she was punished by being placed into a siastical History of the English People. In 635, Aidan, a
brothel. Miraculously, her virginity was preserved, for monk at St. Columba’s monastery on the island of
anyone who approached her was blinded and knocked Iona, traveled on foot to the city of Bamburgh in the
down by a divine force. Her suitor tried and was thus old, Romanized part of Britain, now Northumbria, to
punished, but Agnes prayed and asked Christ to serve as bishop at the request of St. King Oswald of
restore his sight. She was then thrown into the flames. Northumbria. Aidan followed the Celtic/Irish custom
Another version says that she remained unharmed of establishing his see in a monastery, rather than
in the flames, and so finally was decapitated. Yet in Northumbria’s largest city of York, and founded
another version says she was killed by a sword. Lindisfarne as a royal fortress protected by the king.
 Albert the Great 7

Aidan walked over all of Northumbria, gaining many When the party reached the hill where the execu-
converts and serving the poor, often with King tions were to take place, a fountain miraculously
Oswald translating the monk’s Latin into common sprang up out of the ground.
English. The priest whom Alban had sheltered was captured
The establishment of Lindisfarne monastery was several days later and stoned to death in Redbourn,
Aidan’s greatest achievement. The Lindisfarne Gospels, near Verulamium.
almost the only codex (a manuscript book rather than Alban has been venerated in Britain since the fifth
a scroll) that can be attributed to a single scribe, was century, and was even known in France. Other
written by Eadfrith, abbot of Lindisfarne after Aidan’s accounts of his life have been written, some stating
death. However, Viking raiders, who pillaged the mo- that he had been a soldier. A church was built on the
nasteries for their silver and precious objects, often site of the execution and became famous for miracles.
destroyed the illuminated manuscripts for their gilded A monastery was built there later.
covers. Barbarians attacked Lindisfarne in 793, 801,
Feast: June 20
806 and 867; any survivors left the ruins for good in
875. The Lindisfarne Gospels were perhaps buried or FURTHER READING
sent to another monastery for safekeeping; one copy St. Alphonsus Liguori. Victories of the Martyrs. Brooklyn:
remains. Redemptorist Fathers, 1954.
Aidan died in 651 after the murder of King Oswin,
Oswald’s successor. He was buried at the abbey.
Albert the Great (ca. 1206–1280) Doctor of the
Feast: August 31 Church, theologian, bishop and philosopher
FURTHER READING Name meaning: noble; brilliant
Cahill, Thomas. How the Irish Saved Civilization. New York: Also known as: Albertus Magnus, Doctor Universalis,
Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 1995. Doctor Expertus, Albert the German, Universal Doctor
Reston, James, Jr. The Last Apocalypse: Europe at the Year
The eldest son of Count Bollstadt, a military nobleman
1000 A.D. New York: Doubleday, 1998.
in the service of Emperor Frederick II, Albert was born
ca. 1206 at the castle of Lauingen in Swabia, a south-
Alban (d. ca. 304) Reportedly the first martyr in En- ern German province along the Danube River. Nothing
gland during the persecutions by Emperor Diocletian (r. is known of his early childhood or education, but as a
284–305) young man he studied at the University of Padua. At
age 16 he became impressed with the Order of Preach-
The story of Alban, a pagan by birth, was recorded by ing Friars, or Brothers, founded by St. Dominic, and
the Venerable Bede in his Ecclesiastical History of the became a postulant in 1222 under Blessed Jordan of
English People. A resident of Verulamium (now St. Saxony, second master general of the Friars Preachers
Alban’s in Hertfordshire, between Birmingham and and immediate successor to Dominic. Rumors circu-
London), Alban gave shelter to a Christian priest who lated that Albert’s father, angry at his son’s renunciation
was trying to escape the persecutions. So impressed of title and wealth, would try to retrieve him by force,
was Alban by the man’s humble demeanor, prayer and but they came to nothing when the Brothers, com-
wisdom that he converted and was baptized. monly called Dominicans, discreetly sent the young
Authorities learned that the priest was hiding in Albert to the friary in Cologne. There he completed his
Alban’s house, and sent soldiers to arrest him. Alban studies and taught others, as well as teaching at
donned the man’s clothing, enabling him to escape, Hildesheim, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, Regensburg and
and was arrested in his stead. He was taken before the Strasbourg.
governor and repeatedly refused to renounce his new Learning and thinking in 13th-century Europe were
faith. He was severely scourged and tortured and con- undergoing radical changes, and Albert’s approach to
demned to die by beheading. these changes was intelligent, scientific and common-
The route to the execution site required Alban and sensical. As a member of one of the new mendicant
his guards to wade across a river. There were so many orders, Albert was not tied to a parish church or
onlookers that progress was impeded. Tradition holds monastery, leaving him free to teach and preach any-
that Alban prayed, and the waters of the river divided where, and, like the other friars, able to assume a key
to create a dry passage. The executioner was so moved position in the new universities. Up until the 12th cen-
by this miracle that he converted himself, and was tury, traditional education in the Latin-based world
martyred along with Alban. was based on the Scriptures and commentaries on
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