A compiled note on AI

Class IX
Part- II (Subject Specific Skills)

1) What is Intelligence?
Intelligence is the ability of an individual (human or machine) to learn, understand, reason, and apply knowledge
to solve problems or adapt to new situations.
2)What is artificial intelligence?
Artificial intelligence refers to human made interface to mimic human like intelligence i.e reasoning,
knowledge interpretation. Machines become intelligent once they are trained with data and algorithm.

3) Mention the various Advantages and disadvantages of AI

Advantages

i. High Speed and Accuracy – AI can process and analyze huge amounts of data much faster and more
accurately than humans.
ii. Works 24/7 – Unlike humans, AI systems do not get tired and can work continuously.
iii. Reduces Human Errors – Automation ensures more accuracy and fewer mistakes.
iv. Performs Dangerous Tasks – AI can be used in space exploration, bomb disposal, mining, or deep-
sea exploration where humans may face risks.

Disadvantages
 Job Losses – Automation may replace human workers, leading to unemployment in some fields.
 Lack of Creativity – AI works on logic and data but cannot replicate human creativity, emotions, or
intuition.
 High Cost – Developing, maintaining, and running AI systems requires huge investment.
 Ethical Issues – AI raises concerns about privacy, security, and bias in decision-making

4. Distinguish between narrow AI and General AI.

Narrow AI (Weak AI) General AI (Strong AI)

It is designed to perform a specific task. AI that can understand, learn, and apply knowledge
across a wide variety of tasks, like a human.
Cannot perform tasks outside its training. Can transfer knowledge from one domain to
another.
Example: Virtual assistants (Siri, Alexa), Examples: (Still theoretical, not achieved yet).

Spam filters,  A robot that can learn any subject (math, art,
science) like a human, without being programmed
Recommendation systems (Netflix, YouTube) for each separately.

 An AI that can cook food, drive a car, write a

book, diagnose diseases, and compose music — all
with the same intelligence system.

5) Explain ML, DL with examples.

Machine Learning (ML): It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to improve at tasks
with experience (data). The intention of Machine Learning is to enable machines to learn by themselves
using the provided data and make accurate Predictions/ Decisions.
Example: Speech recognition
Deep Learning (DL): It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data. In Deep
Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in training itself around the data.
Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for themselves.
Example: Virtual assistants
6) What is AI Domains? Explain three domains of AI.
Artificial Intelligence becomes intelligent according to the training which it gets. For training, the machine is
fed with datasets. According to the applications for which the AI algorithm is being developed, the data
which is fed into it changes.
With respect to the type of data fed in the AI model, AI models can be broadly categorized into three
domains.
Data Sciences: Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in which the system
collects numerous data, maintains data sets and derives meaning/sense out of them.
Example: Price comparing websites.
Computer Vision: Computer Vision(CV) is a domain of AI that depicts the capability of a machine to get
and analyse visual information and afterwards predict some decisions about it.
Examples of Computer Vision
1) Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars
2) Face Lock in Smartphones

Natural Language Processing: Natural Language Processing, abbreviated as NLP, is a branch of artificial
intelligence that deals with the interaction between computers and humans using the natural language.
Example: E-mail filters, Smart assistants, Siri, Alexa.
7) What are the various AI applications ?
i. AI in healthcare: AI’s ability with data has revolutionized healthcare by suggesting timely treatment,
predicting ailments, future medical needs and so on.
ii. AI in robotics: AI and robotics are a powerful combination for automating tasks inside and outside of
the factory setting, introducing flexibility and learning capabilities in previous applications.
iii. AI in chatbots and Virtual Assistants: A virtual assistant is an application program that understands
natural language voice commands and completes tasks for the user.
v. AI in Autonomous vehicles: Autonomous vehicles or driverless vehicles , which uses computer
vision and data to accomplish It.
8) What is System Map?
A system map is a visual representation of a problem and its interconnected components. It includes internal
and external elements, relationships, feedback loops, and environmental influences. System maps help
students understand complex systems by identifying the boundaries, major stakeholders, and data flows.

For example, in the case of traffic congestion, a system map would include roads, traffic signals, commuters,
public transport, weather conditions, and feedback loops like increased car usage causing further congestion.
System maps are useful in identifying causes and effects within a system and strategizing AI-based solutions
effectively.
9) What are the various types of Data?

1. Based on Nature of Data

 Qualitative Data (Categorical Data)

o Descriptive, non-numeric.
o Example: Eye color (brown, blue), Gender (male, female), Blood group (A, B, O).
 Quantitative Data (Numerical Data)
o Measurable, numeric.
o Example: Age, Height, Weight, Marks.

2. Based on Measurement Scale

1. Nominal Data – Categories with no order.

o Example: Fruits (apple, mango, banana), Colors.
2. Ordinal Data – Categories with a logical order/ranking.
o Example: Grades (A, B, C), Customer satisfaction (Poor, Good, Excellent).

3. Based on Source/Use

 Structured Data – Organized in rows & columns (e.g., databases, spreadsheets).

 Unstructured Data – No fixed format (e.g., videos, images, emails, social media posts).
 Semi-structured Data – Partially organized (e.g., JSON, XML files).

10. What are the various types of learning approaches?

Ans:- Ruled based( Decision tree) and learning based approach(Machine learning & Deep learning)
What is a Confusion Matrix?
It is the result of compairsion between prediction and reality.

From the Confusion Matrix, we calculate metrics:

 Accuracy = (TP + TN) / (TP + TN + FP + FN)

 Precision = TP / (TP + FP)
 Recall (Sensitivity) = TP / (TP + FN)
 F1 Score = 2 × (Precision × Recall) / (Precision + Recall)

 True Positive (TP): Model correctly predicts positive.

 True Negative (TN): Model correctly predicts negative.
 False Positive (FP): Model incorrectly predicts positive (Type I error).
 False Negative (FN): Model incorrectly predicts negative (Type II error).

11) What is AI Ethics?

AI ethics is a set of values, principles and techniques that are accepted standards of right or wrong to guide
moral conduct in development of AI technologies.
Following are the needs of AI ethical issues
1. Bias and Fairness: Ethically an AI system should be free from all types of biases and be fair eg:, an AI
system designed for picking candidates for a job must not be biased against any gender, race, color etc.
2. Accountability: AI learns and evolves over time and data. What if an evolved algorithm makes one big
mistake? Who would be accountable for it? Eg: Self driving car hits someone who will be accountable?
3. Transparency: Transparency means nothing is hidden and everything AI performs is explainable.
4. Safety: Al technology, tools and practices should be so implemented such that they cause no direct or
indirect harm to data, people and the outcomes.
12) What is AI Bias?
AI bias is an anomaly (discrimination) in the result produced through AI based programs and algorithms
because of discriminatory assumption made during the algorithm development process or prejudices in the
training data.

13) What is deep fake technology?

A Deepfake is a type of synthetic media created using artificial intelligence (AI), especially deep learning
techniques, where a person in an existing image, audio, or video is replaced with someone else’s likeness in
a very realistic way.
Examples: Replacing an actor’s face with someone else’s in a movie clip.
Cloning someone’s voice to make them say things they never said.
Misuse in fake news, misinformation, fraud, cybercrime, and identity theft

14) What is AI Project Cycle?

Project Cycle is a step-by-step process to solve problems using proven scientific methods and drawing
inferences about them.
15) What are the various stages of AI Project Cycle?
Components of the project cycle are the steps that contribute to completing the Project.
The Components of AI Project Cycle are: -
❖ Problem Scoping - Understanding the problem
❖ Data Acquisition - Collecting accurate and reliable data
❖ Data Exploration - Arranging the data uniformly
❖ Modelling - Creating Models from the data
❖ Evaluation - Evaluating the project
16) 4 W's of Problem Scoping
Problem Statement Template
The 4W’s of Problem Scoping are Who, What, Where, and Why.
This W’s helps in identifying and understanding the problem in a better and efficient manner.

❖ Who - “Who” part helps us in comprehending and categorizing who all are affected directly
and indirectly with the problem and who are called the Stake Holders.
❖ What - “What” part helps us in understanding and identifying the nature of the problem and under this
block, you also gather evidence to prove that the problem you have selected exists.
❖ Where - "Where” does the problem arise, situation, context, and location?
❖ Why - “Why” is the given problem worth solving?

17) Create a 4W canvas for the following. As more and more new technologies get into play, risk will
get more concentrated into common networks. Cybersecurity becomes extremely complicated in such
scenarios and goes beyond the control of firewalls. It will not be able to detect unusual activities,
patterns, including the movement of data. Think how AI algorithms can scrap through vast amounts
of logs to identify susceptible user behavior. Use an AI project cycle to clearly identify the scope and
how you will collect the data.
ANS:-
Who: Network users, IT security professionals, and organisations using interconnected systems.
What: Cybersecurity risks increase due to complex systems and limited capabilities of traditional firewalls.
Where: Across cloud services, smart devices, and interconnected digital networks.
Why: Identifying abnormal user behaviour through AI can help detect cyber threats early.
Problem Statement:
Our organisations and users have a problem of data breaches and cyber threats when using complex
networks. An ideal solution would be AI algorithms to monitor and detect suspicious activity from logs.
18)What is data visualization?
Data visualisation presents data in graphical formats to identify trends and patterns. Techniques include bar
graphs and pie charts for visual clarity.
19) Distinguish between data and information.
Data Information
Raw facts and figures without context. Processed, organized, or structured data that has
meaning and is useful for decision-making.
Unorganized, does not have any specific meaning. Interpreted and meaningful.
Numbers, symbols, characters, raw observations. Summaries, reports
Example: Examples:
1. Marks scored by students: 50, 60, 75, 80. 1. “The average mark of the class is 66.”
2. Temperature readings: 32°C, 35°C, 30°C. 2. “Today’s weather is hot with an average
temperature of 32°C.”

20)What is data privacy?

Data Privacy (also called Information Privacy) refers to the practice of protecting sensitive or personal data
from unauthorized access, use, sharing, or disclosure. It ensures that individuals have control over how their
information is collected, stored, and used.
21)What is data security?

Data security, is the practices of protecting digital information from unauthorized access, corruption, or theft
throughout its entire life cycle.

22)What are the best practices for cyber security?

 Use strong, unique passwords (mix of letters, numbers, symbols).

 Change passwords regularly.
 Enable Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA/2FA).

 Avoid clicking on unknown links or suspicious email attachments.

 Do not share personal details on untrusted sites.

23)What is Data Literacy Process Framework?

The Data Literacy Process Framework is a structured approach that explains how people can
effectively understand, analyze, interpret, and use data for decision-making.

24)What is data literacy?

Data Literacy is the ability to read, understand, create, and communicate data as information. It’s about
knowing how to interpret data correctly and use it effectively to make decisions.

25)What is Primary Data Source

Ans:- Data collected directly from the original source for a specific purpose.

Characteristics:

 First-hand information.
  Collected specifically for the study or research.
 Usually more accurate and reliable.

26)What is Secondary Data Source

Ans:- Data collected from existing sources that was originally collected for another purpose.

Characteristics:

 Second-hand information.
 May not be fully specific to your study.
 Easier and quicker to obtain.

27)What is Big Data?

Big Data refers to extremely large and complex datasets that traditional data processing tools cannot
efficiently handle, store, or analyze. It’s not just the volume of data but also the speed and variety of data
that makes it “big.”

28)What are the Key Characteristics of Big Data (The 4 Vs)

1. Volume – Huge amounts of data (terabytes, petabytes, or more).

2. Velocity – Data is generated and processed very quickly (real-time or near real-time).
3. Variety – Data comes in different formats: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured (text,
images, videos, logs).
4. Veracity – The accuracy and trustworthiness of data.

Big Data = High Volume + Fast Velocity + Many Varieties + Reliable Veracity

29)What re the various data visualization techniues?

Ans: MS Excel, spreadsheet, Data wrapper, Power BI, Google data studios, Tableau.
30)What is tableau?
Ans:- Tableau is a powerful data visualization tool used to analyze, visualize, and share data in an interactive
and easy-to-understand way.
It offers an effective platform for creating visually appealing charts graphs.

31)What is data interpretation?

Ans:-Data Interpretation is the process of examining, analyzing, and making sense of data to draw meaningful
conclusions and support decision-making.
32)Give some real world examples of data.
Ans:-Sales data, health data , social media data, financial data, transport data