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PATIENT
SATISFACTION
U N DERSTAN DIN G AN D MAN AGIN G TH E
EXPERIEN CE OF CARE, SECON D EDITION
IRWIN PRESS
ACHE MANAGEMENT SERIES
HEALTH ADMINISTRATION PRESS
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1 American College of Healthcare Executives
2 Management Series Editorial Board
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4 Terence T. Cunningham, III, FACHE
5 Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, TX
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Carolyn C. Carpenter, CHE
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Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC
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9 Ralph B. Charlip, FACHE
10 VA Health Administration Center, Denver, CO
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James L. Goodloe, FACHE
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Tennessee Hospital Association, Nashville, TN
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14 Debra L. Griffin
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15 Humphreys County Memorial Hospital, Belzoni, MS * 38.59608
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Nick Macchione, CHE
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19 John M. Snyder, FACHE
20 Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL [-2], (2)
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LCDR Mark J. Stevenson, FACHE
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TRICARE Management Activity, Aurora, CO
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24 Mikki K. Stier, FACHE
25 Broadlawns Medical Center, Des Moines, IA
26 Warren K. West, CHE
27 Copley Health Systems, Inc., Morrisville, VT
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29 Frederick C. Young, Jr., FACHE
30 Methodist Health System Foundation, New Orleans, LA
31 Alan M. Zuckerman, FACHE
32 Health Strategies & Solutions, Inc., Philadelphia, PA
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Irwin Press
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34 Health Administration Press
35 ACHE Management Series
1 Your board, staff, or clients may also benefit from this book’s insight. For more
2 information on quantity discounts, contact the Health Administration Press Marketing
Manager at (312) 424-9470.
3
This publication is intended to provide accurate and authoritative information
4 in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold, or otherwise provided, with the
5 understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If
6 professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent
professional should be sought.
7
The statements and opinions contained in this book are strictly those of the
8 author(s) and do not represent the official positions of the American College of
9 Healthcare Executives or of the Foundation of the American College of Healthcare
10 Executives. [Last Page]
Copyright © 2006 by the Foundation of the American College of Healthcare
11 [-4], (4)
Executives. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. This book or
12 parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the
13 publisher.
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15 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
1.20007p
16 Press, Irwin. ———
17 Patient satisfaction : understanding and managing the experience of care / Irwin Normal Page
Press.—2nd ed. PgEnds: TEX
18
p. cm.
19 Previous ed. has subtitle: Defining, measuring, and improving the experience
20 of care. [-4], (4)
21 Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-1-56793-250-8 (alk. paper)
22
ISBN-10: 1-56793-250-9 (alk. paper)
23 1. Patient satisfaction. 2. Physician and patient. 3. Medical care—Quality
24 control. I. Title.
25 R727.3.P725 2005
362.1068—dc22 2005054579
26
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
27
National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
28 Materials, ansi z39.48-1984.
⬁™
29 Acquisitions manager: Audrey Kaufman; Project manager: Amanda Karvelaitis; Cover
30 designer: Betsy Pérez
31 Health Administration Press
32 A division of the Foundation of the
American College of Healthcare Executives
33
1 North Franklin Street, Suite 1700
34 Chicago, IL 60606-3424
35 (312) 424-2800
1
2
Contents
3
4 Foreword ix
5
Preface xiii
6
7 Acknowledgments xvii
8
9 1 Justifying the Effort: Patient Satisfaction
10 and the Quality of Care 1 [First Page]
11 The Care Versus Service Fallacy 2 [-5], (1)
12 Care Versus Cure 5
13 The Link to Quality 6
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14 Safety and Satisfaction 10
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15 Conclusions 11 4.76207pt
16 Action for Satisfaction 12 ———
17 Short Page
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18
and Organizational Effectiveness 15
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The Link to Employee Satisfaction 15
20 [-5], (1)
The Link to Physician Satisfaction 18
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The Link to Competitive Strength 19
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The Link to Profitability 24
23
The Link to Accountability 28
24
The Link to Risk Management 29
25
Conclusions 31
26
Action for Satisfaction 33
27
28 3 The Basics of Patient Satisfaction 37
29 What Is Being Evaluated? 37
30 Expectations and Hopes 40
31 Satisfaction as a Product of Interaction
32 Between Two Cultures 44
33 Conclusions 48
34 Action for Satisfaction 48
35
v
1 4 Digging Deeper: Patient Versus Clinical Cultures 53
2 Illness Versus Disease 54
3 Evolution of an Illness 55
4 Roles and Identities 70
5 The Clash of Cultures 72
6 Conclusions 73
7 Action for Satisfaction 76
8
5 Dealing with Cultural Diversity 81
9
The Case for Cultural Competence in Healthcare 81
10
Who Is Culturally Diverse? 84
11 [-6], (2)
Responding to Diversity 85
12
Identifying Variant Patient Needs 88
13
Creating a Program 91 Lines: 73 to
14
Staff Diversity 96 ———
15 -3.35602p
Conclusions 99
16 ———
Action for Satisfaction 100
17 Normal Page
18 6 From Theory to Method: Using Your Survey PgEnds: TEX
19 Data Effectively 105
20 Possibilities and Limitations of Satisfaction Surveys 106 [-6], (2)
21 What Are Patient Satisfaction Surveys Really
22 Measuring? 107
23 Calculating and Reporting Scores 111
24
Score Variance 114
25
Interpreting the Data 114
26
Conclusions 128
27
Action for Satisfaction 128
28 7 Mining the Data for Insights 131
29 Analysis by Length of Stay 132
30 Analysis by Age and Medical Specialty 133
31 Analysis by Payer 136
32 Identifying Individual Physicians 137
33 Using Multiple Variables: Physician, Profit,
34 and Satisfaction 138
35 Analysis by Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) 139
vi Contents
1 Identifying Priority Improvement Targets 141
2 Conclusions 142
3 Action for Satisfaction 143
4
8 From Data to Action 145
5
Don’t Shoot the Messenger 145
6
Go Beyond the Numbers for Insight 147
7
Set Goals for Patient Satisfaction 153
8
Conclusions 158
9
Action for Satisfaction 159
10
11 9 From Action to Satisfaction—Creating a Culture, [-7], (3)
12 Not Just a Program 161
13 What Do We Mean by “Culture”? 163
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15 Organizations 166 5.196pt Pg
16 Conclusions 187 ———
17 Action for Satisfaction 188 Normal Page
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10 Fifty Nifty Ideas for Improving Patient Satisfaction,
19
by Mary Malone 201
20 [-7], (3)
First Impressions and Welcoming Experiences 202
21
Lasting Impressions and Powerful Goodbyes 204
22
The Discharge Process as a Last Impression 205
23
Amenities and Special Services 206
24
Food and Nutrition Services 208
25
Improving Communication and Involving Family
26
Members 209
27
Waiting Times and Call-Button Response 210
28
Service Guarantees 212
29
Employees and Physicians 213
30
Conclusions 215
31
32 11 The Emergency Department: A Special Case 217
33 Are They Patients or Customers? 217
34 Who Is an Emergency Patient? 220
35 What Is an Emergency? 220
Contents vii
1 The Double Bind 223
2 Taking Patients Seriously 225
3 Moral Evaluations of Patients 226
4 Labeling 228
5 Delays and Waiting Time 230
6 The Ideal Emergency Department 236
7 Conclusions 243
8 Action for Satisfaction 243
9
12 Implementing Change 247
10
Getting Started 247
11 [-8], (4)
Monetary Rewards for Desired Performance 257
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Conclusions 259
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About the Author 261 ———
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viii Contents
1
2
3
4
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6 Foreword: The Emerging Context
7
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of Patient Satisfaction
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10 Ian Morrison, Ph.D.
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18 E v e r y o n e w i l l t e l l you that the patient is at the center of PgEnds: TEX
19 healthcare. Doctors, nurses, and hospital CEOs tell you, “We put
20 the patient first.” Even strategy consultants put the patient at the [-9], (5)
21 center of their PowerPoint slides. But to put the patient first requires
22 discipline by both caregivers and institutions. Simply saying it does
23 not make it so.
24 Over the last thirty years, a new science has emerged: measur-
25 ing and then managing the patient’s experience of care. This new
26 science provides the discipline needed to really put the patient first.
27 Irwin Press, Ph.D., has been a pioneer in this new field as
28 thinker, teacher, leader, and entrepreneur. Press and his colleagues
29 have built the intellectual and service infrastructure used to mea-
30 sure and manage patient satisfaction in healthcare. His deep re-
31 search base and practical insights are invaluable to those who want
32 to improve the patient’s experience. This book is particularly timely
33 because of four key trends in the healthcare marketplace: new con-
34 sumers, consumer-deflected healthcare, the rise of transparency in
35 cost and quality, and transformational purchasing.
ix
1 NEW CONSUMERS
2
3 While breathless nonsense has been written and spoken regard-
4 ing the consumer in healthcare, it is undeniable that there are
5 powerful forces making the consumer more central as both de-
6 manding patient and reluctant payer. Baby-boom patients, or those
7 caring for or advising aging parents, are more skeptical and de-
8 manding than previous generations; they want and expect high
9 levels of service from institutions. The generations that follow are
10 even more demanding; they are on-line, plugged-in, and difficult
11 to please. Healthcare institutions need to take the pulse of these [-10], (6)
12 emerging consumers and respond intelligently to their needs, wants,
13 and aspirations.
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16 C O N S U M E R - D E F L E C T E D H E A LT H C A R E ———
17 Normal Page
18 The trend toward patient as payer of healthcare, couched in the PgEnds: TEX
19 language of consumer-directed healthcare, is perhaps the most im-
20 portant. The idea is to deflect the responsibility for payment and [-10], (6)
21 decision making in healthcare toward the consumer. Consumer
22 copayments, deductibles, and premium sharing are on the rise.
23 New plan designs, such as health savings accounts and so-called
24 consumer-directed health plans, are stalking horses for a broader
25 trend toward high-deductible health plans. Primary care is turning
26 retail, and while hospital care is covered for catastrophic cases, there
27 are a lot of deductibles and cost-sharing gimmicks on the way to full
28 coverage.
29 All of these cost-shifting arrangements are forcing consumers
30 to make choices. The best plans and benefit designs provide some
31 tools to judge the price and quality trade-offs, but they are still
32 inadequate. The worst designs force significant noncompliance for
33 those with chronic illness and create an irritating and sometimes
34 financially devastating “gothca” when poor patients finally find out
35 how much they really owe. One thing I know from twenty years of
x Foreword
1 survey research with my partners at Harris Interactive and Harvard
2 University is that when consumers pay more out-of-pocket, they
3 get very cranky with the healthcare system in general; this spills over
4 into their satisfaction with care. We are not there yet, but managing
5 the patient’s experience of billing and collecting, of communicating
6 prices and cost sharing, and of managing expectations when real
7 consumer dollars change hands will become ever more critical in
8 the future.
9
10
11 THE RISE OF TRANSPARENCY [-11], (7)
12 IN COST AND QUALITY
13
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14 The confluence of three powerful forces is fueling the rise of trans-
———
15 parency in cost and quality. First are the aforementioned trends 4.9315pt P
16 toward consumer responsibility for payment and decision making. ———
17 You cannot ask consumers to choose without providing them with Normal Page
18 information on which to base the choices. (By the way, the tools PgEnds: TEX
19 today are woefully inadequate, particularly in measuring the cost
20 part of the calculus.) Second is the rise of the quality movement. [-11], (7)
21 From Six Sigma to the National Quality Forum, from the Insti-
22 tute for Healthcare Improvement to the National Committee on
23 Quality Assurance, pioneering institutions have helped us turn the
24 corner on the measurement and reporting of cost and quality of
25 health plans, hospitals, nursing homes, and individual providers.
26 Providers fought this kicking and screaming—or passively aggres-
27 sively at best—but the momentum is such that we will not go back
28 to a healthcare system where decisions are made solely on blind
29 trust or a hunch, unencumbered by evidence. Third, and perhaps
30 most important, is the big dog, CMS, the artist formerly known as
31 HCFA, which has embraced measurement and reporting and will
32 embed such measures in future payment streams (more of which
33 below). All of these trends toward transparency of quality and cost
34 measures make the measurement and management of patient sat-
35 isfaction more important than ever before. The need is even more
Foreword xi
1 acute because, as this book clearly shows, patient satisfaction, clini-
2 cal performance, institutional excellence, and overall quality are all
3 closely correlated.
4
5
6 T R A N F O R M AT I O N A L P U R C H A S I N G
7
8 Large purchasers, both public and private, are using their purchas-
9 ing clout and their ability to engage individual patients through
10 benefit designs (as levers and agents) to transform healthcare de- [Last Page]
11 livery. This is taking the form of pay-for-performance initiatives, [-12], (8)
12 where provider reimbursement is tied to specific performance mea-
13 sures of clinical care and patient satisfaction. This is also seen in the
emerging tiered-network products, where consumers will be given Lines: 250 to
14
financial incentives to select providers and hospitals based on their ———
15 1.83551p
16 measured clinical quality and efficiency. Patients will be given a fi- ———
17 nancial break if they use the more efficient providers (sounds like Normal Page
18 managed care in the 1980s, eh?). But this time, so the argument PgEnds: TEX
19 goes, health plans are selecting the “most efficient” based not only
20 on the depth of the price discounts but also on the quality and [-12], (8)
21 satisfaction measures, as well as on the longitudinal analysis of the
22 provider’s overall use and cost of healthcare for a given set of condi-
23 tions. The broader intent of all these transformational purchasing
24 initiatives is to encourage the healthcare delivery system to improve
25 in terms of cost, quality, and patient satisfaction. Therefore, we will
26 need clear and defensible scorecards for the new world that measure
27 and report all the elements of the emerging calculus from price to
28 patient satisfaction.
29
30 This book is both timeless and timely. It is timeless in that Irwin
31 Press knows the patient satisfaction business better than anyone
32 else. But it is also particularly timely because of the trends described
33 above. If the patient is truly going to be at the center of healthcare,
34 we need to measure and manage their experience, not just pass the
35 burden to them and hope they don’t notice.
xii Foreword
1
2
3
4
5
6
Preface to the Second Edition
7
8
9
10 [First Page]
11 [-13], (1)
12
13
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14
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15 Th i s s e co n d e d i t i o n offers some significant new material. A 0.0pt PgVa
16 new chapter on cultural competence deals with the ways in which ———
17 hospitals can manage both diverse patients and staff. Another new Normal Page
18 chapter offers 50 easy ideas for improving patients’ hospital experi- PgEnds: TEX
19 ence. There are new chapter segments on patient safety, physician
20 satisfaction, complaint management, and scripting. The basic mes- [-13], (1)
21 sage, however, will never change: A concern for patient satisfaction
22 is good for all constituencies.
23 A few words on how to use the book: The first two chapters
24 are devoted to justifying why serious attention must be paid to pa-
25 tient satisfaction. These chapters should be mandatory reading by
26 all. Staff will be far more committed to your satisfaction programs
27 when they can fully appreciate that both their mission and their
28 jobs are significantly dependent on patient perceptions and evalu-
29 ations of care. Chapters 3 and 4 dig beneath the surface for insight
30 to the roots of patient satisfaction. Nurses, physicians, technolo-
31 gists, and other front line staff will benefit from understanding that
32 satisfaction is the product of interaction between two cultures—
33 patient and hospital. What patients want from care is far more than
34 smiles and introductions. It is a complex business. Chapter 10, con-
35 tributed by consultant Mary Malone, offers 50 proven examples
xiii
1 of satisfaction-enhancing ideas from hospitals across the country.
2 Chapter 11 offers insight into the complex nature of the emergency
3 department visit. The rest of the chapters will be of particular rele-
4 vance to those who direct and implement your patient satisfaction
5 programs. These chapters reflect two basic concepts: (1) You cannot
6 manage well what you do not measure well; and (2) Measurement
7 alone is not management. We look at how to analyze your patient
8 survey data to get maximum insight into the sources of satisfac-
9 tion and dissatisfaction. We then look at ideas and techniques for
10 improving the patient’s experience of care.
11 Since the first edition of the book appeared several years ago, [-14], (2)
12 national discussions of patient satisfaction have heated up. The
13 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
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14 (JCAHO) requires hospitals to monitor satisfaction. The Centers
———
15 for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has finally developed its 0.0pt PgV
16 Hospital Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Survey (HCAHPS) ———
17 with the expectation that hospitals will use it for public reporting Normal Page
18 of patient satisfaction levels. PgEnds: TEX
19 “Pay for performance” is an evolving concept. External entities
20 may look at hospital quality in calculating reimbursements. Inter- [-14], (2)
21 nally, growing numbers of hospitals are using patient satisfaction
22 scores in decisions regarding staff compensation and bonuses. Some
23 hospitals are holding outside venders, such as food service or house-
24 keeping contractors, responsible for maintaining high satisfaction
25 scores and are tying a portion of the contract price to survey results.
26 Nationally and publicly, concern for satisfaction is socially and po-
27 litically correct.
28 Of all the reasons for paying attention to patient satisfaction,
29 only one transcends correctness, accountability, or accreditation
30 standards—quality of care. Patient satisfaction is important because
31 it is a component of care as well as an outcome of care. When pa-
32 tients are satisfied, both the immediate care and subsequent clin-
33 ical outcomes are enhanced. At the same time, when the quality
34 of care is high, satisfaction will be measurably high. This “double
35 whammy” should be sufficient to make improving and monitoring
xvii
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1
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3 CHAPTER 1
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Justifying the Effort:
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the Quality of Care
10 [First Page]
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17 Satisfying patients takes serious effort. So, why bother Normal Page
18 with it? There are loads of reasons. In sum, patient satisfaction can PgEnds: TEX
19 be a core strategy for achieving and sustaining the mission of your
20 institution. When you take patient satisfaction very seriously, [1], (1)
21
• you will achieve higher quality of care;
22
• your staff will be more content with their jobs, and turnover
23
will be lower;
24
• you will be more likely to stay financially healthy;
25
• your competitive position will be strengthened; and
26
• you will be less likely to be sued.
27
28 Patient satisfaction is a hot topic. Everyone pays lip service to
29 it. It’s politically correct. The Joint Commission says you have to
30 monitor patient satisfaction, and it can also satisfy ORYX require-
31 ments. The National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)
32 requires HMOs to monitor it. The Centers for Medicare & Medi-
33 caid Services (CMS) has developed the Hospital Consumer Assess-
34 ment of Health Plans Survey (HCAHPS) that it wants hospitals
35 to use as a public patient satisfaction report card. State hospital
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