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Becoming the Story War Correspondents since 9 11
Lindsay Palmer Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Lindsay Palmer
ISBN(s): 9780252083211, 0252083210
Edition: Paperback
File Details: PDF, 2.54 MB
Year: 2018
Language: english
B
ECO
MIN
G
T
HE WA
CO
R
R
RESP
OND
ENT
S

S
TOR
Y9/11
SI
NCE

LI
NDSAY PALMER
Becoming the Story
the history of communic ation

Robert W. McChesney
and John C. Nerone, editors

A list of books in the series

appears at the end of this book.
Becoming the Story

War Correspondents since 9/11

LINDSAY PALMER
© 2018 by the Board of Trustees
of the University of Illinois
All rights reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Palmer, Lindsay, author.
Title: Becoming the story: war correspondents since 9/11 /
Lindsay Palmer.
Description: [Urbana, Illinois] : University of Illinois,
[2017] | Series: The history of communication | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: l c cn 2017031827 | isbn 9780252083211 (pbk. : alk.
paper)
Subjects: l c sh : War correspondents—History—21st century.
| September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001—Influence. | Pearl,
Daniel, 1963–2002. | Woodruff, Bob, 1961– | Bahari, Maziar. |
Fathi, Nazila, 1970– | Colvin, Marie.
Classification: l c c pn4823 .p35 2017 | ddc 070.4/333—dc23
lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017031827

Cover illustration: French photographer Remi Ochlik in Cairo,

Egypt, November 23, 2011. (Reuters/Julien de Rosa/Handout)
For Jeff
 Contents

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction 1
1 The “Blood Messenger”: Daniel Pearl’s 2002 Kidnapping
in Pakistan 26
2 The “Walking Wounded”: Bob Woodruff ’s 200 6 Injury
in Iraq 50
3 The “Exile’s Eye”: Maziar Bahari and Nazila Fathi’s
2009 E xpulsion from Iran 77
4 The “Intimate Threat”: Lara Logan’s 2011
Sexual Assault in Egypt 105
5 The “Living Dead”: Marie Colvin’s 2012 Death in Syria 132
Conclusion 158

Appendix: Research Methods 167

Notes 177
Bibliography 179
Index 197
 Acknowledgments

So many people helped me through the daunting (but rewarding) process

of writing this book. I first have to thank my mentor and friend, Lisa Parks.
Somewhere on a dusty red road in Macha, Zambia—where we were working
on an entirely different project than this one—Lisa told me: “There are many
different ways to do research.” That really stuck with me, and it helped me
to push the boundaries of what was “possible” in writing my first book. So,
a special thanks to Lisa, for that vital encouragement! I also want to thank
Michael Curtin, Janet Walker, Lisa Hajjar, Constance Penley, Anna Everett,
Cristina Venegas, Jennifer Holt, Chuck Wolfe, Greg Siegel, Peter Bloom, and
Bhaskar Sarkar. Each of you helped me to think through the ideas in t his
book, in one way or another! So, too, did Abigail Hinsman, Hannah Good-
win, Rahul Mukherjee, Anastasia Yumeko Hill, Lan Le, Alston D’Silva, John
Vanderhoef, Rachel Fabian, Greg Burris, Carlos Jimenez, Teddy Pozo, and
Sara Hinojos.
I am very fortunate to have found a new academic family in the School
of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Wisconsin-
Madison. Thank you to my brilliant SJMC colleagues Sue Robinson, Katy
Culver, Karyn Riddle, Young Mie Kim, Hernando Rojas, Lucas Graves, Lew
Friedland, Dhavan Shah, Doug McLeod, Chris Wells, Hemant Shah, Bob
Drechsel, Mike Wagner, Steve Vaughn, Greg Downey, Al Gunther, Jo El-
len Fair, Shawnika Hull, Molly Wright Steenson, and the incomparable Jim
Baughman. Alongside my colleagues on the SJMC faculty, I owe a great deal
to the impressive graduate students who took my Fall 2015 seminar on ethics
in post-9/11 war reporting; their insightful comments in class were a constant
x . ack now ledgmen t s

inspiration. One of these students, Alicia Wright, served as a project assistant

for the research in this book, and so I especially want to thank her and Lanni
Solochek, my undergraduate researcher.
A number of other scholars offered me their invaluable assistance or ad-
vice in the pursuit of this project, at various points in time: Jad Melki, Daya
Kishan Thussu, Stuart Allan, Howard Tumber, Herman Wasserman, Barbie
Zelizer, Toby Miller, and Stacy Takacs. Thanks to each of you for taking the
time to talk these ideas through with me, and for connecting me with your
contacts. A big, big thank you to my editor Daniel Nasset, whose patience and
guidance helped me to keep my sanity throughout this process! And perhaps
most especially, I’d like to thank my family: my parents, sister, and brother
for their interest in my admittedly depressing research, and my amazing
husband Jeff—for tolerating the fact that I always seem to be talking about
death, and for believing that I could write a b ook in t he first place. Jeff, I
don’t know where I’d be without you and our beautiful son Cade.
Becoming the Story
 Introduction

Shortly after the September 11, 2001, attacks on the Pentagon and the World
Trade Center, international correspondent Hashem Ahelbarra found himself
covering the aftermath for his then-employer, Abu Dhabi TV:
Ground Zero to me was—it was really difficult for an Arab journalist to cover
that story. Not really a good place to be if you were an Arab. So, I would go for
a Latin American name because the tension was really high at that particular
moment, at that particular area. (pers. comm., April 2013)

At the same time that Ahelbarra was covering the attacks in the United States
from an “outsider’s” perspective—and finding it necessary to pass as a dif-
ferent, less “threatening” type of “outsider” in t he process—freelance war
correspondent Sebastian Junger was woefully far from the action unfolding
in his home nation:
On 9/11 tself,
i I was overseas on assignment in Moldova. I wasn’t in the coun-
try. I live in New York, obviously. So, as a war reporter, I had the strange
sense that I’d missed the war in my own country. I’m a New Yorker, and I
wasn’t here when that happened, and it really felt quite remiss. (pers. comm.,
February 2013)

For war reporters from diverse national backgrounds, 9/11 wasn’t just an-
other news event. The September 11, 2001, attacks on the Pentagon and the
World Trade Center changed their careers, and in some cases, changed their
lives. But 9/11 meant different things to different journalists. For Ahelbarra, it
meant new wars in his own region of the world. “I can say that the post-9/11
legacy is particularly characterized by—it’s been a hectic, hectic settlement,
2 . INTRODUC TION

tense zones, conflicts, wars ever since” (pers. comm., April 2013). For NPR
correspondent Lourdes Garcia-Navarro, it meant traveling to Afghanistan
and later to Iraq, where she would eventually suffer the harrowing symptoms
of posttraumatic stress disorder (pers. comm., July 2014). And for Egyptian-
born ABC field producer Hoda Abdel-Hamid, it meant covering Iraq sur-
rounded by U.S.-born colleagues who she felt were “full of hatred” for the
“enemy” (pers. comm., April 2013). U.S. war correspondents turned their
eyes to their own cities, while correspondents like Ahelbarra wondered what
9/11 would mean for journalists who weren’t from the United States (pers.
comm., April 2013). In turn, white journalists from Anglophone countries
like the United States and Britain began to feel that they were being targeted
in the field because of anti-American sentiment abroad.
Meanwhile, foreign-desk editors and bureau chiefs based at mainstream,
English-language news organizations scrambled to address a very sudden
shift in priorities. Bill Spindle, who was the assistant foreign editor of the
Wall Street Journal on September 11, watched as his staff of foreign corre-
spondents grew from a grand total of four reporters to fourteen reporters,
seemingly overnight (pers. comm., July 2015). Former editor at the Wash-
ington Post David Hoffman reminisces that the period after 9/11 “fueled this
incredible desire to be first and best in the world at what we were doing”
(pers. comm., February 2015). And former editor at the New York Times,
William Schmidt, recalls that the post-9/11 period saw a new attention to
foreign correspondents’ safety at the Times (pers. comm., March 2015). For
each of these journalists and editors, the events of September 11 seemed to
mark a turning point for the professional practice of war reporting.
This book examines the cultural labor of Anglophone war correspondents
after 9/11, drawing upon the theoretical frameworks found in t he field of
critical-cultural media studies to advance three central arguments:
1. Though 9/11 appeared to be a turning point for conflict corre-
spondents, many of the obstacles that they faced had their roots in
nineteenth- and twentieth-century war reporting. 9/11 undoubtedly
ushered in an era of intensifying industrial, technological, and politi-
cal challenges, but these challenges had long histories.
2. The professional practice of twenty-first-century war reporting did
see the rise of a new phenomenon that I am calling “safety culture”:
a highly discursive, performative process through which the entire
profession began to think, plan, and talk more about safety in the
field. Yet, this “safety culture” did not necessarily make correspon-
 INTRODUC TION · 3

dents safer at all. In fact, safety training and insurance were distrib-
uted according to a hierarchy that was nationalized, racialized, and
gendered.
3. Despite the systemic nature of the problems that informed the labor
of Anglophone war correspondence after 9/11, the news narratives
of this era often focused on individual war correspondents’ safety
catastrophes. These catastrophes were transformed into melodramas
that represented war correspondents as the neoliberal subjects of
late capitalism, while simplifying the deep structural problems that
engendered correspondents’ mishaps—and the geopolitical conflicts
they were covering—in the first place.

In making these arguments, I will ultimately show that media scholars need
to engage in the ethical practice of “framing the frame” (Butler 2009)—n ot
just in the philosophical sense of which Judith Butler speaks but also in a very
literal sense. Though it may be easier to stop at a critical analysis of melodra-
matic news media texts, the Anglophone war reporting industry isn’t nearly
as cohesive or simplistic as these news narratives suggest. Far from being a
well-oiled “machine,” the industry is a diffuse network of moving parts that
often work against each other, rather than working cohesively. If we hope to
see the improvement of Anglophone war correspondents’ reportage, as well
as the improvement of the conditions in which they work, it is first neces-
sary to understand Anglophone conflict reporting for the heterogeneous and
contradictory profession that it is.
I should clarify from the outset that this book specifically examines the
first decade after the September 11 attacks, stopping at 2012. I set these param-
eters because this was a time when journalists, academics, politicians, and
ordinary people were proclaiming that a “new” era had begun. As Vincent
Mosco asserts, the “end of history” myth is centuries old; yet it was prevalent
in the discourse addressing 9/11 (2005). During this decade, politicians, pun-
dits, and news organizations engaged in the studied obfuscation of history’s
“baggage” (ibid., 57). For that reason alone, the years directly following 9/11
are important years for media scholars to study.
I have also chosen to examine war reporting during this period because,
when the United States and its allies reacted to 9/11 by launching the “war on
terror,” a vast array of U.S., British, and Canadian journalists descended upon
the world’s conflict zones. This decade saw a renewed attention to western-
based, English-language war coverage and to foreign news reporting more
broadly. At the same time, the period also saw a number of safety catastrophes
Other documents randomly have
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 Communication - Study Cards
First 2023 - University

Prepared by: Instructor Brown

Date: July 28, 2025

Module 1: Best practices and recommendations

Learning Objective 1: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Appendix 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Example 10: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 12: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Lesson 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 24: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 25: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 27: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Discussion 4: Experimental procedures and results
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 32: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 35: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 36: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 5: Study tips and learning strategies
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 44: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 45: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 47: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 48: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 49: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Discussion 6: Ethical considerations and implications
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 53: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 57: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 58: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Unit 7: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Practice Problem 60: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 63: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 65: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 68: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Abstract 8: Case studies and real-world applications
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 72: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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