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Histories of Archaeology A Reader in the History of
Archaeology 1st Edition Tim Murray Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Tim Murray, Christopher Evans
ISBN(s): 9780199550081, 0199550085
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.24 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
H I S TO R I E S O F A RC H A E O LO G Y
This page intentionally left blank
 HISTORIES OF
ARCHAEOLOGY
A Reader in the History of Archaeology

Edited by
T I M M U R R AY AN D C H R I S TO P H E R EVA N S

1
 3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp
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It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
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Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press
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Published in the United States
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# Oxford University Press 2008
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Histories of archaeology : a reader in the history of archaeology / edited by Tim Murray and
Christopher Evans.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–19–955008–1 ISBN 978–0–19–955007–4
1. Archaeology–Historiography. 2. Archaeology–History. 3. Archaeology and history.
4. Archaeology–Social aspects. 5. Archaeology–Political aspects. I. Murray, Tim, 1955–
II. Evans, Christopher, 1955–
CC100.H57 2008
930.1—dc22 2008022397
Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
Printed in Great Britain
on acid-free paper by
CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire

ISBN 978–0–19–955008–1 (Pbk.) 978–0–19–955007–4 (Hbk.)

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
To the memory of Bruce Trigger (1937–2006)
pioneer historian of archaeology
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

List of Illustrations ix

1. Introduction 1
2. Jacob W. Gruber: Brixham Cave and the Antiquity of
Man (1965) 13
3. David Clarke: Introduction and Polemic (1968) 46
4. Jim Allen: Perspectives of a Sentimental Journey:
V. Gordon Childe in Australia 1917–1921 (1981) 58
5. Martin Hall: The Burden of Tribalism: The Social
Context of Southern African Iron Age Studies (1984) 72
6. Don D. Fowler: Uses of the Past: Archaeology in the
Service of the State (1987) 93
7. Bettina Arnold: The Past as Propaganda: Totalitarian
Archaeology in Nazi Germany (1990) 120
8. Tim Murray: The History, Philosophy, and Sociology
of Archaeology: The Case of the Ancient Monuments
Protection Act (1882) (1990) 145
9. Douglas R. Givens: The Role of Biography in Writing
the History of Archaeology (1992) 177
10. Michael Dietler: ‘Our Ancestors the Gauls’: Archaeology,
Ethnic Nationalism, and the Manipulation of Celtic
Identity in Modern Europe (1994) 194
11. Christopher Evans: Archaeology against the State:
Roots of Internationalism (1995) 222
12. Suzanne L. Marchand: Kultur and the World War (1996) 238
13. Margarita Dı́az-Andreu and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen:
Excavating Women: Towards an Engendered
History of Archaeology (1998) 279
14. Leo Klejn: Gustaf Kossinna (1858–1931) (2001) 312
viii Contents
15. Pedro Paulo A. Funari: A History of Archaeology in
Brazil (2001). 328
16. Wiktor Stoczkowski: How to BeneWt from
Received Ideas (2001) 346
17. Bruce Trigger: Historiography (2001) 360
18. Marc-Antoine Kaeser: On the International Roots
of Prehistory (2002) 378
19. Alain Schnapp: Between Antiquarians and
Archaeologists—Continuities and Ruptures (2002) 392

Original Publication Details 406

References 408
Index 463
 List of Illustrations

1.1 Darwin’s ‘Tree of Evolution’ from The Origin of Species

of 1859; Kroeber’s ‘Tree of Life’ and ‘Tree of Knowledge’. 2
7.1 Gustav Kossinna. 122
7.2 A distribution of ‘Germanic’ territory during the
Bronze Age. 123
7.3 Title page of the journal Die Kunde (1936). 130
7.4 Etching of Externsteine near Horn, from
Kreis Lippe 1748. 132
7.5 Example of ‘Germanenkitsch’ advertisement from
the journal Germanenerbe (1936). 133
7.6 Bronze-Age ‘Germans’. 138
10.1 Bronze statue of Vercingetorix by Millet (1865). 204
10.2 Bronze statue of Vercingetorix by Bartholdi (1870). 206
10.3 Painting of a ‘Gallic chief near the Roche Salvée of
Beuvray inspecting the horizon’, by Jules Didier (1895). 220
12.1 The Kaiser’s dig at Corfu, c.1911. Wilhelm is
pictured centre. 257
12.2 Theodor Wiegand on patrol with the German-Turkish
Monument Protection Commando, c.1917. 267
13.1 Johanna Mestorf. 294
13.2 Conference participants at the Wrst meeting of the
International Congress of Prehistoric Sciences in 1932. 301
18.1 Edouard Desor (1811–82), the initiator of the
International Congress of Prehistory. 386
18.2 Letter from Gabriel de Mortillet to Edouard
Desor, 22 June 1865. 389
18.3 Participants of the Wfth meeting of the International
Congress of Prehistory in Bologna (1871). 390
19.1 ‘Greek’ Menu for the 12th de Mortillet Dinner
(9 February 1901). Classical motifs: statue, Athena’s owl,
and a red-on-black nymph-chasing scene. 393
This page intentionally left blank
 1
Introduction: Writing Histories
of Archaeology
Tim Murray and Christopher Evans

TREES AND META- NA RRATIVES: HISTORIES

OF ARCHAEOLOGY

Any one of several organic analogies, particularly that of the Tree of

Knowledge, might usefully serve as the leitmotif of this volume, and
to help justify our choice of the plural in its title—‘Histories of
Archaeology’, as opposed to the singular case prefaced with The or
A. ‘Trees of Knowledge’ and/or ‘Development’ were widely used to
portray nineteenth- and early twentieth-century knowledge systems,
be they in architecture, languages, or race, and Pitt Rivers, for
example, was especially fond of them. Trees can also symbolize the
growth of disciplines. Archaeology had its roots in antiquarianism,
history, philology, ethnology, geology, and natural history generally.
From this grew the trunk that eventually branched out into various
sub-disciplines (e.g. biblical, Roman, medieval, scientiWc, and ‘new’
archaeology). The great meta-narratives of the history of archaeology
have followed this approach, with ‘archaeological thought’ or ‘arch-
aeological ideas’ having a common inheritance or ancestry in nine-
teenth-century positivist European science. From this main root-
stock, it eventually branched into subdivisions and out into the
world at large, fostering oVspring archaeologies diVerentiated by
geography, tradition, subWeld, or time period (Daniel 1975; Trigger
1989).
2 Tim Murray and Christopher Evans

figure 1.1 Darwin’s ‘Tree of Evolution’ from The Origin of Species of 1859
(top); below, Kroeber’s ‘Tree of Life’ (left) and ‘Tree of Knowledge’ (right;
after Kroeber 1948: 260).

Our aim in this volume, and that of much of recent archaeological

historiography, is to challenge this meta-narrative and to demonstrate
that there has been a great deal more variability of thought and
practice in the Weld than has been acknowledged. In this context we
think that Kroeber’s ‘Tree of Life/Culture’ (1948) (see Fig. 1.1) is a
more accurate visualization of the growth of archaeology. Instead of
just branching ‘naturally’, Kroeber’s branches have the capacity to
grow back on themselves and coalesce in the way that ‘thought’,
 Introduction 3
‘subjects’, and/or ‘institutions’/‘networks’ do. Yet Kroeber’s model still
relies on a single main trunk. If applied to the history of archaeology it
would not distinguish, for example, that antiquarianism did not
conveniently die out with the advent of archaeology as a discipline,
and that its history and development has always involved multiple
strands—in essence the existence of other possibilities and practices.
We intend this volume to stimulate the exploration of these other
possible archaeologies, past, present, and future, and to help us
acknowledge that the creation of world archaeologies, and the multi-
plication of interests and objectives among both the producers and
consumers of archaeological knowledge, will drive the creation of
still further variability. However, part of any acknowledgement of
alternatives and diVerences is the recognition of similarities that
derive from a common inheritance. SigniWcant issues in contempor-
ary archaeological practice are whether there is an irreducible discip-
linary core, whether archaeology as a discipline exists, and whether
archaeologists working in diVerent Welds, or from diVerent perspec-
tives, have enough in common to engage in meaningful disciplinary
conversation. We strongly believe that the history of archaeology has
a vital role to play in ensuring that such conversations occur, and that
they do so in an informed manner.

Histories of Archaeology
This book has its origins in the Archives, Ancestors, Practices: Archae-
ology in the Light of Its History Conference held in Göteborg under the
auspices of the Archives of European Archaeology (AREA) project.1
Over the course of three days more than a hundred participants engaged
in intensive debate about the nature of the history of archaeology and its
importance to the discipline in general. There was a real sense that the
historiography of archaeology had Wnally arrived as a legitimate and
exciting Weld of archaeological research. There was also considerable
surprise at the richness and diversity of contemporary research, and the
sense of rapidly expanding possibilities for research across a broad range

1 The history of AREA is fully described in Antiquity ‘Special Section’ vol. 76, 2002.
See the AREA web site: <http://www.area-archives.org>.
4 Tim Murray and Christopher Evans
of interests—from biographies of practitioners both ‘famous’ and less
well-known, through to the histories of archaeological institutions and,
of course, studies of the social and cultural contexts of archaeological
knowledge. The days of regular programmatic announcements about
the importance of the history of archaeology could now be declared
over, as practitioners recognized that in excess of forty years of research
and writing had accumulated a body of work that has become a
keystone to any mature reading of the discipline.
The papers from the Göteborg conference will be published in
another volume in this series (for which see Schlanger and Nord-
bladh forthcoming). Our reader comprises papers drawn from the
years preceding all the excitement in Sweden, and represents a small
sample of work published in English in the key areas of the Weld—
historiography, biography, institutional histories, studies of the social
and cultural contexts of archaeological knowledge, and studies of the
evolution of archaeology as a distinct discipline. Robust arguments
for the importance of the history of archaeology (both to practi-
tioners and to others), especially its capacity to underwrite critical
agendas, are hardly new (e.g. Fahnestock 1984; Pinsky and Wylie
1989; see also Christenson 1989), and several of the papers reprinted
here (especially Murray, Stoczkowski, and Trigger) should be seen as
contributions to that literature. Even more common are detailed
discussions of the embeddedness of archaeology in the nationalist
projects of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, or indeed in
imperial projects during the same period (e.g. Castro-Klarén and
Chasteen 2003; Dı́az-Andreu and Champion 1996; Kane 2003; Kohl
and Fawcett 1995; Oyuela-Caycedo 1994; Reid 2002; Rowan and
Baram 2004; Schmidt and Patterson 1996; Silberman 1989).
Our primary goal in reprinting these papers is to present them as
exemplars of diVerent subjects, approaches, and purposes in writing
histories of archaeology. However, it is vital to understand that we do
not in any way consider these to form the canon of archaeological
historiography. There are a great many Wne discussions in English,
let alone French, German, Spanish, and indeed Mandarin that we
have not selected for a wide variety of reasons such as insuYcient
space, or a need to deliver a breadth of approaches rather than many
excellent examples of the same approach. It is essential that readers
do not see these reprinted papers as elements of a cookbook on how
 Introduction 5
to do the history of archaeology. For us the Weld stands very much at
the beginning of a long process where it becomes more fully articu-
lated into mainstream archaeology and its concerns. Thus the history
of archaeology (like archaeology itself ) is not, nor ever will be, fully
formed or Wnalized in the areas of its interest or concern.
The roughly forty years that these papers span is testimony to this
crucial point. Beginning with Gruber’s justly famous discussion of
Brixham Cave and ending with Alain Schnapp’s eloquent plea for
archaeologists to acknowledge the importance of antiquarianism in
the history of their discipline (see also Momigliano 1966, 1990;
Piggott 1950, 1976; Sweet 2004), the collection charts—if in a rather
circular fashion—the evolution of the history of archaeology.

The Why, How, and What of the History of Archaeology

The Wrst lesson imparted by the collection is that of change, of
transformation, not of stasis. These papers show how the concerns
of archaeological historiography have developed, and it is for this
reason we have arranged them chronologically rather than themat-
ically. Of course there have been (and still are) trends and fashions in
subject matter. The last twenty years has seen a great expansion in the
number of studies of the relationship between archaeology and
nationalism, and of the role of women in the history of the discipline.
Many of these trends are the direct result of changing interests and
foci within the practice of archaeology itself—a concern with the
social and cultural contexts of archaeological knowledge production,
or the uses to which states or ethnic groups have put archaeological
information. But archaeologists’ interests do not comprise the only
vector of change. While some archaeologists concerned with theory
have shown an interest in the history and philosophy of science
(HPS), work undertaken by non-archaeologists in the history of
archaeology (including in HPS contexts elsewhere) has also enriched
the history of archaeology and textured our understanding of the
genesis and dissemination of archaeological knowledge (see e.g.
Morse 2005; Theunissen 1989; Van Riper 1993).
The second lesson Xows from the notion of change and develop-
ment, and is best summed up as a question. What role does, or
Other documents randomly have
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Conclusion 1: Fundamental concepts and principles

Learning Objective 1: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 2: Study tips and learning strategies
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 14: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 19: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 3: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 21: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 29: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Quiz 4: Current trends and future directions
Example 30: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 36: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Module 5: Key terms and definitions
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 46: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 47: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 6: Research findings and conclusions
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 52: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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