(Ebook) Archaeological Discoveries of Ancient America by Frank Joseph ISBN 9781477728161, 1477728163 PDF Available
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This edition published in 2014 by:
Additional end matter copyright © 2014 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without
permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer.
CPSIA Compliance Information: Batch #W14YA: For further information, contact Rosen Publishing, New York, New York, at 1-800-237-9932.
First published as Unearthing Ancient America by New Page Books/Career Press, copyright © 2009 by Ancient American Magazine.
2
To James P. Scherz, professor emeritus, the University
of Wisconsin (Madison), whose decades of original
research and eloquent insight continue to illuminate
American prehistory.
3
Bibliography
q
Contents
q
Introduction: Welcome to the New History!
11
q
Ancient Michigan’s Solar Eclipse Tablet
By David Allen Deal
31
Chapter 2: Messages from the Past
39
Minnesota’s Viking Runestone Is Authenticated
By Lloyd Hornbostel, Jr.
40
The Lost Inscription of Grave Creek
By Wayne May
45
The Grave Creek Tablet Is Genuine
By Ida Jane Meadows Gallagher
50
The Crespi Collection: Archaeological Fraud or Prehistoric Library?
By Dr. Warren Cook
54
Chapter 3: Strange Structures
75
Connecticut’s Fifth-Century Church
By John Gallagher
75
Florida’s Stonehenge?
By James P. Grimes
84
Dighton Rock: The Ancient Enigma of Massachusetts
By John Gallagher
90
Glossary
270
For More Information
272
Bibliography
275
Index
284
Bibliography
Introduction
Welcome to the
New History!
11
Archaeological Discoveries of Ancient America
12
Bibliography
Chapter 1
Anomalous Artifacts
M
ainstream scholars scoff at the very notion of ancient Egyptians
sailing to our shores. Yet, a ritual grave object could be physical
proof of visitors to the American Midwest from the Nile Valley some
2,600 years ago.
13
Archaeological Discoveries of Ancient America
Little is known of the object’s modern origins, save that it was found
in Libertyville, Illinois, some 20 miles (32 kilometers) north of Chicago.
During the time of its discovery in the early part of the 20th century,
Libertyville was a sparsely populated, agricultural community with only a
few dirt roads, in sharp contrast to the sprawl of upper-class suburbia that
mostly blankets the area today just off the I-94 tollway. But before World
14
Anomalous Artifacts
War II, only several dozen families—mostly farmers—were spread over some
12,000 acres (49 square km) of largely pristine prairie.
As a young man, the discoverer (whose widow has requested ano-
nymity for her late husband) developed an abiding interest in collecting
Indian artifacts—mostly arrowheads—he found in the vicinity of his
home. But the richest sources for prehistoric materials were along the
banks of the Des Plaines River and nearby Diamond Lake. Otherwise
seldom visited, its 5-mile (8 km) shoreline featured a number of Indian
burial mounds he rifled for whatever grave goods might be dug out.
These were usually limited to small pipes, spools, bones, flints, and
other typical items.
From one earthwork, however, he allegedly extracted a most atypical
statuette. He never attempted to have his discovery professionally evaluated,
and showed it to only a few fellow collectors, perhaps for fear of criticism,
either for having removed the object without informing the archaeologi-
cal authorities in Chicago, or because such finds were automatically con-
demned as the forgeries of conmen trying to defraud money from collectors.
Time passed, and, by the turn of the 21st century, his assemblage of more
conventional Native American artifacts reached prodigious proportions.
Only then did word of the strange statuette reach me, and I was able to
purchase it.
The well-crafted object stands 9 inches (23 centimeters) high, weighs
approximately half a pound (227 grams), and appears to have been sculpted
from a single piece of off-white soapstone. It portrays a man wrapped in a
kind of body-stocking, from which his emerging hands hold a shepherd’s
crook in the left and a flail in the right. The flail was an agricultural tool
used in dynastic times by Nile Valley farmers to separate wheat from chaff
by beating stacks of grain on a stone floor for threshing. Pharaohs were
15
Archaeological Discoveries of Ancient America
16
Anomalous Artifacts
17
Archaeological Discoveries of Ancient America
The Northern Illinois item clearly depicts supreme royalty, which means it
belonged in the tomb of a king. All mummies of the 26th Dynasty’s nine
monarchs are accounted for in Egypt, so the Libertyville ushabti could
not have come from the burial of a Saite leader who somehow ended up
in America.
Even though it does not bear a cartouche encircling the name of the
king to whom it was consecrated, the figure’s hands grasp the crook and
flail, emblems of the highest authority. In Egyptian temple art, a cartouche
was a stylized loop of rope knotted at one end to contain two of Pharaoh’s
names. Although many royal ushabti, such as those belonging to the famous
Amenhotep III, are more easily identified by the inclusion of a cartouche,
others possessed none, such as several “answerers” serving the still better
known Tutankhamun.
Yet the Diamond Lake statuette did not necessarily have to come from
the grave of a king. Similar images were available for general purchase,
even by common people, to be interred with their own burial, as a means
of continuing their veneration of the king. Pharaohs were, after all, con-
sidered gods before and after death. It is therefore conceivable that such
an ushabti could have been carried in an ancient ship that made landfall
in North America, even though its owner was not the pharaoh himself. If
the Libertyville find does indeed represent such a ruler, then its inscription
cannot call upon the ushabti to serve the deceased, but rather, according
to other, more relevant passages in Chapter 6 of The Book of the Dead, it
enables the soul of the person interred to honor his or her god-king. This
would have been particularly important for anyone venturing far from the
land of his or her birth.
Ancient Egyptians traveling beyond the Nile Valley always carried
religious symbols of their homeland with them in case of death. Burial
18
Anomalous Artifacts
outside the holy land of Egypt was thought to imperil the human soul,
which could not find its way to the Afterlife, itself hardly more than an
idealized version of Nile Valley civilization. Hence, a 26th Dynasty ushabti
personifying the royal soul of Egypt discovered in distant Illinois fits the
arrival of an ancient Egyptian who required just such a religious object
in the event that he or she died too far away for burial in native ground.
What makes the Diamond Lake object’s Saite provenance especially
cogent was one 26th Dynasty ruler in particular. In 610 bce, Wehimbre
Necho became Pharaoh Necho II, and 10 years later commissioned the
first known circumnavigation of the African continent, as documented
by the sixth-century Greek historian Herodotus, in his famous Histories.
An expedition of Phoenician ships with mixed Punic-Egyptian sailors was
commissioned and fitted out in July, successfully docking at the Nile Delta
in the opposite direction from which they disembarked three years earlier.
They returned minus a few vessels with their crews, who were driven out
to sea, probably as they entered the Canary Island current. It sweeps off
North Africa’s west coast near the Canary Islands to run straight across
the Atlantic Ocean and into the Gulf of Mexico. It also brought Christopher
Columbus to the New World more than 2,000 years after Necho launched
his own maritime enterprise.
The Diamond Lake item’s identifiably Saite configuration, together
with Necho II’s contemporary Atlantic expedition, suggest that the figure
is indeed a 26th Dynasty ushabti. It probably belonged to an Egyptian
crew member in one of the Phoenician ships swept across the ocean by
the Canary Island current, depositing his vessel in the Gulf of Mexico at a
place along the southern coasts of North America. Somehow, his ushabti
came into the possession of native Indians, who learned at least enough
about the statuette to understand that it was a valuable grave good, judging
from its alleged discovery in a burial mound. The little “answerer” passed,
19
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